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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Alfonso X of Castile
		In 1246, Alfonso X married Violante of Aragon, the daughter of King James I of Aragon and Yolande of Hungary.
		Alfonso X (1221-1284) was king of Castile and León from 1252 to 1284.
		The eldest son of Ferdinand III and Beatrice of Swabia, Alfonso was born in Toledo on Nov. 23, 1221.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Alfonso-X-of-Castile (2899 words)

	Alfonso X of Castile Summary
		Alfonso was the eldest son of Ferdinand III of Castile and Isabella of Swabia.
		Alfonso was elected by the prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire after the death of Conrad IV of Germany in 1254, misled him into wild schemes which never took effect but caused immense expense.
		Alfonso's second son, Sancho, claimed to be the new heir, in preference to the children of Ferdinand de la Cerda, basing his claim on an old Castilian custom, that of proximity of blood and agnatic seniority.
	www.bookrags.com /Alfonso_X_of_Castile (1659 words)

	Castile and Aragon
		Old Castile is in outline an irregular triangle, the western frontier bordering on the ancient Kingdom of Leon, the south-eastern boundary being the Sierras de Gredos, Guadarrama, and the Moncayo (Mons Caunus), and the north-eastern, the river Ebro.
		Alfonso VII bore the title of emperor, and extended his conquests as far as Almeria, but he, also, at his death in 1157, divided his possessions among his children, giving Leon to Ferdinand II, and Castile to Sancho, in whose short reign the Military Order of Alcántara was founded.
		Alfonso X, "The Wise" (el Sabio), was too much taken up with his vain pretensions to the imperial crown of Germany, Sancho the Brave (1248-95) and Ferdinand IV, "The Cited" (el Emplazado), with their domestic struggles.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/a/aragon,castile_and.html (2847 words)

	Alfonso
		Alfonso VII of Castile -- (1126-1157) the Emperor
		Alfonso V of Aragon -- (1416-1458) The Magnanimous
		Alfonso XII of Spain -- (1857-1885) king of Spain
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/al/Alfonso.html (112 words)

	History of Castile and Leon - IBWiki
		On the death of Alfonso VII, León and Castilla were again divided, although the division was not permanent: Alfonso IX's son Fernando by Berenguela of Castilla, united the two realms on his accession to Leon in 1230.
		Alfonso XII of Castile and Leon and Ferdinand II of Aragon still joined a final effort to invade Granada, expulse the Jews and forcefully convert the Moors.
		In Western Sahara and European Castile, the monarchist movement did not prospered and a new Republican constitution was proclaimed as the Republic of Castile.
	ib.frath.net /w/History_of_Castile_and_Leon (6069 words)

	Alfonso X of Castile - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Alfonso was the eldest son of Ferdinand III of Castile and Beatriz of Swabia.
		Alfonso established in Seville, Spain a translation school that did a great work increasing the flow of knowledge into Christian Europe as well as continuing support of the school of translators in Toledo (already founded 1127-1152 by Archbishop Raimondo of Toledo).
		In 1246, Alfonso X married Violante of Aragon, the daughter of King James I of Aragon and Yolande of Hungary in 1249, although betrothed already in 1246.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile (987 words)

	Chapter 1: Stupor Mundi
		Castile was then an upland frontier, far from the international maritime lanes of the urbanized Mediterranean, landlocked except for the Bay of Biscay to its north, backward and feudal, but good cattle country.
		Castile itself was only one of several kingdoms sharing the peninsula's north--little entities straggling in a line along the Atlantic and Pyrenees, each recently grown into an oblong stretching south as the Muslims had yielded their less valuable borderlands to these unreasonably fierce warriors.
		Alfonso was also responsible for five legal treatises (as distinct from lesser bodies of actual regulations), whose interrelation, partial authorship, practical intent, and sequence in appearing continue to be subjects of debate.
	libro.uca.edu /alfonso10/emperor1.htm (4823 words)

	HOASM: Alfonso X ('El Sabio') (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		King of Castile and León (from 1252) and brother-in-law of Edward I of England.
		Alfonso, though in many ways an unsatisfactory monarch, founded Spanish historiography in the vernacular and is sometimes called the father of Castilian prose.
		He was, however, by no means the first Provençal poet-musician to have been active in Spain: The Monk of Montaudan and Guiraut de Bornelh are among the troubadours who had been active there in earlier times.
	www.hoasm.org /IIA/AlfonsoX.html (242 words)

	Alfonso X of Castile Biography
		Alfonso X, El Sabio, or the learned, (November 23, 1221 - April 4, 1284) was a king of Castile and León (1252 - 1284).
		A reaction in his favour was beginning in his later days, but he died defeated and deserted at Seville, leaving a will by which he endeavoured to exclude Sancho and a heritage of civil war.
		In addition to his other achievements, Alfonso X commissioned or co-authored numerous works during his reign, including the Cantigas de Santa Maria (400+ songs mentioning the Virgin Mary, Galician-Portuguese) and the Libro de los juegos, or "Book of Games".
	www.biographybase.com /biography/Alfonso_X_of_Castile.html (455 words)

	Alfonso III - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Alfonso III 1210-79, king of Portugal (1248-79), son of Alfonso II, brother and successor of Sancho II.
		Alfonso completed the reconquest of Portugal from the Moors by taking (1249) the rest of the Algarve.
		Alfonso's second marriage brought the Portuguese king into disfavor with the church because Matilda was still living, but her death ended the conflict.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-alfon3p1or.html (453 words)

	Alfonso X of Castile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Alfonso X, El Sabio, the Learned, the Astronomer, or the Wise (November 23, 1221 - April 4, 1284) was a king of Castile and León (1252 - 1284).
		His second son, Sancho, enforced his claim to be heir, in preference to the children of Ferdinand de la Cerda, the elder brother who died during Alfonso's lifetime.
		Alfonso X of Castile Alfonso X of Castile Category:Castilian monarchs de:Alfons X. (Kastilien) eo:Alfonso la 10-a de Kastilio es:Alfonso X el Sabio fr:Alphonse X de Castille it:Alfonso X di Castiglia ja:&12450;&12523;&12501;&12457;&12531;&12477;10&19990; pl:Alfons X M&261;dry
	alfonso-x-of-castile.iqnaut.net (598 words)

	Alfonso X "El Sabio" : Library of Congress Citations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Subjects: Alfonso -- X, -- King of Castile and Leon, -- 1221-1284 -- Criticism and interpretation.
		Alfonso -- X, -- King of Castile and Leon, -- 1221-1284.
		Alfonso X, King of Castile and Leon, 1221-1284.
	www.mala.bc.ca /~mcneil/cit/citlcalfonso1.htm (1408 words)

	Alfonso III King of Portugal: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		The implication...Carderera, I, pl. III, 1; and del...the region of La Rioja...1135 the king of Navarre...vassal of Alfonso VII of Castile...
		Alfonso completed the reconquest of Portugal from the Moors by taking...agreement by which Alfonso III married the illegitimate...
		In Alfonsos reign the towns...representation in the Cortes.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/alfonso-iii-king-of-portugal.jsp?l=A&p=3 (1509 words)

	University Press of Kentucky (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Alfonso X (1221—1284) reigned as king of Castile and León from 1252 until his death.
		Alfonso X died before his own life could be written.
		As Alfonso XI’s trusted counselor, ambassador, diplomat, and legist, Fernán was an understandable choice, but in the centuries since, his convoluted prose has proven extremely difficult extremely difficult for scholars.
	www.kentuckypress.com /viewbook.cfm?Category_ID=1&Group=18&ID=533 (519 words)

	ALFONSO X’S RHETORIC OF HUMANIST EDUCATION:
		Alfonso represents himself as a wise ruler who incorporates all those proven to be experts, regardless of their beliefs, into his important series of scientific projects.
		Alfonso X identifies his imperial policy with the renewal of classical book learning and the assimilation of Oriental science.
		Alfonso’s official image of royal and imperial enlightenment can be seen ultimately to rest on a humanist rhetoric based on the Greco-Romano-Arabic cultural tradition, as understood in the Judeo-Christian-Muslim hermeneutics of the written Word of God as providential revelation and transaction.
	tell.fll.purdue.edu /RLA-Archive/1990/Spanish-html/GONZALEZ-CASANOVAS,ROBERTO.htm (5632 words)

	Alfonso X of Castile
		Alfonso X, el Sabio, the Learned or the Wise and the Astronomer,el Astrologo, (November 23, 1221 – April 4, 1284) was a King of Galicia, Castile and León (1252 - 1284).
		He was the eldest son of Ferdinand III of Castile and Isabella of Swabia.
		Franciscan, cardinal, and Primate of Spain, born at Torrelaguna in New Castile.
	omniknow.com /common/wiki.php?in=en&term=Alfonso_X (1953 words)

	Royalty.nu - The History of Spain - The Spanish Royal Family
		Alfonso X, the Wise (1221-1284), king of Castille and Leon from 1252, is noted as a patron of science and the arts.
		Alfonso X and the Cantigas De Santa Maria: A Poetic Biography by Joseph F. O'Callaghan.
		Alfonso X, the Cortes, and Government in Medieval Spain by Joseph F. O'Callaghan.
	www.royalty.nu /Europe/Spain (2453 words)

	Diniz - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Like his grandfather, Alfonso X of Castile, whose legal works he had translated into Portuguese, Diniz was a poet and a patron of literature.
		Diniz laid down laws to restrict further acquisitions of land by the church, confiscated the lands of the Templars, and generally worked to increase the royal holdings.
		The reign was relatively peaceful, though at its beginning the king's brother led several unsuccessful revolts, which involved Diniz in a desultory war with Castile.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-diniz.html (349 words)

	Crown of Castile - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The starting point of Crown of Castile can be considered when the union of the Kingdoms of Castile and Leon in 1230 or the later fusion of their Cortes (their Parliaments).
		In 1230, Ferdinand III became king of Castile and Leon (including the Kingdoms of Galicia and Asturias) colubas discoverd the world was round Kingdom of Castile started as a County inside the Kingdom of Leon.
		Ferdinand III of Castile (The Saint) received the Kingdom of Castile from his mother (Berenguela) in 1217, and later, the Kingdom of León from his father (Alfonse IX of León) in 1230.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crown_of_Castile (468 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Castile and Aragon
		Columbus made his voyages of discovery as the agent of the "Catholic Kings" (los Reyes Católicos) of this united kingdom, which in the course of history became the Kingdom of Spain — or, more precisely, of the Spains.
		It is asserted by some (Fernández Guerra, Cantabria) that Old Castile was called Vellegia and afterwards Vétula, that it was called Vieja, or Antiqua, to distinguish it from Castilla la Nueva — the New Castile formed from the lands which since the eleventh century had been reconquered beyond the mountain chain of the Carpetano-Vetónica.
		(Paris, 1894-99), 194 for bibliography of Aragon, and 604-5 for that of Castile.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03410b.htm (3006 words)

	TABLAS – The Thematic Annotated Biblio-discography for Alfonsine Scholars
		“Alfonso X humanista.” In Carmona and Flores 1985:211-18.
		Cantigas of Alfonso X.” In Katz and Keller 1987:235-45.
		Goldstein, Bernard R. “Voltaire and the Blasphemy of Alfonso X: The History of a Myth.” Institute for Research in Classical Philosophy and Science, Pittsburg, Prepublication Series, 1987.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~smusser/tablas.html (5090 words)

	Reyes Alfonso: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		Books--Reviews, The Scope of History: Studies in the Historiography of Alfonso el Sabio.
		Prosecutor General Alfonso Valdivieso at a news conference in Bogota...National University professor Alejandro Reyes, 42% of the best land in Colombia is...In 1982, as campaign manager for Alfonso Lopez Michaelsens second presidential...
		The essay was cultivated in a more artistic and aesthetic form by the scholarly Alfonso Reyes of Mexico and by Pedro Henriquez Urena of the Dominican Republic.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/reyes_alfonso.jsp (1647 words)

	Chronicle of Alfonso X
		It is with great pleasure, then, that I note the publication of the first such translation of the extremely important, fourteenth-century work, the Chronicle of Alfonso X.
		Though the reign of the great polymath/sovereign of Castile-León, Alfonso X “el Sabio” (1252-1282)has been extremely well explored during the last three decades in the works of John Keller [Alfonso X, el Sabio.
		Additionally, in Chapter 18 of the Chroncle, Alfonso talks of the 1269 marriage of his son Fernando to the French princess, Blanche, and includes the entire eminent wedding-list except for his father-in-law.
	www.deremilitari.org /REVIEWS/review26.htm (463 words)

	British Academy: Lectures, seminars, conferences and symposia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		I suggest, therefore, that this layout is a deliberate attempt to lend a legal and perhaps Imperial authority to these chronicles which, in the contents of their text, seek to present Alfonso as a worthy successor to the Roman Emperors.
		She remained there while researching her doctorate on the learned reputation of Alfonso X of Castile (1252-1284).
		The generosity of the British Academy has enabled her to move from Queen's to King's College London, where she is writing a book about the evidence for scholarship, royal image-making and manuscript circulation found in the dozen or so thirteenth-century manuscripts associated with Alfonso's patronage.
	www.britac.ac.uk /events/2003/pdfsymp/ab-kennedy.html (187 words)

	Alfonso X, King of Castile and Leon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Family tree - Kings of Spain - Alfonso X, King of Castile and Leon
		Alfonso X, King of Castile and Leon (see here and here),
		Alfonso XI, King of Castile and Leon, had issue:
	humphrysfamilytree.com /Spain/alfonso.x.html (188 words)

	CASTILE
		SANCHA de León, daughter of don ALFONSO V King of León and his first wife doña Elvira Menéndez (1013-7 Nov 1067, bur León). She later married the nephew of her betrothed, Fernando de Navarra Conde de Castilla, who became Fernando I "el Magno" King of Castile in 1035.
		A. KINGS of CASTILE and LEON 1035-1217, JIMENA Dynasty (House of the Kings of NAVARRE)
		Don ALFONSO de Castilla y León, son of don FERNANDO I "el Magno" King of Castile and León and his wife doña Sancha de León (Compostela [1038/40]-Toledo 30 Jun 1109, bur Sahagún, León, San Mancio chapel in the royal monastery of Santos Facundo y Primitivo)
	fmg.ac /Projects/MedLands/CASTILE.htm (3901 words)

	Alfonso X of Castile — www.greenwood.com
		Alfonso X of Castile Patron of Literature and Learning
		Description: Alfonso X (1252-1284) was one of the outstanding royal patrons of the 13th century.
		The work done at his court included translations from the Arabic of treatises on astronomy, astrology, and magic and works of cooperative scholarship which appear to have been part of a scheme to provide standard reference works.
	www.greenwood.com /catalog/PRAL.aspx (114 words)

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