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Topic: Alexander IV

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Pope Alexander IV

Alexander IV of Macedon

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	Pope Alexander IV
		Pope Alexander IV Pope from 1254-61 (Rinaldo Conti), of the house of Segni, which had already given two illustrious sons to the Papacy, Innocent III and Gregory IX, date of birth uncertain; died 25 May, 1261, at Viterbo.
		In August, 1258, in consequence of a rumour spread by himself, that Conradin had died in Germany, the usurper was crowned king in Palermo and became the acknowledged head of the Ghibelline party in Italy.
		Alexander IV ruled the spiritual affairs of the Church with dignity and prudence.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/a/alexander_iv,pope.html (688 words)

	Alexander III - LoveToKnow 1911
		On the 7th of September 1159 he was chosen the successor of Adrian IV., a minority of the cardinals, however, electing the cardinal priest Octavian, who assumed the name of Victor IV.
		On the 12th of March 1178 Alexander returned to Rome, which he had been compelled to leave twice, namely, from 1162 until the 23rd of November 1165, and again in 1167.
		In 1181 Alexander excommunicated William the Lion of Scotland and put the kingdom under the interdict.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Alexander_III (383 words)

	ALEXANDER THE GREAT
		Alexander the Great was the son of King Philip II of Macedon and of his fourth wife, Epirote princess Olympias.
		Alexander's army met and defeated the main Persian army under the command of Darius III at the Battle of Issus in 333 BC.
		Alexander was the first king to wear the all-important royal diadem, a band of cloth tied around the hair that was to become the symbol of Hellenistic kingship.
	www.egyptologyonline.com /alexander.htm (1060 words)

	Alexander 14: "Just the [Three] Of Us"
		Plutarch tells us that Alexander first saw Roxane when she danced at a banquet to which he was invited.
		Alexander married his second wife, Darius’ daughter Barsine, in 324 BCE, to form a political alliance between the Greek and Persian empires.
		Alexander married her at the same time that he arranged for thousands of marriages between Greek soldiers and Persian women.
	ablemedia.com /ctcweb/consortium/alexander14.html (432 words)

	pothos.org - All about Alexander the Great (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Alexander of Epiros Alexander of Epiros was Olympias' brother.
		Alexander and his brothers, Heromenes and Arrhabaeus, were the sons of Aeropus, and appear to have been ‘royalty’ of sorts.
		Alexander was married to Antipater’s daughter, and he was the first to acknowledge his namesake as king after the death of Philip.
	www.pothos.org /alexander.asp?ParaID=32 (1393 words)

	Alexander's Empire Disintegrates
		In Epirus, Alexander's mother, Olympias, supported her grandchild, Alexander IV, and was hostile toward Philip III.
		Alexander's generals and governors made a show of their devotion to Alexander's memory, and, except for Ptolemy, they spoke of the need to keep the empire unified.
		Alexander's prestige had rested on his military conquests, and the new monarchs believed that military prowess was a part of their prestige.
	www.fsmitha.com /h1/ch12dis.htm (1823 words)

	Alexander the Great - ReligionFacts
		Alexander arranges for Darius' body to be sent to the royal tombs at Persepolis for an honorable burial.
		Alexander's aim to fully unite the Macedonians and Persians as joint rulers was growing increasingly controversial among Macedonians.
		Alexander attempted to deal with the thousands of wandering mercenaries throughout Asia and Greece, most of whom were political exiles, by requiring the Greek cities of the Greek League to recall all their exiles.
	www.religionfacts.com /greek_religion/people/alexander_the_great.htm (1405 words)

	History1
		Alexander died prematurely and unexpectedly in 323 BCE at the age of thirty one.
		After Alexander's death, there was a period of intense political infighting among the possible successors of Alexander, who did not name a successor before his death nor did he have a son who was a viable candidate for king.
		Craterus, the most experienced of Alexander's generals, was appointed "guardian of the royal interests," in charge of Philip of Arrhidaeus, Alexander IV, and Roxanne; he was commander in chief of the army.
	www.abu.nb.ca /Courses/NTIntro/InTest/Hist1.htm (7796 words)

	ALEXANDER IV
		ALEXANDER IV There was consternation among the cardinals at Naples when Innocent IV passed away.
		Rinaldo was the son of the count of Segni and the third pope of that family to reign in the thirteenth century.
		Alexander IV did the university a great favor when he confirmed the right of men like Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas to teach in its lecture halls.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp179.htm (485 words)

	Egyptian History: Graeco-Roman Dynasties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Alexander reorganized Egypt, founded Alexandria in the western Delta (331), and left the country in the hands of Balacrus and Peucestas, who were well disposed and respectful towards the Egyptian religious institutions.
		Alexander's brother was raised to the throne by the army in 323.
		With the death of Alexander the Great, Ptolemy, one of the leading Macedonian generals, became satrap of Egypt and served under Philip Arrhidaeus and the infant Alexander IV (murdered in 311 BCE).
	nefertiti.iwebland.com /history-g-r.htm (1674 words)

	The Location of the Tomb
		During these turbulent years, Alexander IV and his mother Roxane were assassinated by Cassander who then usurped the throne of Macedonia and married Thessaloniki, Alexander the Great's sister in order to legitimize his power.
		Alexander's coffin was placed, together with his armor, in a gold carriage which had a vaulted roof supported by an Ionic peristyle.
		One may therefore plausibly conclude that Alexander wished to be buried in Aigai, next to his ancestors despite the "internationalist" ideas of the Macedonian conqueror for the creation of a multi-national empire where diversity and individuality would be respected.
	www.greece.org /alexandria/alexander/pages/location.html (999 words)

	Royalty.nu - Alexander the Great, King of Macedon
		Alexander the Great's father, Philip, was the brother of King Perdiccas III of Macedon or Macedonia, in northern Greece.
		In the Absence of Alexander: Harpalus and the Failure of of Macedonian Authority by Christopher Blackwell.
		Alexander: A History of the Origin and Growth of the Art of War from the Earliest Times to the Battle of Ipsus, 301 BC by Theodore Ayrault Dodge.
	www.royalty.nu /Europe/Balkan/Alexander.html (3914 words)

	Alexander 17: Only the [Great] Die Young"
		The pseudo-Callisthenes even suggests that Alexander was poisoned, which may simply reflect the disbelief that he was mortal and therefore susceptible to human illness.
		Alexander's second wife Barsine (Statira) was murdered, presumably by order of Perdiccas, who was engaged in a power struggle with other military commanders in Alexander’s army.
		Regents for the child Alexander IV repeatedly were murdered in various plots for power.
	ablemedia.com /ctcweb/consortium/alexander17.html (946 words)

	Alexander IV - WCD (Wiki Classical Dictionary) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Most assyriologists assume that Alexander only became king at that moment, since he is not mentioned in Babylonian documents from before that date.
		Many scholars even assume that the statement concerning Alexander IV was included in the treaty because all the Successors knew this actually meant his death warrant and they wanted that.
		Heckel, ‘IG II2 561 and the Status of Alexander IV’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik (http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifa/zpe/) 40 (1980), pp.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /wcd/Alexander_IV (702 words)

	Olympias - Alexander The Great - Mother of Alexander - Wife of King Philip II - Olympias
		In 359 B.C. Olympias married Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great was born in 356 B.C. The marriage was blighted by Philip II's philandering and by the jealous temper of Olympias.
		Despite the close bond between Olympias and Alexander the Great, he was to leave her in 334 B.C when he was aged twenty-one and was never to see her again.
		After the death Of Alexander his half brother Arrhidaeus and his son Alexander IV were proclaimed kings with Cassander, the son of Antipater, as regent.
	www.alexander-the-great.co.uk /olympias.htm (278 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 122 (v. 1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Alexander reached Babylon in the spring of b.
		He was acknowledged as the partner of Philip Arrhidaeus in the empire, and was under the guardianship of Perdiccas, the regent, till the death of the latter in b.
		He was then for a short time placed under the guardianship of Pithon and the general Arrhidaeus, and subsequently under that of Antipater, who conveyed him with his mother Roxana, and the king Philip Arrhidaeus and his wife to Macedonia in 320.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/0131.html (955 words)

	Text Version
		Alexander's visit to the Oracle of Ammon at Siwa was, and still is considered as one of the most fascinating events of his reign.
		In it, Alexander is portrayed as one among the dead of the Underworld.
		Another interesting point that in Plutarch's account of Alexander's visit to the Ammoneion of Siwa, the author relates that historians before him had already challenged the accuracy of the alleged proclamation of Alexander as son of Ammon by the priests and had suggested their own interpretation of the disturbing rumors on the Macedonian king's divinity.
	www.greece.org /alexandria/alexander/Pages/atext.html (3138 words)

	The 'vulgate' sources on Alexander the Great
		There are many ancient sources on the career of the Macedonian conqueror Alexander the Great: the Library of world history of Diodorus of Sicily, Quintus Curtius Rufus' History of Alexander the Great of Macedonia, a Life of Alexander by Plutarch of Chaeronea and the Anabasis by Arrian of Nicomedia are the best-known.
		The oldest surviving Greek source on the conquests of Alexander is book seventeen of the Library of world history by the Sicilian author Diodorus, who was active between 65/60 and 35/30 BCE and worked in both Alexandria and Rome.
		The author was probably a military commander who rose to a senatorial position under the emperor Tiberius, who parried criticism on Curtius' lowly birth (son of a gladiator) with the quip that here at last was a man who owed his career to himself.
	www.livius.org /aj-al/alexander/alexander_z1a.html (1605 words)

	Alexander the Great: Important Dates
		Alexander at Susa: reorganization of the army and the administration.
		The Army proclaims Philip III Arrhidaios and the newborn Alexander IV (son of Roxana) as Kings.
		Ptolemy had kidnapped Alexander's mummy and buried it (eventually) in Alexandria, thus qualifying himself to be Alexander's successor as Pharaoh in Egypt.
	www.csun.edu /~hcfll004/AlexGreatNotes.html (350 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Barbarossa and Alexander III
		Alexander was the very chancellor Roland who, as Pope Adrian VI's envoy, had so angered the emperor at Besançon; he was known too, to favour Frederick's enemy, William of Sicily.
		Alexander was chosen pope by a majority of cardinals, but his rival, Victor, besides a strong minority, had the people of Rome - whose vote they claimed, was still necessary to the election - on his side; Victor also enjoyed the priority of consecration.
		Alexander found at last, in the Lombard cities and in the king of Sicily, the allies hie most needed.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/barbarossa1.html (2867 words)

	Pope Alexander IV - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Alexander IV is described as a stout man, kindly, cheerful, but of no great brilliancy.
		He succeeded Innocent IV as guardian of Conradin, the last of the Hohenstaufen, promising him his benevolent protection; but in less than a fortnight he conspired against him and bitterly opposed Conradin's uncle Manfred.
		Alexander IV fulminated with excommunication and interdict against the party of Manfred, but in vain; nor could he enlist the Kings of England and Norway in a crusade against the Hohenstaufen.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV (311 words)

	Alexander IV of Macedon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Alexander IV Aegus (in Greek Aλέξανδρος Aιγός; 323–309 BC) was the posthumous son of Alexander the Great by his wife Roxana, a princess of Bactria.
		Alexander IV was born in the August of the year 323 BC.
		Cassander's response was as ruthless as it was definitive: about 310 BC he secretly commanded Glaucias to assassinate Alexander and his mother, so that nobody could menace his rule; and the orders were immediately carried out.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon (588 words)

	Authors of Alexander histories
		While largely fictional (and, indeed, often fantastical: Alexander was "actually" the son of the wizard Nectanebo, last Pharaoh of Egypt!), the Romance none the less contains a certain amount of possibly or probably historical material.
		Anaximenes was a contemporary of Philip and Alexander, and wrote a history of Greece and one of Philip and Alexander.
		A member of Alexander's expedition, and the man at whose home Alexander spent his last drinking-party, Medeios was later a naval commander for Antigonus the One-Eyed.
	www.anchist.mq.edu.au /222/authors.htm (1238 words)

	Alexander’s last days
		Alexander hosted a banquet of reconciliation between Persian and Macedonian troops.
		On June 20, 323 BC, Alexander perished, surrounded by all his satraps, who pressed him in his last few moments to state which of them was to succeed him as king.
		Conflicts continued - Cassander (Antipater’s son) and Antigonus v.s Polyperchon, then regent, and Olympias who seized Roxane and Alexander IV; O. executed Philip Arrhideus, she was defeated by Cassander at Pydna in 316; he later killed Roxane and Alexander the IV.
	web.ics.purdue.edu /~rauhn/Hist303/death_alexander.htm (620 words)

	Alexander IV
		Alexander IV Alexander IV Roxana with Alexander IV Aegus the son of Alexander the Great, Allesandro Varotari (Padovanino) (1588-1648)
		Olympias, Alexander's grandmother, exerted considerable influence over Polyperchon and ordered the execution of Philip III in 317 BC.
		Between 316 BC and 309 BC the Regent Cassander held the young King Alexander as a prisoner.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Bios/AlexanderIV.html (323 words)

	Alexander the Great Articles
		Alexander the Great sired two children that are known of (although there are reports of more, legitimate and illegitimate).
		Alexander belived he was descended from the legendary hero Herakles.
		Roxanne, daughter of a Persian noble, was said to have captured Alexander’s heart.
	www.thegreatalexander.com /articles/?p=9 (349 words)

	Wikinfo \| Alexander the Great (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Born Alexander III, he was the son of King Philip II of Macedon and the infamous Epirote princess Olympias, in Pella, Macedon.
		Some have contended that the great love of his life was his best friend, Hephaestion; however, this has been contested by scholars.
		Alexander is remembered as a folk-hero in Europe and much of western Asia.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Alexander_the_Great (1076 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Alexander IV, Pope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Pope Alexander IV Pope from 12 December 1254 to 25 March 1261.
		Born in Anagni, France as Rinaldo Conti; died on 25 March 1261 in Viterbo, Italy.
		Rome and a large portion of Italy were lost to papal control during his reign.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/ncd00299.htm (105 words)

	Writings on John Dewey and the F.M. AlexanderTechnique
		Alexander has done a service to the subject by insistently treating each act as involving the whole integrated individual, the whole psycho-physical man. To take a step is an affair, not of this limb or that limb solely, but of the total neuromuscular activity of the moment--not the least of the head and the neck.).
		Alexander Murray is a Professor of Music at the University of Illinois and Co-Director of the Urbana Center for the Alexander Technique.
		The author quotes one of Jones's summaries of the Technique [1953]: "The Alexander Technique is a method of reeducation that is psychophysical in the sense that it brings about a change in the person as a whole, by introducing a change in his total pattern of reaction.
	www.alexandercenter.com /jd/alexanderdeweywritings.html (3797 words)

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