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	Significant Scots - Sir Alexander Burnes
		BURNES, SIR ALEXANDER.—This distinguished officer, whose varied talents were so available to the administration of the British government in India, and whose premature and violent death was so deeply deplored, was born in the town of Montrose, on the 16th of May, l805.
		In 1828, he was honoured by a similar testimony for a memoir on the eastern mouth of the Indus; and in September, 1829, he was appointed assistant to the political agent in Cutch, for the purpose of effecting a survey of the north-west border of that province.
		Burnes continued his journey in the company of 300 persons, chiefly Khoords, Persians, and Turcomans—three of the eleven races with which the province of Bokhara is peopled—until he had passed Boojnoord, when he continued his journey alone to the town of Astrabad.
	www.electricscotland.com /history/other/burnes_alexander.htm (2249 words)

	Encyclopedia: Alexander Burnes
		Burnes entertained lavishly at his residence in the city (Macnaghten preferred to live in the cantonment) and he was easily the most conspicuous example of a foreign presence that was rapidly coming to repel most Afghans.
		On November 1st 1841, Lal came to Burnes and told him the mood in the city was ugly and that Burnes' residence was to be attacked the next day.
		Burnes, however, felt safe enough with his sepoy guard and the cantonment full of British troops only a mile away and he brushed aside Lal's misgivings.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Alexander-Burnes (1517 words)

	Occupation and Death
		A desperate Burnes wrote to Macnaghten that Sale should withdraw what was left of his troops and prepare to defend the city, when suddenly Dost Mohammed rode up to Kabul and surrendered personally to an astonished Macnaghten.
		Burnes had resisted the suggestions of his trusted Mohan Lal to evacuate the city and head for the relative safety of the cantonment.
		By the early evening, when Burnes and his party had been dead for hours, he remarked "We must see what the morning brings, and then think what can be done." Needless to say, the next morning, and each successive one, brought new disaster.
	www.jmhare.com /history5.htm (1682 words)

	BURNES, Sir Alexander. Travel
		Adventures and observations of the British commercial mission to the Court of the Emir of Kabul in 1837-38.
		The Mission was a failure and in 1839 Burnes re-entered Kabul with the invading British troops.
		In 1841 Burnes was murdered and some 4500 troops and more than 12000 camp-followers were killed in 1842 whilst attempting a retreat to India.
	www.shapero.com /index.php?detail=70708&dept=Travel&type=book&cat=&subcat= (146 words)

	AFGHANISTAN - BRITISH MEDDLING COMES UNSTUCK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The assignment was given to Alexander Burnes who had become famous after the publication in 1834 of a description of his travels and he was acknowledged to be the greatest authority on the affairs of Central Asia.
		Burnes dressed as a native and attempted escape but was recognised and with his brother John was hacked to pieces.
		News of the murder of Burnes and the immobility of the British, spread rapidly throughout the country, garrisons were attacked, columns massacred and the chiefs began to move on Kabul where the British leaders collapsed in a total funk.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /haywardlad/afghanistan1.html (2194 words)

	Burnes, Sir Alexander (1805—41) - MavicaNET (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		BURNES, Sir Alexander, Cabool: being a personal narrative of a journey to, and residence in that city, in the years 1836, 7, and 8.
		The Mission was a failure and in 1839 Burnes re-entered Kabul with the invading British troops.
		In 1841 Burnes was murdered and some 4500 troops and more than 12000 camp-followers were killed in 1842 whilst attempting a retreat to India.
	www.mavicanet.com /directory/por/35461.html (462 words)

	GO BRITANNIA! Scotland: Great Scots of Note
		From Montrose, Forfarshire, Burns served as a diplomat in India, during which time he explored the Indus River as far as Lahore; then journeyed across Afghanistan, over the massive mountain range known as the Hindu Kush, through Russian Turkistan as far as Bukhara, and into many cities in what was then Persia.
		From a poor farm, Burns was generally thought to have accomplished his art '"without that sufficiency of learning which was hitherto thought necessary" (though, to be honest, he was much wider read than he and others were willing to give him credit for).
		Burns' poems showed the influence of hard work on the farm, a love of books and his admiration of his Scottish predecessors.
	www.britannia.com /celtic/scotland/greatscots/b3.html (2930 words)

	Alexander Burnes - Webled.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		...On the restoration of Shah Shuja in 1839, Burnes became regular political agent at Kabul.....It came to light in 1861 that some of Burnes' despatches from Kabul in 1839 had been.....Alexander Burnes..Sir Alexander Burnes (1805 - November 2, 1841) was a British traveller and explorer.He was.....Alexander Burnes..
		BURNES, SIR ALEXANDER (1805-1841), British traveller and explorer, was born at Montrose, Scotland.....SIR ALEXANDER BURNES at LoveToKnow..
		Alexander Burnes ; Cabool being a personal narrative of a journey to and...
	www.webled.com /Alexander%20Burnes.htm (517 words)

	The First Anglo-Afghan War - The British in Kabul, the death of Macnaghten and Burnes
		One of the greatest womanisers was Sir Alexander Burnes, newly knighted and deputy to Sir William Macnaghten, Britain's envoy to the court of Shah Shujah.
		One of Burnes' companions, an English officer called Broadfoot, was shot as he tried to hold off the mob.
		The paralysis that was to affect senior officers in the Indian Mutiny when faced with the shock of a frenzied native challenge to their authority now struck Elphinstone and Macnaghten.
	www.afghanchamber.com /history/englishinvation.htm (2537 words)

	Images of the Pathan
		Burnes' attitude must be seen, in large part, as a consequence of his mission.
		In contrast to Burnes was the English deserter Charles Masson, who had been a long-time resident of Kabul at the time of Burnes' arrival.
		His death (and it must be noted that he was an immensely popular figure in British imagination) coupled with the utter ruin of the British army in Afghanistan marked the end of the golden era of colonialism in the subcontinent.
	www.bu.edu /anthrop/faculty/lindholm/Pathan1A.html (4863 words)

	World War 1 and 2 - William Hay Macnaghten
		Macnaghten attempted to placate the Afghan chiefs with heavy subsidies, but when the drain on the Indian exchequer became too great, and the allowances were reduced, this policy led to an outbreak.
		Burnes was murdered on November 2, 1841; and under the elderly General Elphinstone, the British army in Kabul degenerated into a leaderless mob.
		Macnaghten tried to save the situation by negotiating with the Afghan chiefs and, independently of them, with Dost Mahommed's son, Akbar Khan, by whom he was assassinated on December 23, 1841; the disastrous retreat from Kabul and the massacre of the British army in the Kurd Kabul Pass followed.
	www.worldwardiary.com /history/William_Hay_Macnaghten (376 words)

	Burness Genealogy and Family History
		The surnames Burness, Burnes, Burns, Burn, Burnside, Burnhouse, etc. are all generally considered to have similar origins from the word burn, which is a small stream in Scotland and northern England.
		Since there are thousands of burns in Scotland and England, there are undoubtedly many unrelated families, each descended from an ancestor who lived beside a burn.
		Robert Burns Family History: The poet Robert Burns is the most famous member of the Burness family.
	www.burness.ca (677 words)

	Sir Alexander Burnes -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The committee that selected Sir Alexander Todd to receive the 1957 Nobel prize in chemistry cited his work on the chemical structure of nucleic acids, the component molecules of genes and chromosomes.
		Alexander the Great was able to conquer a large area in a remarkably short period of time.
		After Alexander's death, there were endless disputes between his heirs that eventually led to the complete destruction of the family.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9018193 (709 words)

	ScienceDaily: Alexander burnes
		Look for Alexander burnes in Wiktionary, our sister dictionary project.
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		Check for Alexander burnes in the deletion log, or visit its deletion vote page if it exists.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/alexander_burnes (892 words)

	Gardner
		The Duluth Superior area was barely a wilderness outpost in North America around 1785 when Alexander Haughton Campbell Gardner was born on the shores of Lake Superior "nearest to the source of the Mississippi".
		He spent most of his adult life among the same rubble strewn caves and hills that we see on television today doing same the thing that a much later generation is now engaged in fighting with and against the tribes and armies of Afghanistan.
		Alexander Gardner's father was a Scottish surgeon who participated in the War for Independence and was said to have known both Lafayette and Washington.
	www.wisconsinumc.org /archives/gardner.html (1158 words)

	Face of Afghan spy revealed in forgotten photo - [Sunday Herald]
		Burnes, whom Lal referred to as his Òfather, patron andÊbenefactorÓ,ÊhadÊbeen resented by the residents of Kabul for his womanising and flamboyant lifestyle, and was murdered at his house by an angry mob in one of the earliest hostilities of what soon became Britain's first Afghan war.
		He kept a close eye on goings-on in the city, and warned Burnes the night before his murder that a mob was planning to kill him the next day.
		Unfortunately for Burnes, he did not heed Lal's advice to spend the night at the nearby British cantonment.
	www.sundayherald.com /23972 (814 words)

	SIR ALEXANDER BURNES (... - Online Information article about SIR ALEXANDER BURNES (...
		- Online Information article about SIR ALEXANDER BURNES (...
		Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.
		Burnes' despatches from Kabul in 1839 had been altered, so as to convey opinions opposite to his, but Lord See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /BUN_CAL/BURNES_SIR_ALEXANDER_18051841_.html (673 words)

	Imperialism, to the Crimean War
		In November 1841, Sir Alexander Burnes, Britain's appointed political resident at Kabul, was hacked to death, and an uprising in the city left 300 of a British detachment dead.
		On November 30, at the port of Sinop on Black Sea coast of northern Turkey, the Russians attacked a small fleet of Ottoman warships and transports, which had chosen to remain at port under the protection of shore batteries.
		The Turks refused to surrender and were ordered by their superiors to fight to the last man. The wooden Turkish ships burned, and of the 4,400 Turkish seamen, 3,000 were killed.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h38-br.html (7720 words)

	Summary: from the overthrow of Shah Shuja to the eve of the First Anglo-Afghan War, 1809-38
		By the 1830's, however, the area was becoming of interest again to the British government and Alexander Burnes received the dubious accolade of having to submit the manuscript of Travels in Bokhara to the Secret Department of the East India Company for vetting.
		Burnes' mission effectively failed in 1838, when he was required to offer to Dost Muhammad totally unacceptable terms of alliance including the renunciation of all claims to Peshawar.
		Dost Muhammad Khan, though worried by Persian encroachments on Herat and the leanings of the Kandahari sirdars in that direction, was nevertheless prepared to flirt with both Persia and Russia in the hope of help against his own enemy Ranjit Singh.
	www.bl.uk /collections/afghan/summary1809to1838.html (924 words)

	Sir Alexander Burnes — Infoplease.com
		Burnes, Sir Alexander, 1805–41, British traveler in India.
		Related content from HighBeam Research on: Sir Alexander Burnes
		Gunpowder, treason and plot: the pioneering men who mapped Afghanistan.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0809532.html (160 words)

	Flashman Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Burnes is shocked and puts Flashman on a charge.
		Flashman, Charlie and Alexander Burnes dress as Afghans and escape into the crowd.
		Alexander Burnes inadvertently gives himself away and the Burnes brothers are killed by the mob.
	members.aol.com /FSotUK/FLASHMAN/Chron.html (7119 words)

	Queer Reports and papers, political, geographical, & commercial submitted to government by Alexander Burnes, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Queer Reports and papers, political, geographical, and commercial submitted to government by Alexander Burnes, Lieutenant Leech, Doctor Lord, and Lieutenant Wood,...
		Book / Reports and papers, political, geographical, and commercial submitted to government by Alexander Burnes, Lieutenant Leech, Doctor Lord, and Lieutenant Wood,...
		Reports and papers, political, geographical, and commercial submitted to government by Alexander Burnes, Lieutenant Leech, Doctor Lord, and Lieutenant Wood,...
	queerpopculture.com /entertainment/asinsearch_B0008B55V0 (103 words)

	Summary of John W. Kaye's History of the War in Afghanistan by Frederick Engels
		Burnes set out to Mehrab Khan of Khelat, who promised everything, but said that the land was poor.
		The conspiracy of the chieftains in Kabul was known to Burnes and MacNaghten (the latter had not yet left) but nothing was done.
		Here the reference is to the Correspondence Relating to Persia and Afghanistan (London, 1839), comprising the reports submitted to Parliament on the negotiations between Alexander Burnes, the British representative in Kabul, and the Emir of Afghanistan, Dost Mohammed.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/1857/afghanistan/review.htm (3931 words)

	The Medieval Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		When sentence of death was pronounced against the accused, burning the heretic in public was ordered as “the church never polluted herself with blood”.
		Sir Alexander Burnes relates that he saw persons publicly scourged because they had slept during prayer-time and smoked on Friday.
		Burnes, Sir Alexander, Travels in Bokhara, I, p.313; Hughes, Dictionary of Islam, p.418.
	www.bharatvani.org /books/tlmr/ch1.htm (11368 words)

	Letter from Kabul (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The city of Kabul was described by the British administrator Alexander Burnes earlier, as the epitome of the garden city.
		There too in the latter years, winter fires would burn elegantly designed roof timbers, simply for survival of the inhabitants.
		Local aristocracies are in power, and have other priorities, including the acquisition of property or at least the recovery of what has been their fiefdom.
	www.studio-international.co.uk /reports/kabul_stories.htm (1472 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Afghanistan
		Under the Seleucids, as under Alexander, Greek colonists and soldiers entered the region of the Hindu Kush, and many are believed to have remained.
		The second immediate reason was the presence in Kabul in 1837 of a Russian agent, Captain P. Vitkevich, who was ostensibly there, as was the British agent Alexander Burnes, for commercial discussions.
		The British demanded that Dost Mohammad sever all contact with the Iranians and Russians, remove Vitkevich from Kabul, surrender all claims to Peshawar, and respect Peshawar's independence as well as that of Qandahar, which was under the control of his brothers at the time.
	memory.loc.gov /frd/cs/afghanistan/afghanistan.html (21354 words)

	Sir Alexander Burnes visit to Bukhara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		He may see the Uzbeks from all the states of Mawur-ool nuhr, and speculate from their physiognomy on the changes which time and place effect among any race of men...
		Tradition assigns the foundation of the city of Bokhara to the age of Sikunder Zoolkurnuen, or Alexander the Great, and the geography of the country favours the belief of its having been a city in the earliest ages.
		A fertile soil, watered by a rivulet, and surrounded by a desert, was like a haven to the mariner.
	www.gardenvisit.com /garden_history/west_asia/samarkand-bukhara/alexander-burnes-bukhara.htm (1812 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 2002109269 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The Mulberry Empire is the magnificently told story of this conflict—of the events that surrounded it, of the politics and people on both sides, of the passions and pride that led to the destruction of the British and the triumph of the Afghans.
		At the center: Alexander Burnes—a British explorer who ventures into the fabled city of Kabul, befriends the all-powerful Amir, and returns to England a hero.
		The bearer of amazing stories, he is unwitting emissary to and from both nations, neither of which can see how his impressions will change their worlds.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/description/random042/2002109269.html (355 words)

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