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Topic: Alexandretta

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Alexandretta, Syria

Iskenderun

Hatay

Antioch

French offices in Turkish Empire

Turkey

333 BC

British nationality law

Fashoda incident

Mediterranean

Breaker Morant

Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits

Horatio Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener

Corinth, Greece

Algeciras Conference

	Alexandretta and Mersin
		The attacks against Alexandretta (Iskenderun) and Mersin (Icel) are, in several aspects, unique and typify all the characteristics of the "poor man’s" war conducted so brilliantly by the Xa Flotilla MAS.
		Considering the geography of Alexandretta, where larger steamers are anchored two or three thousand meters from the shore, it was thought that a swimmer could easily transport "explosive limpets" to the waiting ships.
		The swimmer selected for this operation was sub lieutenant Luigi Ferraro, an officer of the coastal militia (Milmart)(1) from Tripoli and formerly a student of the Physical Culture Academy.
	www.regiamarina.net /xa_mas/alexandretta/alexandretta_us.htm (697 words)

	Turkey: Bright Sun, Strong Tea - What's in a Name?
		Hatay is the modern name for the historic Sanjak of Alexandretta, at the eastern end of Turkey's Mediterranean coast.
		A sanjak was an Ottoman territorial unit similar to a county in size.
		The Sanjak of Alexandretta—or Republic of Hatay—included the cities of Iskenderun (Alexandretta) and Antakya (Antioch).
	www.turkeytravelplanner.com /BrightSun/WhatsInAName.html (822 words)

	Orthodox Archdiocese of Aleppo-Syria
		The sanjak of Alexandretta was awarded to Syria in 1920 and in 1936 became the subject of a complaint to the League of Nations by Turkey, which claimed that the privileges of the Turkish minority in the sanjak were being infringed.
		The city remained in Crusader hands for the better part of the 12th and 13th centuries, until it was finally captured by the Mamluk Sultan Baibars in 1268.
		Alexandretta is still the main port for the Aleppo region, to which a good chaussee leads over the Beilan Pass, and it has a considerable export trade in tobacco, silk, cereals, liquorice, textiles.
	www.alepporthodox.org /02-en/03-archdiocese/intro_alexandretta.htm (1483 words)

	sanjak of Alexandretta — Infoplease.com
		Hatay - Hatay Hatay, formerly sanjak of Alexandretta,province (1990 pop.
		Iskenderun - Iskenderun Iskenderun, formerly Alexandretta, city (1990 pop.
		The Question of the Sanjak of Alexandretta: A Study in Turkish-French-Syrian Relations.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0910110.html (174 words)

	Anjar - Armeniapedia.org
		French ties to the Armenian population of Alexandretta predated the Mandate era.
		Having survived the Genocide, the Armenians of Alexandretta were able to return to their historical homeland and traditional communities.
		During the French Mandate in Syria, the Turkish government was aggressively pursuing a claim for the province of the Sanjak of Alexandretta.
	armeniapedia.org /index.php?title=Anjar&printable=yes (3723 words)

	The Jewish Council for Public Affairs - JCPA Middle East Briefing - 20040714 July 14, 2004 • 25 Tammuz, 5764 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Turkey's control of the southern province of Alexandretta, which was formerly in Syria, is accepted internationally, but it remains disputed by Damascus.
		Alexandretta was part of France's mandate for Syria after World War I, but the French-Turkish Treaty of Ankara also guaranteed the Turks living there cultural autonomy.
		The League of Nations decided in 1937 that the area should be a separate, self-governing state, and indeed, it was an independent state for a year.
	www.e-guana.net /organizations.php3?action=printContentItem&orgid=54&typeID=87&itemID=8370 (1008 words)

	A city of the Ancient World: Antiochia
		The design is clearly Italian and most likely the fortress was initially built by the Crusader Principate of Antiochia and then upgraded to respond to the needs of artillery warfare by the Venetians to protect their trade in the area.
		Alexandretta (in Turkish Iskenderun) was founded by Alexander the Great in 333 BC, after the victory at Issus had opened up for him the path to Egypt and Mesopotamia.
		The development of Alexandretta was relatively limited as a few years later Seleucus, a general of Alexander, founded another port in the area (Seleucia Pieria) and this port became more important.
	members.tripod.com /romeartlover/Antioc1.html (1212 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for sanjak (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Alexandretta, sanjak of The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition...
		The principal Turkish port on the Mediterranean, it has a large steel plant and is the terminus for an oil pipeline.
		The Question of the Sanjak of Alexandretta: A Study in Turkish-French-Syrian Relations.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=sanjak (616 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Turkey's control of the southern province of Alexandretta, which was formerly in Syria, is accepted internationally, but it remains disputed by Damascus.
		Alexandretta was part of France's mandate for Syria after World War I, but the French-Turkish Treaty of Ankara also guaranteed the Turks living there cultural autonomy.
		The League of Nations decided in 1937 that the area should be a separate, self-governing state, and indeed, it was an independent state for a year.
	www.washingtoninstitute.org /templateC05.php?CID=2156 (1208 words)

	Is the Hatay Problem Solved? [Weblog] - Daniel Pipes
		Ever since the French government ceded the Alexandretta province of Syria to Turkey in 1939, its control by Ankara has been a sore, obstructing the two countries' relations and at times exacerbating crises between them, most recently in 1998.
		The conflict involved a region known as the Hatay province in Turkey and Alexandretta in Syria.
		Alexandretta was given up by Syria's mandatory ruler, France, in 1939 and annexed by Turkey, which renamed the province Hatay.
	www.danielpipes.org /blog/586 (1623 words)

	Syria - THE FRENCH MANDATE
		To the east the valley of the Biqa, predominantly populated by Muslims, was added; to the west the Christian state was expanded to the coast and incorporated the cities of Tripoli, Beirut, Sidon, and Tyre.
		Claims by Turkey to Alexandretta, Arab revolts in Palestine, an economic crisis caused by depreciation of the French franc, and lack of unity among Syrians served to undermine the stability of the Syrian government.
		The case was submitted to the League of Nations, which in 1937 decided that Alexandretta should be a separate, self- governing political state.
	countrystudies.us /syria/9.htm (1448 words)

	Syria THE FRENCH MANDATE - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		To the east the valley of the Biqa, predominantly populated by Muslims, was added; to the west the Christian state was expanded to the coast and incorporated the cities of Tripoli, Beirut, Sidon, and Tyre.
		Claims by Turkey to Alexandretta, Arab revolts in Palestine, an economic crisis caused by depreciation of the French franc, and lack of unity among Syrians served to undermine the stability of the Syrian government.
		The case was submitted to the League of Nations, which in 1937 decided that Alexandretta should be a separate, self- governing political state.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/syria/syria_history_the_french_mandate.html (1498 words)

	Soccer Dad: The Heights of Mendacity
		Alexandretta holds a special place in the heart of President Assad and all his fellow Allawites.
		Before Turkey took over control of the area, Alexandretta was part of the Allawites autonomy inside Syria.
		And if this wasn't enough, when Alexandretta was transformed into Turkish Iskenderun, the Turks pressured non-Turks in the area who would not accept Turkish citizenship to leave.
	soccerdad.baltiblogs.com /archives/000570.html (847 words)

	Location Explorer (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Iskenderun is situated at the head of the Gulf of Iskenderun (Gulf of Alexandretta), an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, and is one of Turkey's principal Mediterranean seaports.
		The city is a trade center for a region producing grains, tobacco, and fruits; it is also home to a steel plant and is the terminus of an oil pipeline.
		After World War I (1914-1918) it was included in French-mandated Syria and then served as the capital of the autonomous sanjak (administrative district) of Alexandretta in 1937 and 1938.
	www.cruise.com /LE5/Default/LocationID_9012/index.html (189 words)

	Search Results for "Iskenderun"
		Iskenderun, (isken´deroon´) (KEY), formerly Alexandretta (al´igzandret´) (KEY), city (1990 pop.
		Located near the head of a gulf (the modern Gulf of Iskenderun), Issus was on a narrow strip of land backed by high mountains....
		The Amanos Mts., along the eastern shore of the Gulf of Iskenderun, are also considered an offshoot of the main Taurus.
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=&query=Iskenderun (276 words)

	1938: Turkey - Archive Article - MSN Encarta
		During the past year Turkey was able to achieve her aim of controlling the important district of Antioch and Alexandretta.
		Since the Peace Treaties, this district has formed a part of Syria and was placed under French mandate with the rest of Syria.
		At the ensuing elections to the Legislative Assembly of the Alexandretta district, the Turks were assured of a majority.
	encarta.msn.com /sidebar_461500884/1938_Turkey.html (1153 words)

	İSKENDERUN,
		formerly ALEXANDRETTA, city, S Turkey, in Hatay Province, at the head of the Gulf of İskenderun (Alexandretta), near Antakya (Antioch).
		Once the chief port for Aleppo and N Syria, the city is the trade center of a region producing grains, tobacco, and fruits.
		From 1920 to 1937 it was included in French-mandated Syria and for the next two years was part of the autonomous Sanjak (Province) of Alexandretta.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..is045600.a#FWNE.fw..is045600.a (187 words)

	Iskenderun (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Iskenderun, formerly Alexandretta, city in the northwestern Alexandretta Province, which is a de facto part of Turkey today.
		Iskenderun is situated at the head of the Gulf of Iskenderun (Gulf of Alexandretta), an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, and is one of Turkey's principal Mediterranean seaports.
		The city is a trade center for a region producing grains, tobacco, and fruits; it is also home to a steel plant and is the terminus of an oil pipeline.
	www.damascus-online.com /se/geo/iskenderun.htm (165 words)

	Editorial - Voice of Ataturk
		The Turks felt that in raising objections during the discussions on abolition, France was contravening the spirit of the Franklin-Bouillon Agreement of 1921 and was returning to Entente solidarity at the expense of full Turkish independence and sovereignty.
		Furthermore, the fact that the sanjak of Alexandretta, which according to the Turkish National Pact should have been included within Turkish national borders, remained under French control also contributed to the tension between the two countries.
		In the mid-1930s, however, when France started negotiations with the Syrians on their independence, including a change in the status of Alexandretta, Turkey immediately put pressure on France to implement the Turkish National Pact clause concerning the inclusion of the sanjak within the national borders of Turkey.
	www.ataturksociety.org /asa/voa/policy.html (2000 words)

	Republic of Hatay 1938-1939
		On September 2nd 1938 the French turned the Alexandretta district of the Syrian Republic into the autonomous Republic of Hatay.
		After World War One the remains of the Ottoman Empire —including all of Syria— was captured by the winning nations — Britain, France, Italy and Greece.
		Hatay, formerly sanjak of Alexandretta, province (1990 pop.
	www.hampshireflag.co.uk /world-flags/allflags/hatay.html (448 words)

	Bilkent University - Department of Archaeology and History of Art
		The Alexandretta Project is examining the ancient maritime activities, sunken settlements and harbors of the Iskenderun Bay in the northeastern corner of the Mediterranean (Hatay province, Turkey).
		The Alexandretta Project has as its primary goal the exploration of the ancient submerged coastline and the discovery of shipwrecks or any other archaeological remains of Iskenderun Bay over a long chronological perspective.
		The Alexandretta Project 2002 is the second step of underwater archaeological surveys of Iskenderun Bay, which began two years ago.
	www.bilkent.edu.tr /~arkeo/newsletter2/newsle13.html (1147 words)

	Ariga:5759:Syrian-Turkish confrontation
		While Syria has had the support of Greece for some time now, its recent stand against Turkish threats and its renewed claim on Alexandretta suggest that either Syria is confident Turkey won't act or another player has joined the anti- Turkish alliance.
		Alexandretta is a national issue on which no concession can be made." In view of relative military might, Salman's statement is the equivalent of a 90-pound weakling demanding that the bully return his lunch money.
		We don't expect a Syrian invasion of Turkey to reclaim Alexandretta, but Syria is apparently confident enough that Turkey won't attack that it can afford to be belligerent.
	www.ariga.com /5759/stratfor001.htm (1256 words)

	Baby Name Alexandretta - Origin and Meaning of Alexandretta
		The girl's name Alexandretta \a-lexan-dretta, alex(a)-nd-retta\ is a variant of Alexandra.
		Alexandretta is a very rare female first name and a very rare surname (source: 1990 U.S. Census).
		Click here to compare Alexandretta with related baby names.
	www.thinkbabynames.com /meaning/0/Alexandretta (91 words)

	Syria Live - History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Alawite State (September 29th, 1923, including Alexandretta), later renamed Sanjak of Latakia (after its chief town, September 22nd 1930): White, French flag in the canton, triangles in other corners of red, gold sunburst in center.
		The partially Turkish populated Alexandretta was turned into a sixth division within the French mandate on March 4th, 1923.
		Elections were held in 1932 and a Treaty acceptable to both parties was concluded in 1936, adding Latakia (including Alexandretta) and Jebel Druze to the 'Republic'.
	www.syrialive.net /tourism/history/history_flg.htm (826 words)

	» Was Alexandretta mit dem Golan verbindet » TRANSATLANTIC FORUM \| ΤΡΑΝΣΑΤΛΑΝΤΙΚ ΦΟΡΟΥΜ ...
		In Alexandretta, as opposed to the Golan, there’s a large Arab-Syrian population.
		The difference between the Golan and Alexandretta is not found in the Syrian position.
		The significant difference is between Turkey’s attitude to its land, sovereignty and borders and Israel’s attitude to its land, sovereignty and borders.
	blog.transatlantic-forum.org /index.php/archives/2007/1312/alexandretta-syrien-golan (1228 words)

	Israel Should Offer Syria Nothing
		The Golan is certainly far less “Syrian” than the Alexandretta Province, which belonged to Syria before World War II until Turkey decided one day to gobble it up.
		Syrian maps, of course, show both the Golan and Alexandretta as integral parts of Syria.
		Today the optimal peace plan that Israel should adopt is the same as that still used successfully by Turkey regarding Alexandretta: every time Syria starts bellowing and threatening, rattle the sabers and watch the Baathists cower.
	www.jewishpress.com /page.do/20448/Israel_Should_Offer_Syria_Nothing.html (981 words)

	The Craver Chronicles: Annotated Quest Digest: Part two
		He declared that we would be unable to stand the heat, even in Aleppo, and that because the Bedouin wars had been so many and frequent for five years, his firm had discontinued the shipping of liquorice from points near Deyr.
		I had been warned against Alexandretta by Chikeb Bey, the Turkish Ambassador at Washington, as a dangerous place to stop in even for a night and further by Mr.
		Forbes, who said that it was one of the most unhealthy places in the world, owing to the mosquitoes, and the fever which followed their bite.
	www.wiwfarm.com /AnQuestDigPart_2_93.html (2233 words)

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