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	Pope Alexander VII
		Alexander VII (February 13, 1599-May 22, 1667) was pope from 1655 until his death in 1667.
		In the first year of his reign, Alexander VII forbade his relations even to visit Rome; but in 1656 he gave them the best-paid civil and ecclesiastical offices, also palaces and princely estates.
		Alexander disliked business of state, preferring literature and philosophy; a collection of his Latin poems appeared at Paris in 1656 under the title Philomathi Labores Juveniles.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/al/Alexander_VII.html (243 words)

	Pope Alexander VII
		In the Rome of Renaissance times, an ancestor of Alexander VII was known as the "Magnificent".
		The pontificate of Alexander VII was shadowed by continual difficulties with the young and illadvised Louis XIV of France, whose representatives were a constant source of annoyance to the Pope.
		However, he prevented Louis XIV from sending the usual embassy of obedience to Alexander VII, and, while he lived, hindered the appointment of a French ambassador to Rome, diplomatic affairs being meantime conducted by cardinal protectors, generally personal enemies of the Pope.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/a/alexander_vii,pope.html (1018 words)

	Pope Alexander VII Biography
		Indeed, in the first year of his reign, Alexander VII lived simply and forbade his relations even to visit Rome; but in consistory April 24, 1656, he announced that his brother and nephews would be coming to assist him in Rome.
		During Alexander VII's reign occurred the conversion of Queen Christina of Sweden, who, after her abdication, came to reside in Rome, where on Christmas Day, 1655, she was confirmed in her baptism by the Pope, in whom she found a generous friend and benefactor.
		Alexander VII confirmed that they were too, by the Bull Ad Sanctam Beati Petri Sedem (October 16, 1656,) declaring that five propositions of Jansen, mostly concerning grace and the fallen nature of Man, were heretical including the proposition "that Christ died, or shed His blood for all men" (see Catholic Encyclopedia, link below).
	www.biographybase.com /biography/Alexander_VII_Pope.html (747 words)

	Pietro da Cortona
		Alexander, from the start, attempted to isolate the Pantheon from the buildings attached to it and from the scourge of vendors who plied their trades in the portico.
		Alexander and his advisors were aware that to reorganize the square, both the siting of the Column of Marcus Aurelius and the transfer of the Trevi waters to Piazza colonna were an integral part of the project.
		Public squares, for Alexander VII, are an ornament to the city, apart from filling a public need in the traffic system of the mid-17th century cityscape, like the long streets, the squares were intended both to fill an urgent practical needs and to present a grand show to the visitor.
	www.geocities.com /rr17bb/cortona.html (2818 words)

	Biography – Pope Alexander VII – The Papal Library
		Alexander VII was born at Sienna on the 13th of February, 1599, son of Flavius Chigi (who, by his mother, Agnes Bulgarini, was nephew of Paul V) and of Laura Marsigli, daughter of Antonio, lord of Collechio.
		On the 14th of May Alexander published a universal jubilee, as had been done by Sixtus V, Gregory XV, Urban VIII and Innocent X. The general subject of conversation in Italy was the Princess Christina Alexandra, the abdicated Queen of Sweden, who chose Rome for her residence.
		Alexander professed great esteem for them, and endeavored to restore them to their former position, as had been earnestly attempted by Pope Gregory XV, his nephew the Cardinal Ludovisi, and the King of France, Louis XIII, who in that followed the example of his father, Henry IV.
	www.saint-mike.org /Papal-Library/AlexanderVII/biography.html (9100 words)

	Pope Alexander VII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Alexander VII himself disliked the business of state, preferring literature and philosophy; a collection of his Latin poems appeared at Paris in 1656 under the title Philomathi Labores Juveniles.
		During Alexander VII's reign occurred the conversion of Queen Christina of Sweden (1632–54), who, after her abdication, came to reside in Rome, where on Christmas Day, 1655, she was confirmed in her baptism by the Pope, in whom she found a generous friend and benefactor.
		Alexander VII's pontificate was shadowed by continual friction with Cardinal Mazarin, advisor to Louis XIV of France (1643–1715), who had opposed him during the negotiations that led to the Peace of Westphalia and who defended the prerogatives of the Gallican Church.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII (954 words)

	SIX MOUNTAINS AND A STAR
		Alexander VII was a man very interested in the arts and he personally reviewed with Bernini the possible solutions for the square which was to complete St Peter's.
		Alexander VII feared that his formal coat of arms might not survive the many hazards of history and he had artists develop decorations with its themes in the belief that art would always be respected.
		The memory of Alexander VII is nevertheless, although with less appearance, assured by the mountains and the star on the main door (and by his name on the top of the loggia).
	members.tripod.com /romeartlover/Monti.html (1003 words)

	Alexander the Great (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Alexander's speech at Opis in 324 BC, otherwise known as Alexander's Oath, given about one year before his death in the presence of 9,000 Greek and Asian officers, has become the beacon of state leaders and international organizations in their route toward the third millennium.
		Alexander's behavior toward the relatives of Persian King Darius whom he had captured (his mother, wife and children), was admired by all for the respect that he showed to these royal family members.
		Other points could be brought to disprove Alexander's homosexuality allegations: Alexander was married to Roxane and had an heir by her; he was also married to the daughter of Darius; a queen of the East had asked Alexander to father a child with her.
	www.helleniccomserve.com /alexander.html (2147 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Alexander VII
		During his pontificate, repeated difficulties with Louis XIV led to the temporary loss of Avignon and acceptance of the humiliating terms of the treaty of Pisa in 1664.
		Alexander fought Jansenism by compelling the French clergy to sign his "formulary." Supported Venice in their fight with the expanding Turks.
		He was a patron of art, beautified Rome and many of its churches, enlarged the libraries of the Vatican and the Roman University, and befriended men of letters.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0237.htm (241 words)

	Cultural Catholic - Pope Alexander VII (1655 1667)
		Pope Alexander VII became cardinal in 1652, and pope on April 18, 1655.
		As relations with King Louis XIV of France were strained because Pope Alexander VII resisted unjust demands from King Louis XIV, in retaliation, King Louis XIV took advantage of the Corsican embassy attack by annexing Avignon to France and preparing to march on Rome.
		Pope Alexander VII did much to beautify Rome, although he was criticized for nepotism in these projects, a practice that had been curtailed by previous papal reforms.
	www.culturalcatholic.com /PopeAlexanderVII.htm (376 words)

	ALEXANDER VII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Alexander VII was a sincere man, gifted with ability and endowed with piety.
		Alexander was most conciliatory, but when he resisted demands which he could not in justice grant, Louis annexed Avignon and prepared to march on Rome.
		Alexander sent them the formula, but a number of Jansenists including the nuns of Port Royal refused to sign it.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp235.htm (436 words)

	Monument to Alexander VII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Alexander VII was the pope who commissioned Bernini to enclose St. Peter's Square with the colonnade.
		Opposite and on the right, is the famous monument of Alexander VII (1655-1667), the last great masterpiece of the 80-year old Bernini who was assisted by various artists.
		Like Urban VIII, Alexander VII also commissioned Bernini to design his tomb in Saint Peter's, but unlike his predecessor, Alexander did not ensure the beginning of the work before his death, nor was the project pursued under his successor Clement IX.
	www.stpetersbasilica.org /Monuments/AlexanderVII/AlexanderVII.htm (1412 words)

	Pope Alexander VII - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		The title of Pope is given to the bishop of Rome who is the head of the Roman Catholic Church.
		Pope, Alexander (1688-1744), English poet, who, modeling himself after the great poets of classical antiquity, wrote highly polished verse, often...
		Alexander VI (circa 1431-1503), pope (1492-1503), who was noted for his worldliness and corruption.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/search.aspx?q=Pope+Alexander+VII (155 words)

	Printed Translations (Alexander the Great on the Web) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Alexander the Great: Historical Texts in Translation edied by Waldemar Heckel and J. Yardley.
		Alexander the Great: The Brief Life and Towering Exploits of History's Greatest Conqueror, As Told By His Original Biographers with an introduction by Michael Wood and edited by Tania Gergel.
		Alexander and the Greeks by Victor Ehrenberg (1982).
	www.isidore-of-seville.com /alexander/10.html (818 words)

	Alexander of Lycopolis
		He won the favor of the Tatar khans, and in 1261 a bishopric was established at Sarai on the lower Volga, the residence of the Khan of the Golden Horde.
		Alexander and his two immediate predecessoraCaracalla, 211-217, son and successor of Septimius Severna (q.v.), and Elagabalus, 218-222, reputed son and successor of Caracslla--may be called the Syrian emperors.
		Alexander takes the most conservative position, for he declares that he " believes in the absolute reliability of every statement " in it.
	www.ccel.org /s/schaff/encyc/encyc01/htm/iii.iii.vii.htm (15268 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Alexander VIII
		Louis XIV of France whose political situation was now critical, profited by the peaceful dispositions of the new Pope, restored to him Avignon, and renounced the longabused right of asylum for the French Embassy.
		(See ALEXANDER VII.) But the king's conciliatory spirit did not dissuade the resolute Pope from declaring (4 August, 1690) that the Declaration of Gallican Liberties (q.
		Alexander was an upright man, generous, peace-loving, and indulgent.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01295a.htm (402 words)

	Alexander A Biography Reference
		Alexander's many sports include BMXDenver Post, CO - 17 hours ago...
		New York TimesHeather Simon, Alexander WoodNew York Times, United States - 23 hours agoHeather Marie Simon, the daughter of Anne Marie Simon and Jeffrey B. Simon of Franklin Square, NY, was married last evening to Alexander Wilford Wood, a son of...
		Earlier the position was held by Alexander Terebilov, the rival-to-be of Dmitry Fotyanov in the second round of the mayoral elections.
	www.iaswww.com /ODP/Reference/Biography/A/Alexander (308 words)

	Pope Alexander I
		The tradition that he was beheaded under Emperor Trajan is believed to be a confusion with another person named St. Alexander, who was not a bishop, but was a martyr under Emperor Hadrian's persecution.
		In 834, during a period when payment for corpses of saints was at a height, his grave was said to have been exhumed, and parts transferred to the church of Freising in Bavaria as relics.
		Eusebius (275-339) wrote in his Ecclesiastical History, that Alexander had actually lived past Emporer Trajan, and died in the third year of Emperor Hadrian's reign, which would be closer to 120 AD.
	www.archelaos.com /popes/details.aspx?id=6 (246 words)

	Pope Alexander VII
		Alexander VII, given name Fabio Chigi, Roman Catholic Pope from 1655 to 1667, was born at Siena on the 13th of February 1599.
		The concave believed he was strongly opposed to the nepotism then prevalent.
		Alexander disliked business of state, preferring literature and philosophy; a collection of his Latin poems appeared in Paris under the title Philomathi Labores Juveniles.
	www.nndb.com /people/274/000094989 (236 words)

	Who's Who in Queen Christina's Life by Tracy Marks
		Pope Alexander VII - previously Cardinal Chigi, elected pope in 1655, and died 1667.
		Pope Alexander was initially favorably disposed to Christina, especially because of her public conversion to Catholicism, and gave here luxurious suites in Vatican City.
		A young cardinal under Pope Alexander VII, and leader of the "Flying Squadron" group, the politically savvy intellectual elite of the Vatican.
	www.windweaver.com /christina/people.htm (1102 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ad Sanctam Beati Petri Sedem
		This letter was issued by Alexander VII, and is dated at Rome, 16 October, 1656, the second year of his pontificate.
		The letter then refers to the decision of Innocent X, and quotes the words of its title in order to show that it was a decision for all the faithful.
		The letter thus enumerates these five propositions: (1) There are some divine precepts which are impossible of observance by just men willing and trying to observe them according to their present strength; the grace also is wanting to them, by which those precepts are possible.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01128b.htm (384 words)

	Post-Reformation Popes
		His Eminence Fabio Cardinal Chigi, Cardinal Priest of Santa Maria del Popolo, Bishop of Imola, Secretary of State, was elected Bishop of Rome on 7 April 1655 in the Vatican Apostolic Palace, taking the name Alexander VII, and was crowned on 18 April, at the age of 56-years.
		His Holiness Pope Alexander VII died on 22 May 1667 in Rome, in the 13th year of his pontificate, at the age of 68-years.
		His Holiness Pope Alexander VIII died on 1 February 1691 in Rome, in the 2nd year of his pontificate, at the age of 80-years.
	www.ghg.net /shetler/popes/postreform.html (1393 words)

	Pope Alexander VIII: Proceedings of the Conclave that led to his election.
		To a cardinal who ventured a word of remonstrance Alexander replied: "I have no time to lose; for me the day is almost done!" And so nepotism flourished once more.
		The Pope gave great satisfaction to the clergy and the Roman ladies by revoking all the measures imposed on them by Innocent XI which they considered so vexatious—but he antagonised the Emperor and the King of Spain by filling the vacancies in the Sacred College with subjects of all countries but their own.
		Alexander adhered to his own part of the treaty with France, but proved on his deathbed that his conciliatory attitude had been dictated by political caution only; for, seeing himself about to pass beyond the reach of [p.
	www.pickle-publishing.com /papers/triple-crown-alexander-viii.htm (2308 words)

	Pope Alexander I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pope Alexander I was Pope from about 106 to 115.
		Many have identified him as a martyr, but there appears to be no historical evidence supporting such a conclusion.
		Eusebius, in Ecclesiastical History IV, IV, 1 states that Alexander died in the third year of the Roman Emperor Hadrian's reign, after holding the office of bishop of the Romans for ten years.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Alexander_I (156 words)

	Descendants of Alexander McClintock
		John and his brother Robert suppossedly beat, abused and stabbed Hanna with the intent to kill him, according to oath of Alexander Hanna sworn to Bernard Connelly Jr, Justice of the Peace for Somerset Co., PA on 24 May 1830.
		ALEXANDER E. was born 1777 in Pennsylvania, and died 1837.
		MCCLINTICK (ALEXANDER E. was born in Somerset County, Pennsylvania.
	members.fortunecity.com /fergiebear/glenda.htm (1523 words)

	Alexander Pope ( - ) Artwork Images, Exhibitions, Reviews
		Giovanni Jacopo Rossi (Giovanni Iacomo de Rubeis), The Deeds of Pope Alexander VII, 1655
		Aubrey Beardsley, English, 1872-1898 The Cave of Spleen (Illustration to Alexander Pope"s "The Rape of
		Cosmo Alexander - Alexander Grant 1770 oil on canvas The Art Institute of Chicago
	wwar.com /masters/p/pope-alexander.html (1320 words)

	Tomb of Pope Alexander (Chigi) VII by BERNINI, Gian Lorenzo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Tomb of Pope Alexander (Chigi) VII by BERNINI, Gian Lorenzo
		This is the second monumental papal tomb in the San Pietro made by Bernini.
		Below, there is a (real) door symbolizing the Gate of Death, from which a sand-glass holding skeleton (the Death) raises the heavy drapery.
	www.wga.hu /html/b/bernini/gianlore/sculptur/1670/alex.html (125 words)

	Melchiore Caffa: Pope Alexander VII, Fabio Chigi (1599-1667, r. 1655-1667) (57.20) \| Object Page \| Timeline of Art ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Melchiore Caffa: Pope Alexander VII, Fabio Chigi (1599-1667, r.
		His bust of Pope Alexander VII displays a new attitude to portraiture in which psychological penetration plays a role.
		The image confers an air of sober concern on the pontiff, who is remembered, among other things, for commissioning Bernini to design the colonnades of St. Peter's Square and for receiving the visit of Queen Christina of Sweden, a recent convert to Catholicism.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/baro/hod_57.20.htm (109 words)

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