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Topic: Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten

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	[No title]
		Baumgarten did good service in severing aesthetics (q.v.) from the other philosophic disciplines, and in marking out a definite object for its researches.
		The very name (Aesthetics), which Baumgarten was the first to use, indicates the imperfect and partial nature of his analysis, pointing as it doesto an element so variable as feeling or sensation as the ultimate ground of judgment in questions pertaining to beauty.
		It is important to notice that Baumgarten's first work preceded those of Burke, Diderot, and P. Andre, and that Kant had a great admiration for him.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=7620 (252 words)

	18th Century German Philosophy Prior to Kant
		To his disappointment, however, the mood in Halle had changed, the residing Wolffians, in particular Baumgarten, had begun to develop his thought, and his lectures were not successful.
		Baumgarten produced two major texts, his metaphysics in 1739 (Metaphysica), which Kant would use as a textbook, and, in 1750 and 1758, his aesthetics (Aesthetica).
		Baumgarten identified this clarity as extensive clarity to differentiate it from the intensive clarity of logic (§17, 43).
	www.seop.leeds.ac.uk /archives/fall2004/entries/18thGerman-preKant (6139 words)

	[No title]
		Baumgarten referred to Wolff's syntagm «analogum rationis», that Wolff2 used to define the «exspectatio casuum similium», a cognitive performance able to link facts without distinctly knowing the causes3 and consequently able to influence animal behaviour, often with pragmatic success.
		Nevertheless, Baumgarten's use of analogon rationis is even more distinctive, since he attributes to it the main functions of aesthetic science.
		Baumgarten, l'estetica dei tropi, in «Rivista di estetica», XXXII, 42, 1994, pp.
	web.tiscali.it /aesthetic_pages/decaro3.html (2339 words)

	Sample Chapter for Herder, J.G.; Moore, G., ed. and trans.: Selected Writings on Aesthetics.
		Although Baumgarten retained Wolff's distinction between the higher and lower faculties of cognition, for the first time he demanded that the means whereby we acquire and express sensory knowledge be subjected to systematic study.
		Poetry, for example, which for Baumgarten was the paradigmatic form of artistic expression, does not pretend to discover universal laws or principles but lucidly represents individual things, persons, or situations, and the greater the vividness, richness, and inner diversity, the greater the value of the poem.
		As "Wolffian poesy," Baumgarten's aesthetics is still too heavily reliant on a priori deduction and speculation; though it is concerned first and foremost with sensory cognition, paradoxically it remains couched in the arid language and framework of rationalist metaphysics.
	pup.princeton.edu /chapters/i8188.html (10820 words)

	Baumgarten Alexander Gottlieb - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Baumgarten Alexander Gottlieb - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		The term “aesthetics” was introduced in 1753 by the German philosopher Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, but the study of the nature of beauty had been...
		Bellingshausen, Fabian Gottlieb von (1778-1852), Russian explorer and naval officer, born on the island of Ösel (now Saaremaa), Estonia....
	au.encarta.msn.com /Baumgarten_Alexander_Gottlieb.html (102 words)

	Baumgarten Alexander Gottlieb, Online Directory only at myEweb.com
		Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten (1714 - 1762) - Homepage von Dagmar Mirbach, Philosophisches Seminar, Universitand#228;t Tand#252;bingen...
		Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, Begrand#252;nder der and#196;sthetik als eigene...
		Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten wird in Berlin als Sohn eines kinderreichen Garnisonspredigers geboren.
	myeweb.net /dir/index.php?browse=/Society/Philosophy/Philosophers/B/Baumgarten,_Alexander_Gottlieb (167 words)

	History Channel Search Results
		The term aesthetics was introduced in 1753 by the German philosopher Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, but the study of the nature of beauty had been pursued for centuries.
		The German critic and classical archaeologist Johann Joachim Winckelmann maintained that, in accordance with the ancient Greeks, the best art is impersonal, expressing ideal proportion and balance rather than its creator's individuality.
		The artist creates a world in which beauty, as much as truth, is an end, foreshadowing that absolute freedom which is the goal of the human will.
	www.historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..ae032700.a (2418 words)

	Volume 8 - Schwaiger (Abstract) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In addition to Baumgarten's epistemological elevation of perception, which is known to have resulted in the new foundation of aesthetics as an independent discipline, his reception of two lines of tradition was primarily decisive for an original further development of Wolff's basic approach.
		First, Baumgarten gave his practical philosophy a strong legal flavor through orienting it toward the natural law theory of his Jena teacher Heinrich Köhler.
		Second, Baumgarten secularized the heritage of pietism in Halle by emphasizing the need for lively perception in order to act morally.
	www.str2.jura.uni-erlangen.de /hruschka/JRE/vol08/a8-schwaiger.htm (204 words)

	BAUMGARTEN, ALEXANDER ... - Online Information article about BAUMGARTEN, ALEXANDER ...
		The very name (Aesthetics), which Baumgarten was the first to use, indicates the imperfect and partial nature of his See also:
		works of Baumgarten are the following: Disputationes de nonnullis ad poema pertinentibus (1735); Aesthetica; Metaphysica (1739; 7th ed.
		Meyer, Leibnitz and Baumgarten (1874) ; J. End of Article: BAUMGARTEN, ALEXANDER GOTTLIEB (1714-1762)
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /BAR_BEC/BAUMGARTEN_ALEXANDER_GOTTLIEB_1.html (288 words)

	aesthetics
		Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten's coining of the word Asthetik in 1750, but the most likely candidate is Baumgartner.
		Both Baumgarten and Batteux are treated in the Encyclopedia of Aesthetics, Baumgartner with his own entry, Batteux in the entry, "French Aesthetics in the 18th century."
		By aesthetic, Baumgarten meant the "science of perception," while Astheta referred to things perceived (Baumgarten, Reflections on Poetry, trans.
	www.chabotcollege.edu /Library/kim/rlDictionaries/Definitions/A_Definitions/aesthetics.htm (475 words)

	Baumgarten - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nolan Baumgartner (born 1976), Canadian hockey player in the NHL
		Ferenc Ferdinánd Baumgarten (1880–1927), founder of Baumgarten Prize
		Pit Baumgartner, Germen leader of the jazz ensemble De Phazz
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Baumgarten (232 words)

	UW-Madison Comparative Literature Department (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The discipline was first labeled “aesthetics” in 1735 and elaborated fragmentarily in 1750/58 by the German philosopher Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten.
		With this idea, Baumgarten developed a discipline that was supposed to fill a gap in the contemporary philosophical system, but as a matter of fact eroded the system from the inside and created a new holistic discourse about the human being.
		What Baumgarten envisioned as an integral part of the then contemporary philosophical system failed to pass the test of transcendental philosophy of the Kantian mold and fell victim to two centuries of collective oblivion.
	polyglot.lss.wisc.edu /complit/courses/undergrad/index.under.spring.html (2693 words)

	Free-CliffNotes.com - What Is Artistic Beauty? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		From the beginning of time, men and women have scrutinized, categorized, and compared components of their surroundings in an attempt to better understand their world.
		Their struggle to define perfection and to set standards of beauty was termed aesthetics or, “the science of the beautiful,” in 1753 by German philosopher Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten.
		Baumgarten was considered the first modern philosopher to approach the question of beauty systematically, introducing the term aesthetics and defining the experience of beauty as the sensory recognition of perfection.
	www.free-cliffnotes.com /data/aa/auj81.shtml (1397 words)

	Find Baumgarten,_Alexander_Gottlieb at myEweb.com
		Baumgarten Baumgarten, Achim R. Baumgarten, Alexander G. Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, Andreas Baumgarten, Bernd Baumgarten, Carola Baumgarten, Charlotte Baumgarten, Dietri...
		Barth, Karl@ Bartning, Otto@ Bartok, Bela@ Bartoli, Cecilia@ Baudrillard, Jean@ Bauernfeind, Gustav@ Baumann, Herbert@ Baumeister, Muriel@ Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb@ Bava, Mario@ B...
		1929) Bauer, Bruno (1809-1882) Bauer, Otto (1881-1938) Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb (1714-1762) Bayle, Pierre (1647-1706) Beauvoir, Simone de (1908-1986) Bebel...
	uk.myeweb.com /web/index.php?qry_str=Baumgarten,_Alexander_Gottlieb (159 words)

	Musical Still Life in Eighteenth-Century France
		The aesthetics we have inherited today began to take shape during this period.
		Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten was one of the first philosophers to experiment in this new discipline, which was centred on the metaphysics of beauty and the theory of the arts.
		There was a proliferation of treatises about the philosophy of taste, the idea of beauty or diverse poetics (especially music), most of which were inspired by Aristotle.
	www.goldbergweb.com /en/magazine/essays/2004/10/25139_2.php (668 words)

	Notes and Fragments - Cambridge University Press
		Volume 18 of the Akademie edition also includes notes Kant made in his copy of Johann August Eberhard, Vorbereit- ung zur natürlichen Theologie (Halle: im Waisenhause, 1781), which he used for lectures on philosophy of religion in 1783–84 and 1785–86, and a selection of those notes is also included here in Chapter 3.
		For his lectures on moral philosophy, Kant used another book by Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, Initia philosophiae practicae primae (Halle: Carl Hermann Hemmerde, 1760), and Chapter 4 includes a selection of Kant’s notes in that volume.
		Kant also used a further book in ethics by Baumgarten, Ethica Philosophica (Halle: Carl Hermann Hemmerde, 1751), for the second half of his moral philosophy course, the part dealing with duties to God, self, and others rather than with the foundations of “universal practical philosophy,”
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0511113676&ss=fro (5471 words)

	Chapter Three: Ruskin's Theories Beauty — Vital Beauty
		At the time, however, when Ruskin was writing Modern Painters, the idea was current that theories of beauty should be divorced from the study of morals and made the subject of aesthetics, a separate discipline.
		Alexander Baumgarten, a German philosopher, had introduced the term "aesthetic" in 1735 with the suggestion that the study of beauty should be concerned merely with the adequacy of the object to perception, that is, that aesthetics should be a separate, independent concern dealing only with pleasures of perception.
		(See Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, Meditationes Philosophicae de Nonnullis ad Poema Pertinentibus (1735), ed.
	www.victorianweb.org /authors/ruskin/atheories/2.3.html (7222 words)

	The Neglected Programme of Aesthetics -- Gross 42 (4): 403 -- The British Journal of Aesthetics
		I will argue that today's aesthetics and the original programme
		developed by the German Enlightenment thinker Alexander Gottlieb
		Baumgarten in the first half of the eighteenth century have
	bjaesthetics.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/42/4/403 (219 words)

	PHI 610 - Protocol #2 for 2/22/2005 (William Martin)
		Aristotle had dealt with early aesthetic concepts in two of his branches of philosophy:
		Rhetoric is concerned with figures of speech while Poetics deals with “making.” The word “aesthetic” first came into usage in Alexander Gottlieb
		Aesthetik as first work on aesthetics and is first conceptualized through the 18th century ideas of beauty and taste, prior to the eighteenth century the question involved craft, art and creation.
	www.sunysb.edu /rtpl/HJS_COURSES/05S_PHI_610--PHILOSOPHY_&_THE_ARTS_AFTER_DERRIDA/PROTOCOLS/PHI610-05S-Protocol4-(Martin)-050222.htm (1000 words)

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