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Topic: Alfred Sturtevant

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	Genes get shuffled when chromosomes exchange pieces.
		Alfred Sturtevant at his desk in Caltech, 1949.
		Alfred Sturtevant and Calvin Bridges were both students of Thomas Hunt Morgan.
		Alfred Henry Sturtevant was born in Jacksonville, Illinois.
	www.dnaftb.org /dnaftb/text/11/index.html (1764 words)

	Genetic linkage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The observations by Thomas Hunt Morgan that the amount of crossing over between linked genes differs led to the idea that crossover frequency might indicate the distance separating genes on the chromosome.
		Morgan's student Alfred Sturtevant developed the first genetic map, also called a linkage map.
		Sturtevant proposed that the greater the distance between linked genes, the greater the chance that non-sister chromatids would cross over in the region between the genes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Genetic_linkage (937 words)

	BookRags: Alfred Henry Sturtevant Biography
		Alfred Henry Sturtevant is the American geneticist recognized for introducing the principle of gene mapping.
		Sturtevant was born in Jacksonville, Illinois in 1891 and was raised on his parent's ranch.
		Sturtevant worked with Morgan in the "fly room," which was the nickname given to the lab where the fruit flies were kept.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/alfred-henry-sturtevant-wob (455 words)

	A. H. Sturtevant: A History of Genetics
		First published by Alfred Sturtevant in 1965, it is one of the very few accounts of the early days of genetics by one who was there - the truths of a reporter rather than an historian.
		Sturtevant was one of an accomplished trio of Thomas Hunt Morgan's students, and although his name may resonate less with today's scientists than the names of his colleagues Bridges and Muller, his keen intelligence and broad scientific interests gave his book a scope of unusual breadth and interest.
		Three years later Sturtevant was dead, and increasingly rare copies of his book were consigned to library shelves and second-hand shops as the concepts and techniques of molecular biology swept to dominance in the field of genetics.
	www.esp.org /books/sturt/history/pubnote.html (632 words)

	BookRags: Alfred Henry Sturtevant Biography
		Sturtevant, an influential geneticist and winner of the National Medal of Science in 1968, is best known for his demonstrations of the principles of gene mapping.
		Sturtevant's later work in the field of genetics led to discovery of the first reparable gene defect as well as the position effect, which showed that the effect of a gene is dependent on its position relative to other genes.
		Alfred Henry Sturtevant, the youngest of six children, was born in Jacksonville, Illinois, to Alfred and Harriet (Morse) Sturtevant.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/alfred-henry-sturtevant-wog (1650 words)

	Alfred Henry Sturtevant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Alfred Henry Sturtevant was born in Jacksonville, IL, in 1891, the youngest of six.
		He offered Sturtevant a desk in what became the famous "Fly Room." Along with Calvin Bridges and H.J. Muller Sturtevant became a fixture in the Fly Room, and was a key architect of Morgan's group's articulation of the Chromosome Theory of Inheritance.
		Sturtevant also made important observations on meiosis in collaboration with George Beadle in the mid-1930s and, working with Theodosius Dobzhansky opened up a new genetic approach to the study of the evolution of populations.
	www.cshl.edu /public/History/scientists/sturt.html (525 words)

	Calvin Bridges - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Calvin Blackman Bridges (January 11, 1889 - December 27, 1938) was American scientist, known for his contributions to the field of genetics.
		Bridges along with Alfred Sturtevant and Hermann Joseph Muller were part of the famous fly room of Thomas Hunt Morgan at Columbia University.
		Reports differ as to whether this was due to syphilis, or to heart failure as a complication of a heart valve infection.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Calvin_Bridges (254 words)

	A. H. Sturtevant: A History of Genetics
		Alfred Henry Sturtevant (1891-1970) - Another short biography, this one from the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
		Alfred Sturtevant and the Genetics of Snail Coiling - A short note describing how Sturtevant's short publication on the genetics of shell coiling in snails demonstrated that genetic theory could help explain embryological phenomena.
		Sturtevant's Papers - The collection of Alfred H. Sturtevant papers is maintained in the archives collections of the California Institute of Technology.
	www.esp.org /books/sturt/history (320 words)

	Genetics - MSN Encarta
		Darwin and British naturalist Alfred Wallace independently formulated the theory of natural selection, which holds that members of a given species born with more favorable characteristics to deal with their environment would be most likely to survive to pass on these traits to the next generation.
		A student of Morgan’s, American biologist Alfred Sturtevant, found early evidence of the mechanisms of crossing over, the phenomenon in which chromosomes interchange genes.
		The debate was largely quieted in 1952 by American geneticists Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761563786_10/Genetics.html (1763 words)

	1913 - Alfred Sturtevant
		During this period Sturtevant developed a method for finding the linear arrangement of genes along the chromosome.
		His paper, published in 1913, describes the location of six sex-linked genes as deduced by the way in which they associate with each other: it is one of the classic papers in genetics.
		Sturtevant later discovered the so-called 'position effect', in which the expression of a gene depends on its position in relation to other genes.
	www.laskerfoundation.org /news/gnn/timeline/1913a.html (236 words)

	Lander_Weinberg.html
		Sturtevant analyzed a large body of experimental results describing the frequency with which pairs of genes were cotransmitted when passed from parent to offspring.
		Sturtevant realized that these maps showing the positions of genes must correspond to the threadlike chromosomes (3).
		Most compelling were the 1952 experiments of Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase, who showed that when bacterial viruses inject their genetic information into host cells, DNA enters the cell, while the protein coat remains on the outside (8).
	www.library.csi.cuny.edu /~davis/Bio_326/Reading/Lander_Weinberg.html (6032 words)

	U.S. PIG GENE MAPPING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		They behaved as if they were on the same chromosome (or genetically "linked"), a fact that Sturtevant might not have recognized except for the observation of chromosomes by a number of microscopists in the late 1800s and Walter Sutton's recognition in 1903 that Mendel's rules of inheritance were related to chromosomal distribution during meiosis.
		Morgan was Sturtevant's advisor: I forgot to mention that Sturtevant began this work as an undergraduate student at Columbia University.
		Sturtevant provided exptl evidence for linkage in Drosophila and apparently gets credit for producing the first genetic map (a Drosphila genetic map (1913).
	www.animalgenome.org /community/angenmap-info/disc-samp1.html (1448 words)

	The Ancestry of Alfred Henry Sturtevant III
		Sept 15, 1962 Alfred Henry was named for his father (#2) and grandfather (#4).
		Children: Warren Sturtevant, James Allerton, Willard Holbrook, Lucy Elizabeth.
		So far as known all of his descendants have used this spelling; and also so far as known all American Sturtevants are descended from him.
	www.sturtevant.com /sturtevant/ahs_ancestry.html (3448 words)

	genome.gov \| What Was the Human Genome Project (HGP)?
		The HGP was the natural culmination of the history of genetics research.
		In 1911, Alfred Sturtevant, then an undergraduate researcher in the laboratory of Thomas Hunt Morgan, realized that he could - and had to, in order to manage his data - map the locations of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) genes whose mutations the Morgan laboratory was tracking over generations.
		Sturtevant's very first gene map can be likened to the Wright brothers' first flight at Kitty Hawk.
	www.genome.gov /12011238 (690 words)

	Thomas Hunt Morgan at Columbia University
		On the basis of these observations, Alfred Henry Sturtevant '12C '14GSAS, then an undergraduate at Columbia College, who was working with Morgan, recognized that the variations in the strength of linkage could be used as a means of mapping genes on chromosomes by determining their relative spatial distances apart.
		By 1913 Sturtevant contributed yet another major breakthrough with his insight into the existence of different allelic forms, which he saw as alternative states (alleles) of the same gene at the same locus.
		The Nobel Prize recognized Morgan's two fundamental scientific contributions: the development of the chromosome theory of heredity, a theory of the gene that proved to be the driving biological concept of the twentieth century, and the creation of a new biology based on a rigorous experimental method.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/alumni/Magazine/Legacies/Morgan/index.html (4323 words)

	BrainConnection.com - Book Review - Time, Love, Memory
		One remarkable story was about an early study done by Alfred Sturtevant, a student of Morgan's, in 1911.
		Upon hearing this idea, Sturtevant collected the laboratory's reports on the breeding of animals with different forms of genes on the same chromosome, and based on the probability of two genes moving together, deduced the order of the genes and their relative distances on the chromosome.
		This first genetic map, which remains a fundamental construct of genomics, was deduced in a single night by Sturtevant at the age of 19.
	www.brainconnection.com /topics/?main=bkrev/weiner-time (960 words)

	Biology and "The Bomb" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		At the close of his speech Sturtevant made it clear that he was not taking a political stand.
		Sturtevant sponsored the paper on Lewis’s behalf; at the time a member of the Academy could submit a paper without further review.
		In it, Lewis showed that iodine-131, in fresh milk from cows grazed in contaminated pastures, exposed the thyroid glands of infants and young children to radiation levels approximately equal to that of the natural background, in effect doubling their dose.
	pr.caltech.edu /periodicals/eands/articles/LXVII2/bomb.html (5727 words)

	University of California, Berkeley. Department of Genetics Collection, American Philosophical Society
		Centered in the years 1912-1930, the collection consists primarily of correspondence to and from Babcock and Clausen, pertaining to their research, administrative matters, and the genetical community.
		Centered in the years 1912-1930, the collection consists primarily of correspondence to and from the founding members of the department, Ernest Brown Babcock and Roy E. Clausen, pertaining to their research interests, administrative matters, and the genetical community.
		Centered largely on Drosophila, the correspondence from Morgan, Muller, and Sturtevant is somewhat less extensive, but nevertheless interesting for reconstructing aspects of that research as well as the relations between the department at Berkeley and the groups at Columbia and later Cal Tech.
	www.amphilsoc.org /library/mole/u/ucbgenetics.htm (972 words)

	Genetics and Mutation Timeline
		American biologist Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945) with Alfred H. Sturtevant of the U.S. showed that genes were located on chromosomes; he experimented with Drosophelia (fruit flies) to investigate sex chromosomes, and discovered X and Y chromosomes, sex-linked traits, and crossing-over.
		Proposed that some human diseases are due to "inborn errors of metabolism" that result from the lack of a specific enzyme.
		Alfred Henry Sturtevant (1891-1970) began constructing a chromosome map for Drosophelia (it was completed in 1951 for all four Drosophelia chromosomes).
	www.1948-signals.org /documents/sciences/Genetics_and_Mutation_Timeline.htm (2554 words)

	Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		As professor of experimental zoology at Columbia University from 1904 to 1928, he was at first critical of Mendelian theory, which had not been physically demonstrated.
		Performing breeding experiments and cytological analyses on the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, Morgan and his undergraduate students Alfred Henry Sturtevant (1891–1970), Calvin Blackman Bridges (1889–1938), and Hermann Joseph Muller revealed that chromosomes behave very similarly to the ways in which Mendel believed genes segregate and become randomly assorted.
		Discovering also that genes for many character traits are arranged in a linear fashion on each chromosome, Morgan and his coworkers created linear chromosome maps in which each gene is assigned to a specific position.
	www.historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..mo148600.a (592 words)

	From Mendel to Biotechnology
		The publication of On the Origin of Species in late 1859 put forth the argument that Darwin and, independently, Alfred Wallace, had been making that species evolved and that the pressure or driving force of this evolution was natural selection or the fitness of the individual for the environment.
		Through the work of scientists such as Thomas Hunt Morgan and his student Alfred Sturtevant, the theory of how genes are inherited took firm shape.
		But it was out of the efforts of this group that the experiment of Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase arose, supporting the notion that DNA is the genetic material.
	www.mcb.arizona.edu /Hewlett/mjhpaper.html (3224 words)

	TIME.com: Tongue Twisters -- Mar. 18, 1940 -- Page 1
		In his family studies, Geneticist Sturtevant found that where both parents were positive, most children were positive, that where both parents were negative, most children were negative.
		Researchers try to find out whether such anomalies are passed on as Mendelian "dominants" or "recessives"; also, whether they are carried by a single gene (inheritance transmitter in the chromosomes of the germ cells) or by multiple genes.
		Researcher Sturtevant thinks that it is quite possible that the knack of tongue-rolling is transmitted by a single dominant gene.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,763682,00.html (480 words)

	NHGRI - National Human Genome Research Institute - National Institutes of Health (NIH)
		While the Human Genome Project had its ideological origins in the mid-1980s, the effort to determine the order of all the letters in the human genetic instruction book owes much of its success to a series of pioneering genetics discoveries dating back to the early 20th Century.
		For example, Alfred Sturtevant created the first gene map for the fruitfly Drosophila in 1911.
		In 1953, Francis Crick and James D. Watson provided the crucial first step for molecular genome analysis with their description of the double helical structure of the DNA molecule.
	www.nih.gov /about/almanac/organization/NHGRI.htm (3997 words)

	genome.gov \| ONLINE Education Kit - 1911
		Morgan and his students made many important contributions to genetics.
		His students, who included such important geneticists as Alfred Sturtevant, Hermann Muller, and Calvin Bridges, studied the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.
		They showed that chromosomes carry genes, discovered genetic linkage -- the fact that genes are arrayed on linear chromosomes -- and described chromosome recombination.
	www.genome.gov /Pages/Education/Kit/main.cfm?pageid=25 (109 words)

	Film and Video Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Sturtevant currently is working on a book manuscript titled Punctured Romance: The Films of Marie Dressler.
		She teaches courses on film history, theory and criticism, including Women and Film, The Hollywood Musical and The Films of Alfred Hitchcock.
		She is an affiliated member of the Women's Studies faculty and the adviser of the student FVS Club.
	www.ou.edu /fvs/faculty/sturtevant.htm (92 words)

	Alfred Henry Sturtevant Family Photos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Photos courtesy of Henry Sturtevant and Harriet Shapiro.
		AHS children William, Harriet, and Henry Sturtevant and their nanny Lillian.
		Here are Pat and Jim Riley, who built the AHS summer house at 10 Agassiz Road in Woods Hole, Mass.
	sturtevant.com /sturtevant/photos.htm (122 words)

	timelovememory
		Even today, Weiner writes, some molecular biologists still say, "In the beginning there was 'white.' " By breeding the mutants with normal flies, Morgan deduced that the gene which determined a fly's eye color was on the X chromosome.
		(Like human beings, female fruit flies have two X chromosomes; males have one X and one Y.) Later, Morgan and one of his graduate students, Alfred Sturtevant, located mutant genes on the fruit fly's chromosomes, thus creating the first gene map.
		Morgan won the Nobel Prize for his work, and he shared the prize money with Sturtevant.
	scibooks.org /timelovememory.html (1117 words)

	JYI.org :: The Evolution of Gene Nomenclature: From [i]white[/i] to [i]Defb24[/i] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		The term ‘gene’ had only come into use the year before and the idea that chromosomes had anything to do with the process was generally not accepted.
		A year later, in 1911, Morgan’s student, Alfred Sturtevant, was able to construct the first gene map in which he suggested that chromosomes really were the carriers of genes and that each gene had a specific, linear location within a chromosome.
		The genes he used to make his map were named as simply as had been white: flies with a dysfunctional copy of the yellow gene had yellow bodies, just as flies with a mutant copy of the rudimentary wing gene had wings that were usually blistered, wrinkled and very short.
	www.jyi.org /articletools/print.php?id=410 (1123 words)

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