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Topic: Algerian revolutions

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	Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A political revolution is the forcible replacement of one set of rulers with another (as happened in France and Russia), while a social revolution is the fundamental change in the social structure of a society, such as the Protestant Reformation or the Renaissance.
		Social and political revolutions are often "institutionalized" when the ideas, slogans, and personalities of the revolution continue to play a prominent role in a country's political culture, long after the revolution's end.
		English Revolution -- (1642-1653) -- Commenced as a civil war between Parliament and King, culminating in the execution of Charles I and the establishment of a republican Protectorate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Revolution (1029 words)

	Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Political revolutions are often characterised by violence, and the vast changes in power structures that result can often result in further, institutionalised, violence, as in the Russian and French revolutions (with the "Purges" and "the Terror", respectively).
		French Revolution -- (1789) -- Regarded as one of the most influential of all Revolutions, frequently associated with the rise of the bourgeoisie.
		Revolution of 1848 -- (1848) -- Wave of failed liberal and republican revolutions that swept Europe.
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/r/re/revolution.html (751 words)

	Algerian War of Independence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) was a period of guerrilla strikes, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians on both sides, and riots between the French army and colonists, or the "colons" as they were called, in Algeria and the FLN (Front de Libération Nationale) and other pro-independence Algerians.
		The highest authority of the FLN was vested in the thirty-four-member National Council of the Algerian Revolution (Conseil National de la Révolution Algérienne, CNRA), within which the five-man Committee of Coordination and Enforcement (Comité de Coordination et d'Exécution, CCE) formed the executive.
		According to France, in 1962 there were 236,000 Algerian Muslims fighting for the French army; some estimates suggest that, with their families, they may have numbered at much as 1 million, but 400,000 is more commonly cited.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Algerian_War (5209 words)

	Iranian Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Iranian Revolution was the 1979 revolution that transformed Iran from an autocratic, pro-western monarchy, under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, to an Islamic, populist theocratic republic under the rule of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.
		The Shah had been in power since 1941, with a brief interruption in 1953; through the 1960s and 1970s he faced continued opposition, from religious figures as well as from urban middle classes, who were not among the wealthy elite benefitting from the Shah's extravagance, and who supported a constitutional democracy.
		The leaders of Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States were also distressed by the Iranian revolution, as a shi'a minority exists among their nation (except in Iraq where shi'a are the majority) and it would stir a civil war.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iranian_revolution (3423 words)

	Encyclopedia: Islamic-Revolution
		The Iranian Revolution was the 1979 revolution that transformed Iran from an autocratic pro-west monarchy under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to an Islamic theocracy under the rule of Ayatollah Khomeini.
		The revolution is divided into two stages: the first saw an alliance of liberal, leftist, and religious groups oust the Shah; the second stage, often named the Islamic Revolution, saw the ayatollahs come to power.
		The Shah had been in power since 1941, with a brief interruption in 1953, but through the 1960s and 1970s faced continued opposition from religious figures and from the urban middle classes (who were outside the small elite group of the wealthy who benefited from the Shah's extravagance and who supported a constitutional democracy).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Islamic_Revolution (3458 words)

	VHeadline.com - Franz J. T. Lee -- Venezuela: From Revolution to Emancipation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The fons et origo of all social revolutions, the matrix of modern "social change", of the "process," was the combined French and Industrial Revolution in Europe, and its subsidiary in North America.
		Revolution itself is a social class invention, a bourgeois, democratic, capitalist "discovery," was produced in the womb of a specific mode of production, feudalism, based on a specific types of material energy, within the trans-historic process of Labor, of History.
		There is no recipe for social revolution, we have to make and think, and to transcend, our own revolution, but the global system, the "new world order," "civilization," function under certain developmental laws, and they have to be taken into consideration in any class struggle, within any revolution.
	www.vheadline.com /readnews.asp?id=22861 (2385 words)

	The Bolivia’s Lessons:the proletariat in pre-revolutionary situation - South America Workplace struggles - Anarkismo
		The revolutionary way would indicate three solutions: 1) the general insurrection (the model of the Russian revolution of 1917); 2) the prolonged popular war (the model of the Chinese revolution and partly also of the Vietnamese revolution); 3) the guerrillas' of short duration war (the model Cuban and partly, the Algerian revolutions).
		The problem is that nor all revolutionary situation develops in the sense of the revolution, she can be retroactive for inter-classes commitments or even to be dissolved by the dictatorship or other form of bourgeois repression.
		A revolution is not made of surprise, but it doesn't also take the same time to be prepared that the diamonds take to form.
	www.anarkismo.net /newswire.php?story_id=728 (2045 words)

	Algerian History Web-page
		The resistance covered various form, local revolts or revolutions covering a whole region, or the constitution of political movements, more or less homogeneous and coherent, all manifestations came from the force and will to live in Algerian people and its desire to establish its own personality and assume its own destiny in complete sovereignty.
		Algerian history has been marked by combat and sacrifice and demonstrates this will.
		However, despite last-ditch stands, including counter-terrorism by OAS (a secret organization of army officiers and colons), de Gaulle realised that Algeria could not be controlled by force indifinetely, and in 1962 independence was granted.
	www.awg.faithweb.com /en/history/history.html (875 words)

	Bervé Hamon and Patrick Rotman,
		At the approach of the 20th anniversary of the longest wildcat general strike in history, the press, publishers, and the media in France have geared up for the ultimate in "la mode retro." In this endeavor, they are hardly alone.
		It was their clash with the PCF over the latter's tepid opposition to the Algerian War which finally set most of them on the path to a definitive break that came in 1965.
		But, in the authors' view, the "real" problems were the problems of what, in another language, would be called the problems of the "new social movements": the crisis of the schools, of the family, of the position of women, of the social realities of the workplace, and of everyday life.
	home.earthlink.net /~lrgoldner/68.html (2416 words)

	SABRY HAFEZ - THE NOVEL, POLITICS AND ISLAM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Her father had fought for the FLN in the mountains, was arrested by the French shortly before the victory of the Revolution, and tortured to death; then, as a child, she witnessed the ruthless campaign of destruction by the OAS before the French withdrawal.
		Her stepfather played no role in the revolution, but realized that marrying the widow of a martyr as a second wife and raising her daughters could give him political cachet and opportunities under the new regime.
		When Mahdi appears in the classroom, he reminds Asya of her father, who was Mahdi’s age when he died, and he is soon smitten with her—‘fresh and vital as the sea, beautiful as a goddess of old whom death has forgotten’.
	www.newleftreview.net /NLR23908.shtml (8439 words)

	After Jihad, by Noah Feldman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Or perhaps Algerians who were not deeply sympathetic to fundamentalist Islam had voted against the old-guard FLN as a protest against dictatorship.
		At the insistence of the Algerian generals, the FLN canceled the second round of elections.
		The violence between the secular Algerian autocratic government and the Islamists after the cancellation of the Algerian elections certainly became jihad from the perspective of the Islamists themselves.
	www.fsgbooks.com /fsg/afterjihadexcerpt.htm (1581 words)

	The Unpredictability of Revolutions - by Pat Buchanan
		When we Americans think of revolution, we think of the Spirit of '76 and the republic that came out of our War of Independence.
		What is critical in a revolution is the character of the men who make it.
		It is this history that causes one to smile at the giddiness of neocons who see events in Palestine, Iraq, and Lebanon as vindication and harbingers of two, three, many "Prague springs" sweeping the Islamic world.
	www.antiwar.com /pat?articleid=5170 (876 words)

	Welcome to the Middle East Polcy Council web site. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Ideological rhetoric notwithstanding, the root causes of both conflicts lie in conditions of political and social exclusion, and until it mutates into appalling, senseless, indiscriminate warfare, the accompanying violence appears to be a continuation of politics by deadly means.
		By contrast, the father of the Algerian nationalist movement, the North African Star (NAS) — created in Paris under the umbrella of the French Communist party as the Ottoman Empire collapsed and the Rif war was raging — was a factory worker, Messali Hadj, a close friend of Ho Chi Minh.
		First and foremost, the Algerian military must be pressured to recognize that the signatories of the Rome Platform represent far more than the political parties that won the 1991 legislative elections.
	www.mepc.org /public_asp/journal_vol5/9801_amirouche.asp (10409 words)

	Baiting a Trap for Bush? by Patrick J. Buchanan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		But when Louis XVI was dethroned in 1789, that revolution gave us the guillotine, the Terror and the Napoleonic wars.
		In 1952, King Farouk of Egypt was ousted in a colonels' coup from which the dictator Nasser emerged.
		In 1979, the Shah fell to a revolution that butchered all remnants of his pro-American government.
	www.lewrockwell.com /buchanan/buchanan27.html (780 words)

	Encyclopedia: Iranian-Revolution
		Iranians revolt during the 1979 Islamic Revolution Photo courtesy of Vanderbilt University File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version.
		The White Revolution was a far-reaching series of reform programs launched in 1963 by the last Shah of Iran, His Imperial Majesty Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
		Dr. Shapour Bakhtiar, son of Mohammad Reza (Sardar-e Fateh) and Naz-Baygom was born in 1915 in the Bakhtiari region of Iran.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Iranian_Revolution (6865 words)

	Che as I knew him, by Ahmed Ben Bella (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As head of that government, I was due to attend the September session of the United Nations in New York at which the Algerian flag would be raised for the first time over the UN building, a ceremony marking the victory of our national liberation struggle and Algeria’s entry into the concert of free nations.
		This was typical of the total lack of formality that, from the very beginning, was the distinguishing mark of relations between the Cuban and Algerian revolutions and of my personal relations with Fidel Castro and Che Guevara.
		Our enemies had decided that the Algerian revolution had to be broken before it grew too strong and carried everything in its wake.
	www.monde-diplomatique.fr /en/1997/10/che.html (2430 words)

	Thompson + Lewis: Revolution Unfinished? (Trotskyism 1940-66)
		There were more genuine revolutions led by local communist parties in Yugoslavia and Albania, and a little later the momentous revolutions in China and Vietnam.
		This is the period when the conception of the revolution’s advance “from the periphery to the centre”, from colonial and semi-colonial countries towards the imperialist citadels of the advanced capitalist countries of the U.S. and Europe was worked out.
		This orientation was naturally boosted by the Chinese split with the Russians, and the Cuban and Algerian revolutions, (with Pablo playing an important part in the latter).
	www.marxists.org /history/etol/critiques/bigflame/sect4.htm (3331 words)

	The Militant - 2/2/98 -- Che Guevara, Cuba, And The Algerian Revolution
		Argentine by birth, Guevara became one of the central leaders of the Cuban revolution that brought down the U.S.-backed Batista dictatorship in 1959 and, in response to mounting pressure from Washington, opened the socialist revolution in the Americas.
		It was attacked by the Moroccan armed forces on the terrain that was most unfavorable to it, where it was unable to use the only tactics it knew and had tried and tested in the liberation struggle, namely guerrilla warfare.
		Our enemies had decided that the momentum of Algerian revolution had to be broken before it grew too strong and carried everything in its wake.
	www.themilitant.com /1998/624/624_23.html (3067 words)

	Revolutions to grip Russia and former Soviet republics in 2005 - PRAVDA.Ru
		Revolutions to grip Russia and former Soviet republics in 2005
		Analysts, however, believe that the cold war will be brought to the pseudo-patriotic rhetoric: major Russian politicians have accounts in US banks, property abroad, and they will not put all that at risk.
		Revolutions are not possible to occur either in Asian republics of the former USSR or in Russia," Olga Krishtanovskaya believes.
	english.pravda.ru /main/18/88/351/14762_newyear.html (932 words)

	Speech of a RAWA member in the conference "Women and Revolutions"
		To this forum where we talk of women's revolution as one of the most vital task of the moment, I convey to you the greetings and regards of Afghan women who are deprived of their most basic human rights and are unfortunately the most forgotten women in the world.
		During the Industrial Revolution in Europe women had remarkable involvement in organizing rallies and strikes and establishing unions.
		If Algerian religious fanatics cut the throats of their child-victims, Afghan religious fanatics first rape their victims and then loot all they have.
	www.rawa.org /speech.htm (1409 words)

	Algerian Revolution Dissertation Help, Write a Dissertation on Algerian Revolution Thesis
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		Algerian Revolutions Dissertation Copyright © 1999-2006 www.phd-dissertations.com All rights reserved.
	www.phd-dissertations.com /topic/algerian_revolution_dissertation_thesis.html (795 words)

	THE IRANIAN: Theater, "The Interview, Soma
		The author maintains that the language of the play is not dramatic - "as we expect" it to be - but journalistic; that he has tried to bring an everyday language to stage.
		The spectator who has outlived the perils of revolution and war soon discovers that his very existence is a threat to the lives of the stage characters.
		Iranian movie directors have tried to shed light on the situation of those who, having given their youth and passions to the cause of revolution and war, are left out in the cold by the new generation and circumstances that have emerged.
	www.iranian.com /Arts/2000/March/Interview (1486 words)

	ALOR - OnTarget Vol.2 - No.35
		In this epoch of national liberation and socialist revolution, we meet here to prepare for the defeat of the world-wide offensive of imperialism, with its cruelest aggression in evidence in Vietnam and with its blatant intervention in Santo Domingo.
		In that resolve to fight until victory is achieved, we are inspired by the Great October Revolution, the Cuban and Algerian Revolutions.
		The Communists, both in Moscow and Peking, have welcomed the retreat of the European in Africa, claiming that this was a development of the greatest importance from their point of view.
	www.alor.org /Volume2/Vol2No35.htm (1346 words)

	From the Writings of Raya Dunayevskaya: Marxist-Humanist Archives: African revolutions revisited: March 2002
		At a time when the African revolutions are redrawing the map of the world, the arrogance of white civilization shows itself not only in the ruling class but amongst many Western socialists.
		It is certainly too easy today to use that as an excuse to appeal, not to the proletariat of advanced countries, but to the authorities.
		Because the African Revolutions are the present creative force for the reconstruction of society on totally new, truly human beginnings, the destiny of the American, indeed the world's proletariat, Black and white, is indissolubly tied with the fate of the Africans.
	www.newsandletters.org /Issues/2002/March/fta_Mar02.htm (1673 words)

	The Militant - April 22, 2002 -- 'Workers underestimate what they are capable of'
		Hundreds of copies of the first printing of the book have been sold to Spanish-speaking workers not only throughout Latin America but even more so in the United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, and elsewhere in the imperialist world.
		The most important is the word worker-bolshevik, a political designation that originated in admiration among the fighting toilers of the October 1917 Russian Revolution and was used not infrequently by Lenin.
		In the first Spanish translation of this book, worker-bolshevik was not translated as a noun--a name designating a communist cadre whose integrity and discipline, organizational functioning, class political habits and training, and milieu are proletarian to the core.
	www.themilitant.com /2002/6616/661666.html (1781 words)

	ENDLESS WAR MEETS INTIFADA
		The Vietnamese and Korean revolutions were on the march.
		The Cuban Revolution soon exploded just 90 miles from the shores of the U.S. And all the while, an atrocious colonial crime of wholesale expulsion and occupation was going on right in front of the eyes of the Arab world.
		But the general rise of the socialist camp and the advance of the anti-imperialist struggle worldwide--especially the toppling of the colonial, feudal monarchy in Egypt, followed by the Iraqi and Algerian revolutions and struggles in Libya, Yemen and elsewhere--ultimately created an international environment of support for the Palestinian masses.
	www.iacenter.org /Palestine/palest_e-i.htm (1802 words)

	GN Online: Sheikh Zayed receives message from Algerian president
		Sheikh Sultan said that stability and return of Algeria to play its vital role in the Arab and international world are necessary, adding that the Arab Nation is in need of the experience of Algeria's history and resistance.
		He pointed out that Algeria is a state of liberation and freedom and was a model in fighting the occupation, adding that Algeria presented one of the biggest revolutions in the 20th century.
		Sheikh Sultan also applauded the sacrifice of Algerian people in confronting the occupation and for preserving the freedom and dignity of their country.
	www.gulf-news.com /Articles/print.asp?ArticleID=23667 (292 words)

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