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	Pope Alexander VI - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Alexander VI, né Rodrigo Borgia (January 1, 1431 – August 18, 1503) pope (1492-1503), is the most memorable of the secular popes of the Renaissance.
		Alexander, overwhelmed with grief, shut himself up in Castel Sant'Angelo, and then declared that the reform of the Church would be the sole object of his life henceforth--a resolution that he did not keep.
		Alexander hoped that Louis's help would be more profitable to his house than that of Charles had been and, in spite of the remonstrances of Spain and of the Sforza, he allied himself with France in January 1499 and was joined by Venice.
	www.bexley.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Pope_Alexander_VI (3798 words)

	Alexander VI on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Girolamo Savonarola was an outspoken opponent and critic of Alexander.
		It was Alexander who proclaimed the line of demarcation that awarded part of the new discoveries in the world to Spain, part to Portugal (see Tordesillas, Treaty of).
		Saint Eudokia and the imperial household of Leo VI.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/A/Alexand6.asp (590 words)

	Pope Alexander VI - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Alexander VI, (Rodrigo Borgia) (January 1, 1431 – August 18, 1503) pope (1492-1503), is the most memorable of the secular popes of the Renaissance.
		Lucrezia had been promised to the Spaniard Don Gasparo de Procida, but on her father's elevation to the papacy the engagement was cancelled, and in 1493 she was married to Giovanni Sforza, lord of Pesaro, the ceremony being celebrated at the Vatican Palace with unparalleled magnificence.
		The papacy of Alexander VI was dramatized in the 1981 BBC series The Borgias, starring the veteran Italian actor Adolfo Celi as Pope Alexander.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI (3737 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Alexander VI
		Alexander earned the enmity of Spain, the obloquy of many narrow minded contemporaries, and the gratitude of posterity, by his tolerant policy towards the Jews, whom he could not be coerced into banishing or molesting.
		Many a saintlier pope than Alexander VI would have made the fatal mistake of yielding to brute force and surrendering unconditionally to the conqueror of Italy; the most heroic of the popes could not have sustained the stability of the Holy See at this crucial moment with greater firmness.
		Alexander cannot be held responsible for the second "barbarian" invasion of Italy, but he was quick to take advantage of it for the consolidation of his temporal power and the aggrandizement of his family.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01289a.htm (5465 words)

	Pope Alexander VI -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Alexander now feared that the king might depose him for (Traffic in ecclesiastical offices or preferments) simony and summon a council, but he won over the bishop of (Click link for more info and facts about Saint Malo) Saint Malo, who had much influence over the king, with a cardinal's hat.
		Alexander, overwhelmed with grief, shut himself up in (Click link for more info and facts about Castel Sant'Angelo) Castel Sant'Angelo, and then declared that the reform of the Church would be the sole object of his life henceforth--a resolution that he did not keep.
		The papacy of Alexander VI was dramatized in the 1981 BBC series "The Borgias", starring the veteran Italian (A theatrical performer) actor Adolfo Celi as Pope Alexander.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/po/pope_alexander_vi1.htm (3456 words)

	Macedonia FAQ: Alexander the Great
		Alexander the Great (356-323 BC), the king of Macedonia that conquered the Persian empire and annexed it to Macedonia, is considered one of the greatest military geniuses of all times.
		Alexander, born in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia, was the son of Philip II, king of Macedonia, and of Olympia, a princess of Epirus.
		Alexander began his war against Persia in the spring of 334 BC by crossing the Hellespont (modern Dardanelles) with an army of 35,000 Macedonians and 7,600 Greeks.
	faq.macedonia.org /history/alexander.the.great.html (3248 words)

	Pope Alexander VI
		Pope Alexander VI Alexander VI, (January 1, 1431 - August 18, 1503) pope (1492-1503), born Rodrigo Borgia[?] (1431), is the most memorable of the corrupt and secular popes of the Renaissance.
		Alexander, overwhelmed with grief, shut himself up in Castle St Angelo[?], and then declared that the reform of the church would be the sole object of his life henceforth--a resolution which he did not keep.
		The story of Alexander's relations with Savonarola is narrated under the latter heading; it is sufficient to say here that the pope's hostility was due to the friar's outspoken invectives against papal corruption and to his appeals for a General Council.
	www.fastload.org /po/Pope_Alexander_VI.html (3614 words)

	The Pope Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		But Alexander quickly forgot his plans and instead devoted his attentions to his precious causes: the ruthless advaneement of the House of Borgia and wholehearted fondness for riches and extravagant dissipation.
		When Alexander tearfully commanded his son's body be dragged out of the water, sharp-tongued Romans observed that the pontiff truly was a fisher of men.
		While these were exaggerations, Alexander nevertheless epitomized the worst excesses of the period and the need for genuine reform in the papacy.
	media.isnet.org /kristen/Ensiklopedia/Alexander6.html (642 words)

	Alexander, VI Biography / Biography of Alexander, VI Biography Biography
		Alexander VI (1431-1503) was pope from 1492 to 1503.
		Alexander was frequently maligned and satirized in his own day, but the more vicious rumors (that he poisoned his enemies, for example) are unfounded.
		Alexander VI was a genial, intelligent, and able man who reflected the morality of his times; if he is to be condemned as a pope, he should nevertheless not be judged too harshly as a man.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-alexander-vi/index.html (769 words)

	§7. Alexander Montgomerie. VI. Sir David Lyndsay. Vol. 3. Renascence and Reformation. The Cambridge History of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Alexander Montgomerie, the last of the Scottish “makaris,” probably held some office at the court of James VI, and, most likely, was the king’s chief instructor in the art of verse.
		As a very varied metrist in what James VI termed “cuttit and broken verse,” Montgomerie showed both remarkable ingenuity and a good musical ear; but he was not a poetic melodist—partly from his despondent views of life and deficiency in animal spirits, his verses are, for the most part, lacking in poetic flow.
		His reflective pieces are too low-spirited to be effective; his amatory verse is not animated by much lyrical fervour; and his religious pieces and versions of psalms, sometimes written to special tunes, while characterised by apt phrasing and considerable metrical felicity, do not manifest much fervour or depth of conviction.
	www.bonus.com /contour/bartlettqu/http@@/www.bartleby.com/213/0607.html (656 words)

	Hist of Christ'n Church 6 (ii.vii.vii) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The pontificate of Alexander VI., which coincides with the closing years of the 15th century and the opening of the 16th, may be compared with the pontificate of Boniface VIII., which witnessed the passage from the 13th to the 14th centuries.
		Alexander had indicated to the sultan that it was Charles’ aim to carry Djem off to France and then use him as the admiral of a fleet for the capture of Constantinople.
		Alexander was bent, with the help of Louis, upon creating a great dukedom in central Italy for his son, with a kingly dominion over all the peninsula as the ultimate act of the drama.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/hcc6.ii.vii.vii.html (7657 words)

	Alexander VI. (Papst) - Wikipedia
		Ihr prominentester Vertreter wurde schließlich der Dominikanermönch Girolamo Savonarola in Florenz, der sich anfangs noch um ein gutes Einvernehmen mit Alexander bemüht und keine Bedenken gehabt hatte, ihm offiziell zur Hochzeit seiner Tochter Lucrezia zu gratulieren.
		Alexanders Verdienste um eine geordnete Verwaltung der Kirche und des Kirchenstaates sind unbestritten.
		Alexanders Lebenswandel unterschied sich nicht signifikant negativ von demjenigen anderer (Kirchen-)Fürsten seiner Zeit.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alexander_VI._%28Papst%29 (890 words)

	borgia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Alexander VI (1431 - 1503, Pope from 1492 - 1503)
		During the elaborate ceremony consecrating Rodrigo as Pope Alexander VI, he had to be "verified" as a male, since, from the Thirteenth Century and the scandalous myth of "Pope Joan," a Pope John that was believed to have been a woman, newly elected popes had to submit to an examination lying on a low seat.
		In 1493, Alexander attempted to draw a line between Spanish and Portugese spheres of influence in the New World, but even this far-reaching political act had to be modified in 1494, since, in its original form, the decree favored his native Spain.
	www.d.umn.edu /~aroos/borgia.html (1825 words)

	ALEXANDER VI
		ALEXANDER VI Borgia poison is almost certain to figure largely in any Renaissance novel.
		Alexander VI, as Rodrigo chose to be called, was still a fine figure of a man when elected at the age of sixty-one.
		It was six o'clock on August 13 that Alexander VI went to meet Him as his judge Whose vicar on earth he had been.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp212.htm (519 words)

	The 1493 Bull of Alexander 6
		The sanction, which by the terms of the Treaty was to be asked, was never given by Alexander VI and not before the 24th of January, 1506, was a Bull to such effect issued by Pope Julius II.
		It is not probable that by this bull Alexander VI intended to secure to Portugal an eastern route to the Indies, as some writers have maintained.
		Alexander, bishop, servant of the servants of God, to the illustrious sovereigns, our very dear son in Christ, Ferdinand, king, and our very dear daughter in Christ, Isabella, queen of Castile, Leon, Aragon, Sicily, and Granada, health and apostolic benediction.
	www.kwabs.com /bull_of_1493.html (1160 words)

	1 THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER VI
		That, beyond all manner of question, is the true story of the passing of Alexander VI, as revealed by the Diarium of Burchard, by the testimony of the physician who attended him, and by the dispatches of the Venetian, Ferrarese, and Florentine ambassadors.
		After Alexander was dead it was said that water boiled in his mouth, and that steam issued from it as he lay in St. Peter’s, and much else of the same sort, which the known laws of physiology compel so many of us very reluctantly to account exaggerations.
		The circumstances of Alexander’s funeral are in the highest degree scandalous, and reflect the greatest discredit upon his age.
	books.rakeshv.org /html/lcbga10/lcbga10ch29.html (3005 words)

	Beears' Presentation
		Alexander VI was born as Rodrigo de Borja, in Xativa, Spain.
		With the death from malaria of Alexander VI in September of 1503, much thought was given to give the office to Caesar, Alexander's son.
		Alexander VI had thought about reforming the church when his son Juan was murdered, but quickly turned to Caesar instead.
	muweb.millersville.edu /~columbus/papers/beears.html (2662 words)

	Pope Alexander VI
		Alexander VI, given name Rodrigo Borgia, Roman Catholic Pope from 1492 until his death, is the most memorable of the corrupt and secular popes of the Renaissance.
		He was born at Xativa, near Valencia in Spain, and his father's surname was Lanzol or Llançol; that of his mother's family, Borgia or Borja, was assumed by him on the elevation of his maternal uncle to the papacy as Callixtus III (April 8, 1455).
		Alexander, overwhelmed with grief, shut himself up in Castle St. Angelo, and then declared that the reform of the church would be the sole object of his life henceforth -- a resolution which he did not keep.
	www.nndb.com /people/159/000092880 (3470 words)

	Alexander VI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Alexander created numerous cardinals — for a price — most of whom were "of doubtful reputation" (according to the Venetian envoy to Rome), or relatives, or usually both.
		Alexander never changed his womanizing ways until he was too old to indulge them — he died at age 72 — and participated in extraordinary orgies held in the Vatican.
		Giulia remained Alexander's mistress throughout his pontificate, bearing him a son when the Pope was 65.
	www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com /rants/0811b-almanac.htm (580 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Alexander VI
		Foreign relations during his reign were dominated by the increasing influence of France in Italy, which culminated in the invasion of Charles VIII in 1494.
		Alexander prevented Charles from taking church property in Rome, but he turned over the valuable Ottoman hostage Djem, brother of Sultan Beyazid II.
		The favouritism shown his children, the lax moral tone of Renaissance Rome, and the unscrupulous methods employed by Cesare and other papal officials have made Alexander’s name the symbol of the worldly irreligion of Renaissance popes.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0214.htm (191 words)

	Additional Reading (from Alexander VI) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Lincoln Alexander became the first African American to hold a vice-regal office in Canada when he was installed as the 24th lieutenant governor of Ontario in 1985.
		Alexander the Great was able to conquer a large area in a remarkably short period of time.
		After Alexander's death, there were endless disputes between his heirs that eventually led to the complete destruction of the family.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-222?tocId=222 (743 words)

	GREAT EPOCHS IN AMERICAN HISTORY
		The copy of the bull, or donation, by the authority whereof Pope Alexander, the sixth of that name, gave and granted to the kings of Castile and their successors the regions and lands found in the west ocean sea by the navigations of the Spanish.
		When Alexander VI issued his bull the America which Columbus had found was believed to be not a new continent, but the Indies, and the Portuguese, who had reached India by way of the Cape of Good Hope, were threatening to send an expedition across the Atlantic to take possession and dispute the Spanish claims.
		Alexander VI, the famous Borgia Pope, who was the father of Cæsar Borgia and Lucretia Borgia, has been accused, somewhat loosely, of committing an act of foolish audacity in making this grant.
	www.usgennet.org /usa/topic/preservation/epochs/vol1/pg38.htm (699 words)

	Alexander VI, pope
		Alexander prevented Charles from taking the church property in Rome, but he turned over to the French the valuable Ottoman hostage Djem, brother of Sultan
		Beyazid II Alexander's son, Cesare Borgia, was the principal leader in papal affairs, and papal resources were spent lavishly in building up Cesare's power.
		It was Alexander who proclaimed the line of demarcation that awarded part of the new discoveries in the world to Spain, part to Portugal (see
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0803218.html (265 words)

	.Certified Gold Coins: Our Favorite Coins #07 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Alexander VI (Rodrigo de Borja, or Borgia), possibly the most infamous Pope, was the father of four illegitimate children (Lucrezia, Cesare, Juan, and Jofre) by one of his mistresses, Vanozza Catanei, and probably five other children, by other mistresses.
		Alexander served under five Popes prior to becoming Pope himself, acquiring great wealth while living ostentatiously in a palace with his mistresses and children.
		Alexander's reign was notable for events about which controversy still swirls, including mysterious deaths, property confiscations, and military alliances, with the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily the most coveted prizes.
	mysite.verizon.net /vzeqg1oh/favc007a.htm (1593 words)

	Moments in History #10 Pope Alexander VI 1492-1503
		The election of Pope Alexander VI was an extremely popular one in Rome.
		Alexander displayed a similar blindness to his office and his faith when he attempted to secure an alliance with the Muslim Sultan of the Ottoman Empire against the Catholic French King, Charles VIII who Alexander feared was about to invade Italy and depose him!
		When he needed money for the Church, which was all the time, Alexander sold Church offices to the highest bidders, failed to fill vacancies caused by deaths of Bishops and Cardinals so that the Papacy could collect the wealth that flowed from such Bishoprics.
	www.users.bigpond.com /billmastermind/moments10.htm (1246 words)

	Bull of Alexander VI
		Bull of Alexander VI Bull of Alexander VI The Inter Caetera, Papal Bull of May 4, 1493.
		Pope Alexander VI (Pope from 1492-1503), the infamous Borgia, he gave the New World to Spain.
		Parker, Geoffrey, (translator) AT THE COURT OF THE BORGIA being an Accout of the Reign of Pope Alexander VI written by his Master of Ceremonies Father Johann Burchard, the Folio Society, London, 1963.
	www.reformation.org /bull-of-borgia.html (884 words)

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