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Topic: Alfred Russel Wallace

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Natural selection

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	Alfred Russel Wallace - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Alfred Russel Wallace, OM, FRS (January 8, 1823 – November 7, 1913) was a British naturalist, geographer, anthropologist and biologist.
		Wallace subsequently became a spiritualist, and later maintained that natural selection cannot account for mathematical, artistic, or musical genius, as well as metaphysical musings, and wit and humor; and that something in "the unseen universe of Spirit" had interceded at least three times in history: 1.
		Wallace was the first to propose a "geography" of animal species, and as such is considered one of the precursors of ecology and biogeography.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace (1093 words)

	Alfred Russel Wallace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Alfred Russel Wallace was born in the village of Usk, Monmouthshire (previously and currently Gwent) on 8 January 1823 and died in Broadstone, Dorset on 7 November 1913.
		Wallace was there four years, but although highly successful in his collecting, he was unable to realize this goal.
		In this understanding, Wallace is viewed as a sympathetic supporter of the human struggle for self-realization, a position which in the end conflicted with the rather brutal reality of natural selection as a winnowing agent, and that in turn forced him to come to recognize limits on its range of operation.
	www.thoemmes.com /encyclopedia/wallace.htm (2039 words)

	Alfred Russel Wallace: The Origins of an Evolutionist (1823-1848) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913), English naturalist, evolutionist, geographer, anthropologist, and social critic and theorist, was born 8 January 1823 at Usk, Gwent (formerly Monmouthshire).
		Thomas Wallace had trained for the law (and actually was sworn in as an attorney in 1792) but never practiced, income from inherited property securing him a life of leisure for the first fifteen years of his adulthood.
		Alfred decided to apply for an open position at the Collegiate School in Leicester, where he was hired on as a master to teach drafting, surveying, English, and arithmetic.
	www.victorianweb.org /science/wallace/wallace1.htm (973 words)

	Alfred Russel Wallace Info - Encyclopedia WikiWhat.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Alfred Russel Wallace (January 8, 1823-November 7, 1913) was a British naturalist and biologist.
		Wallace was the first to propose a "geography of animal species, and as such is considered one of the precursor of ecology.
		Wallace noted that a line seemed to run through the Malay Archipelago, between Borneo and the Celebes and east of Bali.
	www.wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/a/al/alfred_russel_wallace.html (384 words)

	Alfred Russel Wallace Collection, American Philosophical Society
		The Wallace Collection is a miscellaneous assemblage of letters written by and to Alfred Russel Wallace, primarily during the last twenty five years of his life.
		Wallace's plans for a windfall from his expedition came to naught upon his return when a shipboard fire destroyed nearly all of the specimens he had painstakingly acquired in the Amazon.
		Wallace, Alfred Russel, To Scudder, Samuel Hubbard, 1837-1911
	www.amphilsoc.org /library/mole/w/wallacear.htm (2127 words)

	Natural History Magazine \| Natural Selections
		Wallace the spiritualist believed that what he saw at séances was real proof of a higher level of human existence; he thought spirits could form societies infused with a benevolence that most flesh-and-blood humans had not yet achieved.
		And Wallace the evolutionist, according to Fichman, felt that the human spirit—even the mind, the faculty of speech, and the “marvelous beauty and symmetry of his whole external form”—had attained a level far beyond that needed for mere survival and reproduction, and that, therefore, human evolution was no longer within the realm of natural selection.
		Wallace’s posture as a defender of spiritualism, in the face of repeated exposures of fraudulent practices, is that of a believer, not of an objective scientist.
	www.naturalhistorymag.com /0904/0904_selections.html (5606 words)

	Wallace, Alfred Russel - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Wallace, Alfred Russel
		Wallace's section, entitled ‘On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type’, described the survival of the fittest.
		When Wallace was returning to the UK in 1852, his ship sank and although he survived, all his specimens were lost except those that had been shipped earlier.
		Wallace's works include A Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro (1853), On the Law Which Has Regulated the Introduction of New Species (1855), The Malay Archipelago (1869), Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection (1870); and a pioneering work on zoogeography, Geographical Distribution of Animals (1876).
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Wallace,+Alfred+Russel (355 words)

	Alfred Russel Wallace
		Wallace's Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro was published in 1853, a year in which he went for a fortnight's walking tour in Switzerland with an old schoolfellow.
		Wallace also published an account of what he held to be the greatest discoveries as well as the failures of the 19th century, The Wonderful Century (1899).
		Wallace was married in 1866 to the eldest daughter of the botanist, William Mitten, of Hurstpierpoint, Sussex.
	www.nndb.com /people/065/000103753 (1468 words)

	Capsule Biography & Contributions of Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)
		Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913), English naturalist, evolutionist, geographer, anthropologist, and social critic and theorist, was born 8 January 1823 at Usk, Gwent (formerly, and at the time of Wallace's birth, Monmouthshire).
		Wallace managed to ascend the Rio Negro system further than anyone else had to that point, and drafted a map of the Rio Negro region that proved accurate enough to become the standard for many years (the map was published as a part of S11).
		Wallace's conversion to spiritualism in the late 1860s took many of his colleagues by surprise (Hooker would later write in disbelief "that such a man should be a spiritualist is more wonderful than all the movements of all the plants"--a play on the title of a then-recently published work by Darwin).
	www.wku.edu /~smithch/wallace/BIOG.htm (7077 words)

	Rocky Road: Alfred Russel Wallace
		Wallace co-founded the theory of natural selection with the country gentleman Charles Darwin, but though Wallace enjoyed recognition during his own lifetime, his contributions were largely overlooked for much of the 20th century.
		Among Wallace's discoveries in the South Pacific was a breakthrough in biogeography: the Wallace Line, the recognition of distinctly different organisms living in close proximity to each other in similar environments.
		Wallace's paper and Darwin's various notes and correspondence on the subject were read at the same Linnean Society meeting, in London on July 1, 1858.
	www.strangescience.net /wallace.htm (971 words)

	Alfred Russel Wallace: Architect of Evolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Alfred Russel Wallace was the greatest scientific explorer of the Victorian age and a formidable polymath.
		By the end of his life, Wallace was reckoned to be "one of the world's most recognised names." He studied everything from colour vision to the ice ages, and he used his social influence to promote greenbelts around cities, a minimum wage and raising the economic status of women.
		During his four years in the region so far, Wallace had come to realise that the western part of Indonesia had vegetation and animals like those found in Asia; while the eastern part was populated by creatures and plants similar to Australian species.
	www.firstscience.com /SITE/ARTICLES/wallace.asp (1222 words)

	AboutDarwin.com - People of Note
		Spottiswoode was one of the Pall-bearers at the funeral and was himself buried in Westminster.
		Wallace is best known for developing his own theory of evolution which was very similar to that of Charles Darwin's.
		Wallace also saw transmutation as having a goal, that is, the building toward the perfect man, he tried to mix social morality with evolution, suggesting and upward progression of morals toward a socialist utopia.
	www.aboutdarwin.com /people/people_01.html (7956 words)

	Wallace, Alfred Russel
		Welsh naturalist who collected animal and plant specimens in South America and Southeast Asia, and independently arrived at a theory of evolution by natural selection similar to that proposed by Charles Darwin.
		In 1858 Wallace wrote an essay outlining his ideas on evolution and sent it to Darwin, who had not yet published his.
		Although both thought that the human race had evolved to its present physical form by natural selection, Wallace was of the opinion that humans' higher mental capabilities had arisen from some ‘metabiological’ agency.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0008132.html (204 words)

	Wallace, Alfred Russel on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Alfred Russel Wallace's campaign to nationalize land: how Darwin's peer learned from John Stuart Mill and became Henry George's ally.(Special Issue: Commemorating the 100th Anniversary of the Death of Henry George)
		Wallace, Alfred Russel.(In Darwin's Shadow: The Life and Science of Alfred Russel Walllace.
		Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913): English naturalist and anthropologist who developed a theory of evolution at the same time as Darwin, but received little recognition because of his low social and scientific standing.(Late Great Geographers #60)(Biography)
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/W/WallcA1R1.asp (648 words)

	Alfred Russel Wallace Biography1823-1913 - includes Bibliography, Spiritualist
		Wallace was led to believe 1) in the existence of numerous preternatural intelligences of various grades and 2) that some of these intelligences, although usually invisible and intangible to us, can and do act on matter, and do influence our minds.
		Wallace's earliest experiences relating to Spiritualism dated from 1844 when he was a schoolmaster in Leicester.
		Wallace defended Henry Slade and gave evidence of the genuineness of his phenomena at the trial in Bow Street Police Court, London, in 1876.
	www.spiritwritings.com /alfredrusselwallace.html (1993 words)

	Natural History: In Darwin's Shadow: The Life and Science of Alfred Russel Wallace. . - Review: what's it all about, ...
		Wallace and Darwin, each acting independently, originated the theory of evolution by natural selection--the concept that came to be known as Darwinism.
		Although Wallace learned of it by letter almost three months after the event, he was pleased with the outcome.
		Today biologists tend to be uncomfortable with Wallace's biomysticism and would prefer that his writings on spiritualism and phrenology be relegated to the dustbin of history.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1134/is_1_111/ai_82803339 (1195 words)

	Wallace - An Exponentialist View
		Thus, whilst I am quite sure that Wallace understood the essence of what Malthus had written, he was not the exponentialist that Darwin was (and Darwin was not the exponentialist that Malthus was).
		Thus Wallace's assertion regarding the supply of food as being the most significant factor in the success of a species is clearly disproved.
		Wallace's time (in 1858) with the Dyak people of Sarawak (now part of Indonesia) is mentioned, together with Wallace's musings over why the Dyak were not greater in number.
	members.optusnet.com.au /exponentialist/Wallace.htm (6146 words)

	Alfred Russel Wallace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the case of the theory of evolution, Darwin was the winner, and Wallace the loser.
		Wallace, after only a year in the Malay Archipelago, published an essay in the prestigious Annals and Magazine of Natural History, which all but directly declared his theory of evolution.
		Wallace's epiphany was the match that lit a fire beneath Darwin's seat.
	www.bol.ucla.edu /~kjett/wallace2.htm (310 words)

	Alfred Russell Wallace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		WALLACE, A. (1865): On the phenomena of variation and geographical distribution as illustrated by the Papilionidae of the Malayan region.
		WALLACE, A. The Malay Archipelago: The Land of the Orang-Utan and the Bird of Paradise, (2nd Ed.
		WALLACE, A. The Geographical Distribution of Animals: with a study of the relations of living and extinct faunas as elucidating the past changes of the earth's surface, (p.
	www.natur.cuni.cz /~vpetr/Wallace1.htm (305 words)

	Alfred Russel Wallace (1823 - 1913) is one of the forgotten fathers of modern science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Alfred Russel Wallace (1823 - 1913) is one of the forgotten fathers of modern science.
		Shortly after this, Wallace was appointed to the position of drawing-master at the Collegiate School in Leicester.
		Wallace sent his collection of specimens to Para for storage in advance of transportation to England.
	www.iol.ie /~spice/alfred.htm (403 words)

	Alfred Russel Wallace vs. Charles Darwin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Wallace is the English biogeologist whose letter to Darwin giving his thoughts on the origin of species based on his observations in Malaysia prompted Darwin (at Charles Lyell's urging) to hurry up the schedule for publishing The Origin of Species.
		Wallace did not call it natural selection but something like "the tendency toward variation." He also borrowed the Spencerian term "struggle of the fittest" and urged Darwin to use it in his book as a kind of PR trick to popularize the theory.
		Wallace actually argued that "savages" (as everyone referred to non-Eurasians) were morally superior, and Darwin pointed out to Wallace during one of their later debates over the origin of consciousness, that Wallace's reports on the Papuans' sophisticated knowledge of their environment exhibited an intelligence superior to the average European's.
	www.democraticunderground.com /discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=104x3645328 (1217 words)

	Alibris: Alfred Russel Wallace
		Wallace's The Malay Archipelago is recognized as the classic work on the flora, fauna, and peoples of the area which is now called Indonesia.
		Based largely on field journals Wallace kept during the eight years he spent in Malaysia and Indonesia between 1854 and 1862, this work ranks as one of the greatest travel books on the region and, in its...
		Wallace's The Malay Archipelago is undoubtedly the classic work on the flora, fauna, and peoples of the area which is now called Indonesia.
	www.alibris.com /search/books/author/Alfred_Russel_Wallace (963 words)

	The Infography about Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)
		Wallace, Darwin, and the theory of natural selection: A study in the development of ideas and attitudes.
		Alfred Russel Wallace, Robert Owen and the theory of natural selection.
		Alfred Russel Wallace: Philosophy of nature and man. British Journal for the History of Science 6(22): 177-199.
	www.infography.com /content/167335534546.html (255 words)

	Alfred Russel Wallace timeline - Natural History Museum
		Alfred Russel Wallace was a man of many talents - an explorer, collector, naturalist, geographer, anthropologist and political commentator.
		Later that year Wallace's and Darwin's writings on evolution by natural selection are presented at a meeting of the Linnean Society.
		Wallace's grave refurbished and lease extended by A. Wallace Memorial Fund, and held by the Linnean Society.
	www.nhm.ac.uk /nature-online/evolution/how-did-evol-theory-develop/evol-wallace/alfred-russel-wallace-timeline.html (306 words)

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