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	Portugal
		1112) and grandson of Alfonso VI of Leon and Castile.
		In 1250-51 Alfonso III conquered the Moorish kingdom of Algarve for Portugal.
		Portuguese exploration of the west coast of Africa, a project begun by Henry the Navigator, prince of Portugal, continued during the reign of Alfonso V. Afonso VI (1643-1683) King of Portugal 1656-67, son of John IV.
	website.lineone.net /~johnbidmead/portugal.htm (7374 words)

	AllRefer.com - Alfonso V, king of Portugal (Spanish And Portuguese History, Biography) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Alfonso V 1432–81, king of Portugal (1438–81), son of Duarte and Queen Leonor.
		The duke was triumphant (1440) and retained power after Alfonso was declared of age (1446) until the young king fell under the influence of Dom Pedro's illegitimate half brother, Alfonso, duke of Braganza.
		Alfonso, badly beaten in the battle of Toro (1476), capitulated in 1479.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/Alfon5Por.html (350 words)

	Isabella I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Defeated at Olmedo, and deprived of their leader, the Infante Alfonso, who died — by poison, as was believed — on 5 July, 1468, they sought to obtain the crown for the Infanta Isabella, rejecting the king's presumptive daughter, Joan, who was called "La Beltraneja" on the supposition that Don Beltran was her real father.
		In 1465 an attempt was made to arrange the marriage between Isabella and Alfonso V of Portugal, but the princess had already chosen Ferdinand of Aragon for a husband and was therefore opposed to this alliance.
		But La Beltraneja had been betrothed to Alfonso V of Portugal, and Henry, revoking the Pact of Guisando, had caused her to be proclaimed heiress of his dominions.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/i/isabella_i.html (1931 words)

	Duarte King of Portugal: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		In 1436, for example, King Duarte of Portugal requested that Creator Omnium be suppressed, and...Portuguese looters employed this argument and King Duarte of Portugal used it on Pope Eugenio IV during the Council of...
		DUARTE, king of Portugal dwar t, 1391 1438, king of Portugal (1433 38), eldest of the five sons of John I. He was a "philosopher-king," notable for his legal...was the major event of Duartes reign...
		ALFONSO V, king of Portugal 1432 81, king of Portugal (1438 81), son of Duarte and Queen Leonor.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/duarte_king_of_portugal.jsp (1152 words)

	Isabella of Castille
		She was the daughter of John II of Castile and Leon by his second wife, Isabella of Portugal.
		Isabella's succession was contested, however, by Alfonso V of Portugal, who supported the claim of Henry's daughter Juana la Beltraneja.
		Alfonso attacked Castile and León but was defeated by the Castilian army in 1476.
	www.blackstudies.ucsb.edu /antillians/isabella.html (232 words)

	Isabel, Queen of Castile and Leon
		Enrique was crowned King of Castile, and two years later he married the sister of King Alfonso V of Portugal, Juana, in May of 1445.
		Feeling that he had not been rewarded for his aid with the couple in their marriage and coronation, he turned his allegiance to King Afonso V of Portugal, who was now betrothed to his niece, Juana 'la Beltraneja'.
		Isabel married Afonso of Portugal in 1490 at the age of 20.
	royalwomen.tripod.com /id19.html (2242 words)

	Afonso V of Portugal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He was the oldest son of king Duarte of Portugal by his wife, princess Eleanor of Aragon.
		Administratively, Afonso V was an absent king, since he did not pursue development of laws or commerce, preferring to stand with the legacy of his father and grandfather.
		This marriage was an attempt to inherit the throne of Castile as Joan was the sole daughter of Henry IV.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Portugal (1110 words)

	Abarbanel Wines \| History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The reigning king of Portugal, Don Alfonso V, an intelligent, genial, amiable ruler, was able to appreciate Abarbanel’s talents; he summoned him to his court, confided him the conduct of financial affairs, and consulted him on all important state questions.
		Alfonso’s reign was the end of the golden time for the Jews of the Portugal.
		When King Alfonso sent an embassy to Pope Sixtus IV to congratulate him upon his accession to the throne, and to send him tidings of his victory over the Moors in Africa, Doctor John Sezira was one of the ambassadors.
	www.abarbanel.com /isaakbios_new.shtml (7488 words)

	Queen Isabella was born in 1451
		She was the Queen of Castile and Aragon, and was the daughter of John II, King of Castile, by his second wife, Isabella of Portugal.
		She was the daughter of John II of Castile and León by his second wife, Isabella of Portugal.
		The crowns of all the Spanish kingdoms passed on to his grandson, Charles the I, ruler of the Netherlands and heir to the Holy Roman Empire as Charles V.
	volweb.utk.edu /Schools/bedford/harrisms/brittany.htm (1150 words)

	King Alfonso V
		Alfonso V succeeded his father, Edward I, to the throne of Portugal in 1438 and became known as ‘The African’ because of his campaigns in Morocco.
		During Alfonso’s reign, his famous uncle, Prince Henry the Navigator, directed the important voyages of discovery that made Portugal one of the leading sea powers of the century.
		Alfonso also considered a westward voyage to Asia and consulted the Florentine cosmographer Toscanelli about the feasibility of such a route.
	www.thepirateking.com /bios/alfonso_king.htm (198 words)

	The Discovery of America. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Portugal and Castilla (Spain) were well-advanced in the exploration of overseas mercantile routes and Sevilla, a wealthy and populous Spanish city, was by then an important commercial centre.
		We know that the African routes were closed to Castilla in favour of Portugal, In 1479, under the Treaty of Alcacoba, Alfonso V of Portugal renounced his claims to Castilla and recognized the rights of Castilla over the Canary Islands, while Castilla recognized the rights of Portugal over the Azores, Cape Verde and Madeira.
		Its only rival was its neighbour, Portugal, which, as we know, had put a stop to Spanish expansion in Africa.
	www.sispain.org /english/history/discover.html (337 words)

	Paolo Toscanelli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the 1474 he was asked to explain his theory that India, China and Japan could be reached by sailing west to King Alfonso V of Portugal.
		Although the original and any copies of his map or maps are lost, reconstructions of his work, based on his descriptions in the letter to Alfonso, and the maps of Waldseemüller and Behaim, have given us some idea of what his maps contained.
		Seventeen years before his letter to King Alfonso Toscaneli painted another map which is the subject of the Laotian stamp.
	sio.midco.net /dansmapstamps/toscanelli.htm (206 words)

	Alfonso V (of Portugal) - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Alfonso V (of Portugal) - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Alfonso V (of Portugal), called The African (1432-1481), King of Portugal (1438-1481), son of King Edward (Duarte), born in Cintra (now Sintra).
		Madeira and the Azores rapidly became important centres of sugar production, and the capture of Ceuta gave Portugal a foothold in Africa, a base for...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Alfonso_V_(of_Portugal).html (131 words)

	[No title]
		Despite the fact that she had a younger brother, Alfonso, and that her early years were spent quietly with her mother at Arévalo, Isabella was soon drawn into Castilian politics.
		She did not, however, play the role thus designed for her, and the fruit of her wisdom was recognition as his heiress by Henry IV at the agreement known as the Accord of Toros de Guisando (Sept. 19, 1468).
		They were supported by Alfonso V of Portugal, who hastened to invade Castile and there betrothed himself to Joan.
	www.richmond.edu /~ahermida/catolica.doc (4165 words)

	Isaac Abravanel - Early Achronim
		His father Judah was state treasurer of Portugal, and a great favorite of Alfonso V, king of Portugal.
		Thus, when Alfonso captured the town of Arzilla in Morocco, and there were two hundred and fifty Jews among the prisoners, Isaac Abravanel appointed twelve representatives to gather funds to redeem them, and he himself was the greatest donor.
		When Alfonso V died and John 11 succeeded to the throne of Portugal, Abravanel's fortune changed.
	www.chabad.org /library/article.asp?AID=111855 (1056 words)

	Queen Isabella I
		Henry tried to arrange marriages with several other people including King Alfonso V of Portugal, but Isabella had already decided that she wished to marry Ferdinand.
		However, before he had died, Henry had arranged his daughter Joan to be married to King Alfonso V of Portugal.
		Her daughter, Isabella became Queen of Portugal, but she died in 1498 while giving birth.
	www.ctspanish.com /legends/isabella1.htm (1864 words)

	Chapters On Jewish Literature - Chapter XXII. Isaac Abarbanel (by Israel Abrahams)
		The earlier part of his life was spent in the service of Alfonso V of Portugal.
		When Alfonso died, Abarbanel not only lost his post as finance minister, but was compelled to flee for his life.
		The Midrash and Its Poetry • Chapter V. The Letters of the Gaonim • Chapter VI.
	www.authorama.com /chapters-on-jewish-literature-22.html (1038 words)

	ooBdoo
		January 8 - Pope Nicholas V publishes Romanus Pontifex, an encyclical addressed to King Alfonso V of Portugal, which sanctions the conquest of non-Christian lands, and the reduction of native non-Christian populations to 'perpetual slavery'.
		April 8 - Pope Calixtus III succeeds Pope Nicholas V as the 207th pope.
		May 22 - First Battle of St Albans: Richard, Duke of York, defeats and captures King Henry VI of England.
	www.oobdoo.com /wikipedia/?title=1455 (236 words)

	500 Years of Oppression
		In 1452, Pope Nicholas V issued to King Alfonso V of Portugal the bull Romanus Pontifex, declaring war against all non-Christians throughout the world, and specifically sanctioning and promoting the conquest, colonization, and exploitation of non-Christian nations and their territories.
		Although the Western Shoshone Nation's sovereignty and territorial boundaries were clearly recognized by the federal government in the 1863 Ruby Valley Treaty, the government now claims that paying itself on behalf of the Western Shoshone has extinguished the Western Shoshone's title to their lands.
		In a country set up to maintain a strict separation of church and state, the Doctrine of Discovery should have long ago been declared unconstitutional because it is based on a prejudicial treatment of Native American people simply because they were not Christians at the time of European arrival.
	bullsburning.itgo.com /500Yrs.htm (1624 words)

	Marriage
		In 1465 an attempt was made to arrange the marriage between Isabella and Alfonso V of Portugal, but the
		embassy arrived from Portugal to renew the suit of Alfonso V for the hand of Isabella.
		But La Beltraneja had been betrothed to Alfonso V of Portugal, and Henry, revoking the Pact of Guisando, had
	members.aol.com /ksmith5791/Marriage.html (586 words)

	Alfonso V, king of Portugal — FactMonster.com
		The duke was triumphant (1440) and retained power after Alfonso was declared of age (1446) until the young king fell under the influence of Dom Pedro's illegitimate half brother, Alfonso, duke of
		Alfonso undertook ventures in Morocco and by capturing Alcácer-Seguer (1458) and Tangier (1471) won the name Alfonso the African.
		Less rewarding was his long attempt to win the throne of Castile after his marriage—never sanctioned by the church—in 1475 to
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0803289.html (197 words)

	Five Hundred Years of Injustice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Unfortunately, with the Johnson decision, the Christian Doctrine of Discovery was not only written into U.S. law but also became the cornerstone of U.S. Indian policy over the next century.
		Using the principle of "discovery" as its premise, the Supreme Court stated in 1831 that the Cherokee Nation (and, by implication, all Indian nations) was not fully sovereign, but "may, perhaps," be deemed a "domestic dependent nation." [Cherokee Nation v.
		Georgia] The federal government took this to mean that treaties made with Indian nations did not recognize Indian nations as free of U.S. control.
	ili.nativeweb.org /sdrm_art.html (1568 words)

	Isabella I, the Catholic, of Castile and Leon (1451-1504) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The daughter of John II of Castile and León by his second wife, Isabella of Portugal, Princess Isabella married Ferdinand of Aragón in 1469.
		On the death of her brother, Henry IV, Isabella and Ferdinand jointly succeeded (1474) to the throne of Castile and León, a succession which was contested by Alfonso V of Portugal who supported the claim of Henry's daughter, Juana la Beltraneja.
		Alfonso was defeated by the Castilian army in 1476.
	www.pinn.net /~sunshine/whm2001/isabella.html (546 words)

	American Indian Movement of Colorado: The running, er, the burning of the bulls
		Nicolas V to King Alfonso V of Portugal.
		Confirms the bull Inter Caetera, and revokes (revocamus) all earlier papal grants to Portugal which might give her a claim to westward lands.
		Spanish Emperor Charles V. However, there is controversy as to whether the Pope actually revoked Sublimis Deus or the brief Pastorale Officium of May 29, 1537.
	www.coloradoaim.org /blog/2004/10/running-er-burning-of-bulls.html (1051 words)

	Arutz Sheva - Israel National News
		Among his many works, he composed a number of philosophical discourses and treatises on prophecy and the Messianic era, as well as a commentary on the Prophets.
		In addition to his vast Talmudic erudition, he served as treasurer to King Alfonso V of Portugal, and later as an adviser to Spanish King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella.
		After the latter decided to expel the Jews from Spain in 1492, Abarbanel tried to have the decree overturned, but his efforts were unsuccessful.
	www.arutzsheva.com /news.php3?id=64633 (323 words)

	King John II of Portugal
		John Avis (also spelt João), was born in 1455, son and successor of King Alfonso V of Portugal.
		In August 1481, he succeeded his father and became King of Portugal in 1481He was an astute politician and statesman and a patron of Renaissance art and learning.
		In October 1495, he died, without leaving male issue (his son Alfonso predeceased him), so he was succeeded by his cousin and brother-in-law Emmanuel / Manoel I.
	goofy313g.free.fr /calisota_online/exist/johnII.html (226 words)

	Blessed Joanna of Portugal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Search or browse 11,000+ articles on Catholic teaching and history.
		Born at Lisbon, 16 February, 1452; died at Aveiro, 12 may, 1490; the daughter of Alfonso V, King of Portugal, and his wife Elizabeth.
		She was chiefly remarkable for the courage and persistency with which she opposed all attempts on the part of her father and brother to make her marry.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/j/joanna_of_portugal,blessed.html (243 words)

	A biography of Rabbi Don Yitzchak Abarbanel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		King Alfonso V of Portugal recognized his great capabilities and appointed him minister of the treasury.
		He fled Portugal for Castile when the king suspected him of complicity in an insurrection against him.
		King Ferdinand of Castile appointed him minister of finance, a post which he held until the Jews of Spain were expelled from that country(9 Av 5252, 1492).
	judaicaplus.com /Tzadikim/abarbanel.htm (190 words)

	Press kit: Issues - Racism against Indigenous peoples - World Conference Against Racism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Romanus Pontifex, issued by Pope Nicholas V to King Alfonso V of Portugal in 1452, declared war against all non-Christians throughout the world, and specifically sanctioned and promoted the conquest, colonization, and exploitation of non-Christian nations and their territories.
		It called for the subjugation of the native inhabitants and their territories, and divided all newly discovered or yet-to-be discovered lands into two - giving Spain rights of conquest and dominion over one side of the globe and Portugal over the other.
		The subsequent Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) re-divided the globe with the result that most Brazilians today speak Portuguese rather than Spanish, as in the rest of Latin America.
	www.un.org /WCAR/e-kit/backgrounder4.htm (2678 words)

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