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	ALEXANDER DUBCEK,
		Alexander Dubcek's father was one of the founders of the Czechoslovak Communist party.
		Alexander Dubcek, elected by unanimous vote of the 144 member Central Committee of the Communist party, was chosen for being considered a moderate political figure accepted by both conservatives and reformers who equally opposed Novotny(4).
		Dubcek as a proud symbol of free speech, and some scholars of today are clear about giving credit to the Prague Spring as being the source of inspiration to the reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev and his associates in the former Soviet Union(4).
	econc10.bu.edu /economic_systems/NatIdentity/EE/Czechoslovakia/Slovakia/DUBCEK.html (1321 words)

	AllRefer.com - Alexander Dubcek (Czech And Slovak History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		A member of the Slovakian national minority, he was active in the Communist underground in World War II and rose in the party hierarchy after the war, becoming head of the Slovakian Communist party and a member of the presidium of the Communist party's central committee.
		Dubcek was arrested along with other leaders, taken to Moscow, and forced to consent to the cancellation of key reforms.
		From 1989 to 1992, Dubcek served as speaker of the Czechoslovak parliament, where his presence provided a direct connection between the new government and the reforms of the Prague Spring.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/D/Dubcek-A.html (369 words)

	CNN Cold War - Profile: Alexander Dubcek
		Dubcek was returned to Prague on August 27 and gave a speech, breaking into tears as he told his people that much of what they had achieved was lost.
		Dubcek was unanimously elected chairman of the Federal Assembly on December 28, 1989, and re-elected in 1990.
		Dubcek died at age 70 on November 7, 1992, of injuries sustained in a car crash.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/dubcek (538 words)

	Alexander Dubcek historical biography - Prague Spring
		Alexander Dubcek was born in the Slovak part of Czecheslovakia on November 27 1921.
		Alexander Dubcek worked in a factory and was active as secretary of local Communist committees.
		Dubcek was invited to become leader of the Social Democratic Party and served for a time as speaker of the Czechoslovak parliament.
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /historical/biography/alexander_dubcek.html (481 words)

	Commentary
		This transcript of Leonid Brezhnev's telephone conversation with Alexander Dubcek on 13 August 1968 was declassified and released from the Russian Presidential Archive in April 1994 in connection with an international conference on the 1968 crisis held in Prague.
		The phone call from Brezhnev reinforced Dubcek's sense that, as he put it, he was "under constant attack." Although Dubcek initially tried to contain his irritation, he gradually lost his composure in the face of Brezhnev's angry reproaches.
		Midway through the conversation, Dubcek suddenly announced that he was considering stepping down as KSC First Secretary; and, with obvious exasperation, he said to Brezhnev that "if you [on the Soviet Politburo] believe we're deceiving you, you should take the measures you regard as appropriate.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~hpcws/commentary.htm (746 words)

	Alexander Dubcek (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Alexander Dubcek was born in Slovakia in 1921.
		Dubcek, aware that the Soviet forces could be used to bring an end to Prague Spring, declined the offer.
		Alexander Dubcek died as a result of a car accident in 1992.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /COLDdubcek.htm (2647 words)

	Slovakia.ORG Featured Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Slovakia on 27 November marked the birthday of Alexander Dubcek, who would have been 80 years old had he not died in a car accident in 1992, CTK reported.
		Dubcek, a Slovak, was the leader of the Czechoslovak Communist Party at the time of the country's invasion by Warsaw Pact countries in August 1968, and became Federal Assembly chairman after the demise of the communist regime.
		Parliament speaker Jozef Migas spoke in the parliament about the "Dubcek legacy," calling him "the most famous of modern Slovakia's sons." An exhibition on Dubcek was opened in the parliament building, and the area in front of the legislature was named Dubcek Square in a ceremony held later that day.
	www.slovakia.org /news/0111-3.htm (133 words)

	destalinization
		Dubcek was born on the 27th of November in 1921 in West Slovakia three years after Czechoslovakia became an official nation.
		Dubcek spent his time pushing reform for the protections of citizens’ rights and independence of courts and judges, while Novotny publicly worked against the reforms.
		In the beginning of his command, Alexander Dubcek went to Moscow to be informed of the Soviet ‘way.’ Of the meeting, Dubcek stated: “The Soviet comrades have expressed full understandingwhich corresponds to the character of brotherly relations” (Shawcross 246).
	www.unc.edu /~pineda/destalinization.html (1955 words)

	Campion Catholic High School (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Alexander, the second son, was born in 1921.
		Immediately after the war it was not in Alexander’s plan to become a politician; but it was a difficult time for Czechoslovakia as the country fell more and more under the strict control of the Soviet Union.
		Alexander was taken to the furthest hospital and not one nearby.
	atschool.eduweb.co.uk /campionhs/europeanProject/Dubcek.htm (650 words)

	Dubcek and Brezhnev: the last conversation - 10-08-2003 - Radio Prague
		Dubcek had grown up in the Soviet Union, believed passionately in the ideals of communism, and was sincere in his dream of "socialism with a human face".
		Dubcek's justification, on the basis that decisions have to be taken collectively, is worlds away from the simple, unbending truths of real-socialism, Brezhnev-style.
		Dubcek was powerless, trapped on the one hand by his broken faith in the Soviet Union, and on the other by the unyielding, bullying power of his one-time friend Brezhnev.
	www.radio.cz /en/article/43912 (1598 words)

	Czechoslovakia The 1968 Invasion - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ...
		Dubcek was not then the leader of the KSC reformers but rather was a compromise selection.
		Dubcek's supporters in the government refused to recognize the Soviet-imposed government and instead demanded to join Dubcek in directly negotiating with the Soviets.
		Dubcek's efforts to maintain political control and to salvage the reform program were stymied by the new conditions imposed by the Soviets.
	www.photius.com /countries/czechoslovakia/government/czechoslovakia_government_the_1968_invasion.html (646 words)

	Hockey Station - On This Day... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Dubcek declared that he was offering "socialism with a human face." The Czechoslovakian public greeted the reforms joyously, and Czechoslovakia's long stagnant national culture began to bloom during what became known as the Prague Spring.
		Dubcek declined to attend a special meeting of the Warsaw Pact powers in July, but on August 2 he agreed to meet with Brezhnev in the Slovakian town of Cierny.
		Dubcek was later expelled from the Communist Party and made a forest inspector based in Bratislava.
	www.hockeystation.com /printthread.php?t=94 (1574 words)

	Dubcek, Alexander -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		Although Alexander Dubcek subsequently became the chief reformer, he was not particularly qualified for this role.
		Alexander the Great was able to conquer a large area in a remarkably short period of time.
		After Alexander's death, there were endless disputes between his heirs that eventually led to the complete destruction of the family.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9321855?tocId=9321855 (740 words)

	CNN Cold War - Historical Documents: Brezhnev's conversation with Dubcek
		Dubcek: I already told you, Comrade Brezhnev, that this is a complex question, the resolution of which requires that we convene a plenum.
		Dubcek: We aren't changing our tune, it's just that the situation is complex and it requires a prolonged amount of time to carry out the agreement that was adopted.
		Dubcek: The reasons for holding up the resolution of the matter are simply that Slovakia is now a federative territory while the ministry is a union-republic organ, and it's now necessary to follow a whole series of procedures if we are to settle this question once and for all.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/14/documents/call (6562 words)

	Alexander Dubcek (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Alexander Dubcek was born in Slovakia, but grew up in the Soviet Union, where his father was then working.
		Dubcek rose in the Communist Party, becoming party secretary in 1968.
		He instituted a series of economic and political reforms, in what he called "socialism with a human face." His attempts at reform were crushed by a Soviet invasion.
	www.multied.com /bio/people/dubcek.html (107 words)

	Radio Prague: 1968
		Dubcek was forced to promise the changes, but he was in no hurry to implement them, hoping that the 14th Congress of the Communist Party, scheduled for September, would approve the new political line.
		Dubcek and his government colleagues went missing, and only three days later was it announced they had been flown to Moscow - with the assistance of the KGB and StB - the Czechoslovak secret police - to receive a good telling off.
		Alexander Dubcek was replaced by the ambitious, pro-Brezhnev politician Gust v Husak, and more than twenty years of the infamous 'normalisation' could begin.
	archiv.radio.cz /1968/archive3.html (1369 words)

	[ RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY ]
		Dubcek began granting interviews to foreign journalists, defending his behavior in 1968 and after and demanding his full rehabilitation.
		Dubcek remarked that the only one missing was Cardinal Frantisek Tomasek -- as Havel represented the non-communist opposition, Dubcek the former communist opposition and Cardinal Tomasek the religious opposition.
		Precisely because Dubcek was a former communist party leader, Jakes and his cohorts perceived him as a key threat.
	www.rferl.org /specials/communism/10years/cz2.asp (1184 words)

	Thunder of '68 Rumbles Onward
		Dubcek had come to power in Prague the first week of 1968 in a shakeup that ousted the most repressive government in the Soviet bloc.
		Suddenly, Czechoslovakians were free to travel, their press was free to report on what it wanted in the way it wanted and their labor unions and agricultural associations were free to criticize government policy.
		Dubcek, whose father had been jailed in the U.S. as a World War I pacifist, ordered that there be no armed resistance.
	www.informationclearinghouse.info /article4554.htm (958 words)

	Central Europe Review - Case Closed: Dubček's death declared an accident
		Michael J Kopanic Jr On 7 November 1992, Alexander Dubček died in hospital from injuries sustained in an automobile accident.
		Dubcek's notoriety had begun in Spring 1968 when, as party first secretary, he attempted to build "socialism with a human face," which aimed to reform Communism and transform the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia into a genuine people's party.
		As the leading figure of Czechoslovakia's Prague Spring of 1968, Alexander Dubček was and is arguably the most well known of all Slovaks in world history.
	www.ce-review.org /00/8/kopanic8.html (795 words)

	Slovakia - Heart of Europe: Alexander Dubcek
		Perhaps the most famous Slovak of all, and one of the truly great men of the C20th, Alexander Dubcek was born in Uhrovec, Western Slovakia, to Communist parents.
		Dubcek first came to the attention of people in the West when he created his own brand of a limited democracy, called 'Socialism with a human face', when leader of Communist Czechoslovakia in 1968.
		Following the Prague Spring, Dubcek was ousted out of his position of First Secretary of the Communist Party, and was sent into a sort of internal exile, as a forestry commissioner.
	www.heartofeurope.co.uk /history_famous4.htm (277 words)

	Alexander Dubcek Biography / Biography of Alexander Dubcek Biography Biography
		The Czechoslovakian politician Alexander Dubcek (1921- 1992) served briefly as head of his country's Communist party.
		His attempts to liberalize political life led to the occupation of Czechoslovakia by the Soviet army and his dismissal from office, only to be vindicated years later when the Communist regime fell.
		Alexander Dubcek was born on Nov. 27, 1921, the son of a cabinetmaker who had just returned from the United States.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-alexander-dubcek (247 words)

	Sara Schwans
		Dubcek was born in Uhrovec in 1921, and in 1938 he joined the Communist Party and fought in the communist resistance (Spring 1).
		Dubcek and his top officials were arrested and taken to Moscow, where they were kept in prison.
		He believed in Dubcek so much that he recalls "bottles / we filled with gasoline / corked with rags from our / mother’s dresses, and that slow / word ‘soviet’ spoken on a stream / of spit." This was his way of speaking out against the Soviets that had taken over Prague.
	www.bhsu.edu /artssciences/asfaculty/afuqua/english210/sara.htm (1549 words)

	Prague Spring (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		These reforms were slow to make an impact on the Czech economy and in September 1967, Alexander Dubcek, secretary of the Slovak Communist Party, presented a long list of grievances against the government.
		Alexander Dubcek, aware that the Soviet forces could be used to bring an end to Prague Spring, declined the offer.
		Alexander Dubcek and Ludvik Svoboda were taken to Moscow and soon afterwards they announced that after "free comradely discussion" that Czechoslovakia would be abandoning its reform programme.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /COLDprague.htm (3027 words)

	Christian Century: Hope Dies Last: The Autobiography of Alexander Dubcek. - book reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Dubcek imbibed much of his passion for social justice from his socialist and pacifist parents, who as young emigres spent a decade in Chicago and became U.S. citizens before returning to Slovakia in 1921.
		Dubcek's work for federal unity was overcome by last year's breakup of the interim Czecho-Slovak Republic, the formal separation coming just several weeks after Dubcek's November 1992 death from a fatal car accident nine weeks earlier.
		The "Alexander" in his name was in honor of a beloved church organist who became Dubcek's godfather.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1058/is_n23_v110/ai_13235615 (785 words)

	500 Sk Commemorative Silver Coin Commemorating the Beginning of the Third Millennium
		Alexander Dubcek (27.11.1921 - 7.11.1992) ranks among the most popular and prominent Slovak politicians.
		In April 1969, Dubcek was dismissed from his top political position and later shut out of public life for good.
		The name ALEXANDER DUBCEK is written in two lines and cuts into the bottom right part of the portrait.
	www.nbs.sk /MENA/PMINCE/PM41A.HTM (320 words)

	Jana Rejskova remembers the "human face" of Alexander Dubcek - 30-07-2002 - Radio Prague
		Alexander Dubcek is one of the myths in the post-war history of Czechoslovakia.
		Mr Dubcek at that time was speaker of the Federal Assembly and we met at the British Embassy.
		He hated the fact that there was this lady sitting behind him, who had nothing to eat and just a glass of water to drink, while he had all this champagne and the rest of it.
	www.radio.cz /en/article/30767 (628 words)

	CzechM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Alexander Dubcek relaxed the communist dictatorships iron grip for a short time in 1968 known as the 'Prague Spring' before Moscow replaced him with their stooge.
		The bloodless overthrow of the communists in 1989 was a highly dramatic event triggered when the new leader, Vaclav Pavel, and Alexander Dubcek appeared together on a balcony in Prague to announce to the waiting crowd that Czechoslovakia was going its own way.
		We had been in the country for a few weeks before going to Prague and had gotten a sense of the pride that the people feel in the reconstruction of their country since freedom was restored.
	members.aol.com /svescapekey/CzechiaM.htm (255 words)

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