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Topic: Algerian War

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Algerian War of Independence

Algerian Crisis

French rule in Algeria

Jacques Massu

First Indochina War

Nationalism and resistance in Algeria

Charles de Gaulle

History of Algeria

Fifth Republic

Jacques Verges

Vietnam Conflict

Algeria

History of Algeria since 1962

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	Algerian War of Independence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) was a period of guerrilla strikes, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians on both sides, and riots between the French army and colonists, or the "colons" as they were called, in Algeria and the FLN (Front de Libération Nationale) and other pro-independence Algerians.
		An important watershed in the War of Independence was the massacre of civilians by the FLN near the town of Philippeville in August 1955.
		France's seeming intransigence in settling a colonial war that tied down half the manpower of its armed forces was also a source of concern to its NATO allies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Algerian_War_of_Independence (5209 words)

	Algeria Independence France 1954-1962
		Algerian sources later put the figure at approximately 1.5 million dead, while French officials estimated it at 350,000.
		The actual figure of war dead may be far higher than the original FLN and official French estimates, even if it does not reach the 1 million adopted by the Algerian government.
		The war uprooted more than 2 million Algerians, who were forced to relocate in French concentration camps or to flee to Morocco, Tunisia, and into the Algerian hinterland, where many thousands died of starvation, disease, and exposure.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/alpha/algeria1954.htm (1414 words)

	Algerian War of Independence Online Research :: Information about Algerian War of Independence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		During the first year of the war, Abbas's Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto, the ulama, and the PCA maintained a friendly neutrality toward the FLN.
		In the three years (1957 â“ 1960) during which the regroupement program was followed, more than 2 million Algerians were removed from their villages, mostly in the mountainous areas, and resettled in the plains, where many found it impossible to reestablish their accustomed economic or social situations.
		France's seeming intransigence in settling a colonial war that tied down half the manpower of its armed forces was also a source of concern to its North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies.
	in-northcarolina.com /search/Algerian_War.html (5170 words)

	Algerian War of Independence biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) was a period of guerrilla strikes, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians on both sides, and riots between the French army and colonists in Algeria and the FLN ((Front de Libération Nationale) and other pro-independence Algerians.
		Although the French government of the time considered all Algerian violence, including violence against the French military, to be crimes or terrorism, some French people, such as former anti-Nazi guerrilla and lawyer Jacques Verges have compared French resistance to Nazi German occupation to Algerian resistance to French occupation.
		During the first year of the war, Abbas's UDMA, the ulama, and the PCA maintained a friendly neutrality toward the FLN.
	algerian-war.biography.ms (4943 words)

	Algerian War -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		In 1954 the National Liberation Front (FLN) began a guerrilla war against France and sought diplomatic recognition at the UN to establish a sovereign Algerian state.
		Although Algerian fighters operated in the countryside—particularly along the country's borders—the most serious fighting took place in and around Algiers, where FLN fighters launched a series of violent urban attacks that came to be known as the Battle of Algiers (1956–57).
		Despite terrorist acts by French Algerians opposed to independence and an attempted coup in France by elements of the French army, an agreement was signed in 1962, and Algeria became independent.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9354990?tocId=9354990 (203 words)

	Algerian Civil War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		These Algerians say that an army discredited by decades of economic mismanagement that saw the decimation of Algerian agriculture and a disastrous drive to industrialize has now saved itself by having a monstrous enemy to fight.
		Its aging rulers, who emerged from a war against France in which the secrecy of the insurrection's operations was paramount, prefer to rule from the shadows.
		Some angry Algerian officials attribute that to the dialogue intermittently maintained in Washington with members of the Islamic Salvation Front and to the fact that many leaders of the Armed Islamic Group were trained in Afghanistan at bases where the CIA once backed Islamic guerrillas fighting Soviet troops.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/algerciv.htm (2332 words)

	Algerian War of Independence : Algerian Crisis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Algerian War of Independence (1954 - 1962) was a period of guerilla strikes, terrorism, counter-terrorism and riots between French army and colonists in Algeria and FLN and other pro-independence Algerians.
		FLN's main rival — with the same goal of Algerian independence — was the National Algerian Movement (Mouvement National Algérien[?] — MNA[?]) who mainly gained support in Algerian workers in France.
		OAS organized yet another terror campaign to provoke FLN to break cease-fire to restart the war but also targeted army and police that enforced the peace.
	www.city-search.org /al/algerian-crisis.html (1562 words)

	Algerian War Reading
		New paths of reflection and knowledge are opening up regarding the war mentality, the deadly propaganda, the social practices, the confusion of civilians, the attitudes held in the regions of France and Algeria, and the shaky involvements and retreats of individuals and groups.
		The international repercussions of the Algerian affair were obsessing the parties in the Front Republicain and, by September 1957, the gap had widened between the politicians and the military, between the metropolis and the pieds noirs, and within the left itself.
		The Algerian nationalist movements, applying the principle that the success of an enterprise is a function of the financial means its organizers possess, devoted their efforts to developing and increasing their sources of revenue.
	www.usfca.edu /fac-staff/webberm/algeria.htm (19414 words)

	Arianna Online Forums - The Algerian War - How French Imperialism Was Defeated (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		As in most colonial wars, the Algerian people were victorious in large part because their struggle provoked a deep social crisis in France and crushed the bourgeoisie’s will to fight.
		The history of the Algerian War is a dramatic confirmation—in the negative—of Trotsky’s theory of permanent revolution, in which the prospect of the proletariat leading all the oppressed in a revolutionary assault on the capitalist order was subverted by one thing: the crisis of proletarian leadership.
		During the war in Europe (1939-41), followed by the world war (1941-45), millions of people were reduced to slavery, not to mention deportations and the extermination of millions of people belonging to defenceless minorities.
	www.ariannaonline.com /forums/printthread.php?t=1063 (8834 words)

	Different views on the Algerian War: Benjamin Stora
		There isn't a week goes by without the Algerian War coming back into the news, through accounts from those who were tortured, demonstrations, children of the Harkis (the indigenous supporters of colonisation) and claims from the former soldiers who feel they have been let down by a failure to recognise the reality of the war.
		The problem with all the films made since the end of the Algerian War is that they were made for sections of the public that never mix.
		On the Algerian side, there is backsliding in the reconciliation process, as when, for example, President Boutefika came to Paris and said that the Harkis were collaborators...
	www.ina.fr /voir_revoir/algerie/itv_stora.en.html (1997 words)

	Reader's Companion to Military History - - Algerian War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Even France's "Anglo-Saxon" allies, concerned that the Algerian situation was pushing France to the brink of civil war, pressed Paris to end the conflict.
		On May 13, 1958, a pieds noirs rebellion in Algiers supported by the army and the threat of civil war brought General Charles de Gaulle to power in Paris; as a last resort he initiated negotiations that led to the signing of a peace accord at Évian on March 18, 1962.
		The war cost the French army 15,000 dead, whereas Muslim casualties were estimated to be between 300,000 and 400,000.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_001500_algerianwar.htm (449 words)

	Torture in the Algerian war (1954-62) The role of the French army-then and now
		The then twenty-year-old Algerian partisan Louisetta Ighil Ahgiz, who fell into the hands of the torturers in September 1957, still suffers today from the physical and psychological consequences of the torture at the age of 64.
		The social democratic Interior Minister François Mitterrand, who later became president, said in parliament on November 5, 1954: "The Algerian rebellion can lead to only one conclusion, that is, war." He declared that Algeria was part of France: the Mediterranean separates Algeria from France just as the river Seine separates the two halves of Paris.
		Bigeard, the Algerian Commander and a former OAS member, is today the spokesman of a parliamentary group of yesterday's men who dispute all accusations of torture in the public debate.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2001/apr2001/alg-a09.shtml (1892 words)

	Anarchist Approaches to Anti-Colonial Struggles -- French Anarchists and the Algerian War
		Indeed the war was ultimately fought not only in the Algerian maquis (brush-land), but in French settlers’ quarters in Algeria and in French cafés in the metropolis.
		The FLN escalated the cost of war by bringing the conflict out of the mountains and into urban centers with the Battle of Algiers in 1957, set off by the bombing of an Air France office and two other locations in the downtown center.
		While it condemned the repression of Algerian militants in the colony and at home in the metropolis, it was skeptical of the “progressive nature”(1) of the revolutionary forces in Algeria.
	www.newformulation.org /4schmidt.htm (2680 words)

	The Algerian War 1954-62
		It is hard, after 40 years, to convey the public impact of France's war to maintain her colonial grip on Algeria; yet in the late 1950s this ugly conflict dominated Europe's media to almost the same extent as would Vietnam ten years later.
		The Algerian guerrillas lost perhaps 155,000 killed outright, and many more died of wounds; Muslim civilian deaths from all causes easily exceeded 50,000 even before the vengeful post-ceasefire bloodbath, which killed anything up to twice as many.
		The much-qouted total estimate of a million Algerian dead is now discounted, but the true cost was certainly at least half that - a sufficiently monstrous figure.
	www.troupesdemarine.org /outils/biblio/fiches/lv000283.htm (343 words)

	Algerian War of Independence - Biocrawler definition:Algerian War of Independence - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Algerian War of Independence - Biocrawler definition:Algerian War of Independence - Biocrawler
		The struggle was touched off by the FLN in 1954, only two years before France was forced to give up its control over Tunisia and Morocco.
		The role of ideology in the French-Algerian war, New York: Prager Publishers 1989es:Guerra de Independencia de Argelia
	www.biocrawler.com /biowiki/Algerian_War_of_Independence (5099 words)

	Palestine - Israel's Algerian War
		Michel et le dragon (published in the UnitedStates as The War in Algeria), I was struck by its many parallels to the French colonial war in Algeria.
		In Judea and Samaria, as many Israelis call the West Bank, they find their national identity to a degree many people do not understand, because it is the land of their fathers.
		Both governments were controlled by the settlers in the colony, and outsiders could hardly believe that the metropolitan government could be so helplessly drawn by them to self-destruction.
	home.earthlink.net /~attwoods/palestineisraelsalgerianwar.html (798 words)

	afrol News - "Le Pen torturer in Algerian war"
		While the French government has been reluctant to admit the use of torture in the Algerian liberation war (1954-62), the press has been able to document the systematic use of torture by French intelligence officers in Algeria.
		Members of the Algerian liberation movement (FLN) were "systematically tortured, abused and executed," according to increasing evidence collected from French war veterans.
		Shortly after the war, the issue was less taboo, as the hatred was still strong.
	www.afrol.com /News2002/alg003_lepen_torture.htm (516 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Journal, 1955 - 1962: Reflections on the French-Algerian War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This is not a chronicle of the war itself; rather, it is an intensely personal memoir detailing how the savage conflict affected the daily lives of people on both sides of the divide.
		F.(his notation of using people's initials to hide their identity from I suppose the French secret police), was keeping a testimony of the murders occurring all around him as evidence.
		Feraoun was a western educated Algerian and well accquainted with the French.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/080326903X?v=glance (912 words)

	Torture Didn't Work for the French in Algeria Either
		Shawn McHale is an associate professor of history and international affairs at the Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University, and a writer for the History News Service.
		It was a reaction to a deepening crisis in which the French military, originally looking for suspect Algerians, came to see all Algerians as suspects.
		A signatory to the Geneva Conventions on war, the French government nonetheless insisted that these conventions weren't applicable to the Algerian situation.
	hnn.us /articles/5458.html (926 words)

	OUP: Images of the Algerian War: Dine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This is the first full-length survey in any language of the fiction and film generated in France by the Algerian war (1954-1962).
		Philip Dine's ground-breaking study examines the novels and films which deal with the war in an attempt to understand the lasting impact of the conflict.
		Innovative and accessible, Images of the Algerian War will interest all teachers and students of the culture and politics of modern France, together with all those concerned with issues of decolonization.
	www.oup.co.uk /isbn/0-19-815875-0 (393 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: Charles de Gaulle, French Premier: Speech at Constantine, Algeria, October 3, 1958
		Gradually in the course of these five years, two-thirds of the girls and boys will be enrolled in school and, during the three years after that, complete school enrollment of all Algerian youth will be achieved.
		During these five years, the human contact that has been made especially by the French Army-by its career officers, its reserve officers, its fighting men, its young conscripts-will be continued and developed and, in Metropolitan France, the same must be true, in Paris and n our provinces.
		It also happens that the vote of the Algerians has just proved that they desire this transformation and that it should be carried out with France.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1958degaulle-algeria1.html (1070 words)

	France, the United States, and the Algerian War
		In this pioneering book, Irwin M. Wall unravels the intertwining threads of the protracted agony of France's war with Algeria, the American role in the fall of the Fourth Republic, the long shadow of Charles de Gaulle, and the decisive postwar power of the United States.
		Departing from widely held interpretations of the Algerian War, Wall approaches the conflict as an international diplomatic crisis whose outcome was primarily dependent on French relations with Washington, the NATO alliance, and the United Nations, rather than on military engagement.
		In recent years the Algerian War has reclaimed its place in popular memory in France.
	www.ucpress.edu /books/pages/9075.html (464 words)

	The Algerian War of Independence (from Algeria) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Nationalist parties had existed for many years, but they became increasingly radical as they realized that their goals were not going to be achieved through peaceful means.
		Prior to World War II the Party of the Algerian People (Parti du Peuple Algérien) had been founded by Messali Hadj.
		The party was banned in the late 1930s and replaced in the mid-1940s by the Movement for the…
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-46535?tocId=46535 (92 words)

	WEUR W605 4316 French and Algerian War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Whether referred to as the Franco-Algerian War, the Algerian War, or the Algerian Revolution, this bloody eight-year battle combined revolution, guerilla warfare, and civil war.
		the impact of the war on French political institutions.
		the politics of guerilla warfare and wars of national liberation.
	www.indiana.edu /~deanfac/blfal97/weur/weur_w605_4316.html (127 words)

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