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Topic: Algiers Agreement (2000)

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	Algiers Agreement (1975) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 1975 Algiers Agreement, commonly known as the Algiers Accord.
		As with most territorial conflicts this problem was not solved by the Algiers Accord, five years after the treaty was signed Iraq invaded Iran and fought the longest war of the 20th century.
		At the end of the inconclusive war both sides agreed to respect the terms of the 1975 agreement.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Algiers_Accord (670 words)

	Ethiopia and Eritrea: Returning to war?
		The Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities between Ethiopia and Eritrea of 18 June 2000, which was incorporated into the Algiers Agreement, specifically stated that if either countries violates the temporary security zone, measures would be taken under Chapter VII of the UN Charter by the Security Council.
		The mandate of the Commission as laid down in Article 4, paragraphs 1 and 2 of the Algiers Agreement was “to delimit and demarcate the colonial treaty border based on pertinent colonial treaties (1900, 1902 and 1908) and applicable international law.
		This is essentially a matter for the Parties to deal with by agreement between themselves, or by agreeing to empower the Commission to vary the boundary, or by turning to the United Nations as contemplated in Article 4.16 of the December 2000 Agreement.
	www.waltainfo.com /Conflict/Articles/2005/Oct/article4.htm (4044 words)

	Algiers Peace Agreement - United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea
		Consistent with the provisions of the Framework Agreement and the Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities, the parties reaffirm the principle of respect for the borders existing at independence as stated in resolution AHG/Res.
		The president of the Commission shall be selected by the party-appointed commissioners or, failing their agreement within 30 days of the date of appointment of the latest party-appointed commissioner, by the Secretary-General of the United Nations after consultation with the parties.
		Consistent with the Framework Agreement, in which the parties commit themselves to addressing the negative socio-economic impact of the crisis on the civilian population, including the impact on those persons who have been deported, a neutral Claims Commission shall be established.
	www.unmeeonline.org /index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=50 (1993 words)

	THE HORN OF AFRICA WAR:
		The peace agreement that the two parties signed on December 12, 2000 addressed the same three key issues as an OAU Framework Agreement on which it was based: delimitation and demarcation of the border; compensation for the losses, damage, and injuries resulting from the conflict; and investigation of the origins of the war.
		The agreement provided for the establishment of a neutral boundary commission to "delimit and demarcate the colonial treaty border"; established a neutral claims commission mandated to decide on all claims of loss, damage, or injury from either side; and set the ground for an independent and impartial investigation into the origin of the conflict.
		By March 2000, the agency was in the final stages of formulating a position on the nationality status of the expellees, based on the expert mission of the legal adviser for statelessness.
	www.hrw.org /reports/2003/ethioerit0103/ethioerit0103-05.htm (8959 words)

	Eri24
		Algiers Agreement says demarcation has to be done according to what is just and reasonable just and reasonable is that how does it affect the communities that live in the border for example if the delimitation line separates a person's house from his farm one have to adjust the line or compensate the farmer.
		Moreover the agreement does not state or imply the variation of the delimitation line based on the location of a person's house or farm nor does it refer to compensation of person(s) affected by the delimitation / demarcation of the border.
		Paragraph 2 of Article 4 of the Algiers Agreement[V] opts for strict application of colonial treaties of 1900, 1902 and 1908 and the applicable international law and specifically excludes the power of the Border Commission to rule on the basis of ex aequo et bono.
	eri24.com /Article_10056.htm (3143 words)

	Demarcation Watch
		From the outset, by their signatures to the Algiers Agreement, Eritrea and Ethiopia as well as their respective lawyers have been fully aware of the terms and restrictions of the Algiers Agreement and Rules of Procedure, both of which were endorsed by the UN Security Council.
		Ethiopia’s contradictory statements and attempts to reverse the final and binding decision of the Commission constitute breaches of the Algiers Agreement and international law and cannot be condoned by the International Community.
		The guarantors of the Algiers Agreement, the United Nations, the African Union, the United States and the European Union, especially have a responsibility to see that the rule of law is respected and the decision of the independent Eritrea-Ethiopia Border Commission and the demarcation are implemented expeditiously.
	www.dehai.org /demarcation-watch/articles/press-release-DC-embassy-09-22-03.html (879 words)

	Badme and the Ethiopian-Eritrean conflict: back to square one
		These were a combination of personal arrogance of two leaders with highly authoritarian tendencies, abuse of power, and the lack of clear-cut, statesman-like agreements on the mutual politico-economic relations of the two new states after 1991, when they came to power with a momentum of hope and promise.
		This was done within the mandate given to it by the two warring countries, as agreed in their December 2000 Algiers Agreement.
		It is important to realize that the border decision is based on the agreement by Ethiopia and Eritrea to give the authority to decide to the EEBC and to respect its decision in principle as “final and binding”.
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2003/05/23-05-03/Badme.htm (3919 words)

	Urge to Demarcate the Eritrea—Ethiopia Boundary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		When the two countries signed an agreement in Algiers in December 2000 to peacefully settle the border dispute, the peoples of the two countries and all peace-loving people rejoiced.
		The Algiers Agreement called for the establishment of a neutral Boundary Commission, and stipulated that the dispute will be resolved on the basis of pertinent colonial treaties and applicable international law.
		The Agreement was hailed as the best process for securing a lasting peace between the brotherly peoples of the two countries and ensuring stability of the Horn region of Africa.
	www.shaebia.org /artman/publish/printer_4377.html (485 words)

	Conflict ethiopia : conflict 1
		The Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities (June 2000) linked the termination of the United Nations peacekeeping mission with the completion of the process of delimitation and demarcation of the Ethiopian-Eritrean border.
		Agreement between the Government of the State of Eritrea and the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, signed on 12 December 2000 in Algiers.
		Peace agreement; provides the permanent termination of all military hostilities, the establishment of a commission to mark the border, the exchange of prisoners and the return of displaced people.
	www.cred.be /cedat/database/country_profiles/ethiopia/conflict1.htm (455 words)

	tecolahagos.com - ethiopian related issues and commentary
		However, the rejection of the Algiers Agreement may be a two-edged sword cutting out the very basis of the Arbitration on questions of aggression and compensations that is favorable to Ethiopia.
		Thus, the validity of the Algiers Agreement is a highly prejudicial and bad precedent that should be rejected outright.
		The Algiers Agreement preemptively benefits one party and negates the rights of the second party without the benefit of negotiation or presentations because it is based on the Colonial treaties and annex that favored the colonial power ambition and does not reflect the reality on the ground.
	www.tecolahagos.com /border_dispute.htm (5662 words)

	DECLARATION ON THE SOVEREIGNTY RIGHTS AND TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY OF ETHIOPIA AND VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS.
		Article 4.2 of the Algiers Agreement specifically mentions the "1900, 1902, 1908 treaties" as instruments on the basis of which there were to be a demarcation of borders between Ethiopia and Eritrea.
		The Algiers Agreement is fundamentally flawed because the complex aspects of the sovereign and human rights – economic, social, cultural, civil, and political and rights to development – of the Ethiopian people were not addressed in the Peace Agreement, and in the process leading up to the signing of the Peace Agreement.
		This Agreement was constructed on the basis of colonial "treaties", annex and/or convention that were based on fallacies and wrong doing, and we submit there can be no international legal opinion, nor any other moral, social or political ethics, that would justify the essence of that Agreement.
	www.tigrai.org /News/Articles1/Ethiopian-scholars.html (4609 words)

	Eritrea, Ethiopia: Statement by witnesses to Algiers Agreement
		"The Witnesses to the Algiers Agreement [between Eritrea and Ethiopia] of 12 December 2000 (Algeria, the African Union, the European Union, the United States, and the United Nations, 'the Witnesses'), met on February 22, at the United Nations.
		The Witnesses believe it is crucial that the parties meet their obligations under that Agreement, as well as under the Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities.
		Consistent with Article 1 of the December 12, 2000 Agreement, each party must refrain from the threat or use of force against the other.
	www.eritreadaily.net /News0206/article0206232.htm (447 words)

	Embassy of France - French Presidency of the EU - July-Dec 2000- ETHIOPIA / ERITREA
		The European Union recalls the important contribution made by its Members to the United Nations force (UNMEE) deployed in accordance with the Algiers Agreement of 18 June 2000 and to the OAU observers.
		These contributions are proof of the Union's commitment, affirmed inter alia in its Common Position of 29 June 2000, to supporting in a coordinated manner action taken for the implementation of the peace settlement.
		It hopes that the peace agreement can be rapidly implemented so that the two countries can once more, in a spirit of reconciliation, devote all their efforts to development, regional cooperation and the fight against poverty, in which the European Union is most willing to support them.
	www.info-france-usa.org /news/statmnts/2000/EU2000/eritrea.asp (320 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| International \| The guns fall silent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Algiers Agreement was brokered by Algerian President Abdel-Aziz Bouteflika, working in tandem with the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the United Nations and the United States.
		However, what the Algiers Agreement demonstrates is that, yes, Washington's good offices are indispensable, but peacemaking diplomacy is a concerted effort that also necessitates the active involvement and commitment of the OAU and the UN.
		Under the terms of the Algiers peace accord, Eritrea and Ethiopia are obliged to release and exchange thousands of prisoners of war.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2000/513/in4.htm (1080 words)

	Commentary On
		The Ethiopia-Eritrea Agreement consists of Six Operative Articles (hereafter referred to as Sections) with forty-seven sub-articles and, of course, a Preamble which reaffirms prior agreements by the two parties under the auspices of the OAU.
		We shall touch on some of the problem areas in the Agreement from the vantage point of Ethiopians, whose perception and determination of Ethiopia's vital national interest is not the same as that of the Addis Ababa government.
		Secondly, the 12/12/00 Algiers Agreement stipulates that the expenses of the Commissions are payable on demand by the Asmara and Addis Ababa governments, no doubt in hard currency because either these officials come from hard currency regions or most want it.
	www.ethiopians.com /Views/Commentary_on_AlgiersDeal.htm (7728 words)

	www.hornofafrica.de
		Accordingly, it signed the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement on 18 June 2000 in Algiers and the Comprehensive Peace Agreement on 12 December 2000.
		According to the Algiers Agreement, Ethiopia was supposed to withdraw its army from sovereign Eritrean territory that the Boundary Commission had verified through its ruling.
		Ethiopia rejected an invitation by the Boundary Commission to participate in a meeting that was scheduled to be held in London on 22 February 2005 to discuss the issue of border demarcation.
	www.hornofafrica.de /english/10_oct2005_eng/oct06_eri-ethio_dehli.htm (2205 words)

	Ethiopian Reporter -If war comes, Ethiopia must take political measures besides defensive actions.
		While the Algiers Agreement in 2000 summoned a period of cessation of hostilities and demobilization, Eritrea chose the path of remilitarization and rearmament.
		The international community is asking Ethiopia to accept the Algiers agreement, part of which is the border commission's ruling.
		For me, the Algiers Agreement is a security agreement, first and foremost, then, the establishment of the border commission as a result of the agreement.
	www.ethiopianreporter.com /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=859 (2984 words)

	Horn of Africa: al-Qaida regroups?, by Jean-Louis Péninou
		It had been agreed in Algiers (2) that until the arbitration tribunal came to a decision, the situation on 6 May 1998, when the war started, would determine the southern limit of the buffer zone.
		Unmee convoys were only allowed to travel inside the buffer zone, the official status of the UN forces remained undecided, the militia and police units which the Algiers agreement allowed Eritrea to deploy in the buffer zone were difficult to control, and minor incursions by Afar rebels were alleged to be Ethiopian attacks.
		(2) According to the Algiers agreement signed in December 2000 under the auspices of the OAU and backed by Algeria and the United States, an international arbitration tribunal is to rule on the border dispute within two years.
	mondediplo.com /2001/12/06horn (2290 words)

	Horn of Africa: Border Peace Delay
		Ethiopia must decide whether to allow demarcation of the border to begin in October 2003 even though the international Boundary Commission set up under the Algiers agreement that ended the fighting has ruled that the town of Badme - the original flashpoint of the war - is on the Eritrean side.
		The integrity of the peace agreement is on the brink of being compromised.
		Implement the peace agreement promptly and fully and in particular provide the Boundary Commission and UNMEE all necessary support and security guarantees so that demarcation of the border can begin in October 2003 pursuant to the Boundary Commission's April 2002 decision.
	www.africaaction.org /docs03/horn0310.htm (2817 words)

	ReliefWeb » Document Preview » Implementation of the Peace Agreement between Ethiopia and Eritrea: Letter ...
		Eritrea is at present violating the Algiers Agreement of June 2000.
		This is in direct contravention of the Algiers Agreement of June 2000.
		Eritrea is unlikely to adhere to the provisions of the Algiers Agreement unless it is reminded of its obligations in a clear and unambiguous manner.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/7545e6430d47b44dc1256a490044f6d9 (1011 words)

	SECURITY COUNCIL CALLS FOR UNCONDTITIONAL RELEASE OF REMAINING PRISONERS OF WAR, CITING NEED FOR CONFIDENCE-BUILDING ...
		The Council expressed regret that there had been no progress regarding the establishment of a direct high-altitude flight route for UNMEE between Asmara, Eritrea, and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and called on parties once again to work with the Special Representative of the Secretary-General to settle the issue for the mutual benefit at all.
		The Council stresses that in accordance with article 4.15 of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (S/2000/1183), which has the full support of the international community, the Parties have committed themselves to accepting fully the determination of the Boundary Commission.
		This Agreement commits the sides to a complete termination of hostilities, requires the establishment of a neutral Boundary Commission to "delimit and demarcate the colonial treaty border", foresees the creation of a neutral Claims Commission which would decide on claims from either side, and calls for an independent investigation into the origins of the conflict.
	www.un.org /News/Press/docs/2002/SC7271.doc.htm (923 words)

	Independent Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission Decisions and UN Security Council Resolutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		As far as Ethiopia is concerned, the principal objective of delimitation and demarcation is to legalize Ethiopia's claim to the disputed territory.
		The Commission is, as already noted, constrained by the terms of the December 2000 Agreement.
		It would also be inconsistent with the stipulation in the December 2000 Agreement that the Commission’s Delimitation Decision is "final." The boundary laid down in the Delimitation Decision reflects the Commission’s assessment of the evidence of conduct presented by the Parties.
	www.shaebia.org /artman/publish/printer_1824.html (3924 words)

	OPEN LETTER ON THE PEACE ACCORD BETWEEN ETHIOPIA AND ERITREA SCHEDULED TO BE SIGNED IN ALGIERS ON 12 DECEMBER 2000
		1--The impending agreement has been processed without public participation or deliberation and only presented to various organs of the dominant ruling party as an announcement in the last minute, rather than as a momentous matter of vital national interest to be duly debated and analyzed in a transparent manner by the people.
		5—Opposition to the pending agreement is not confined to Ethiopians in the Diaspora.
		Realizing that the agreement was presented to them for pro forma rubber-stamping purposes and that they were not in a position to bloc its passage, they have nevertheless registered their opposition to it for history and posterity.
	www.serve.com /Ethiopians/Views/open_letter_on_the_peace_accord_.htm (1172 words)

	News Asmarino Com Front Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ethiopia must decide whether to allow demarcation of the border to begin in October 2003, even though the international Boundary Commission, set up under the Algiers agreement to end the fighting, has ruled that the town of Badme, the original flashpoint of the war, is on the Eritrean side.
		The two warring states agreed at Algiers in 2000 to establish the Boundary Commission and accept its judgment as final and binding.
		Implement the peace agreement promptly and fully and in particular provide the Boundary Commission and UNMEE all necessary support and security guarantees so that demarcation of the border can begin in October 2003 pursuant to the Boundary Commission s April 2002 decision.
	news.asmarino.com /Information/2003/9/ICGpublications_24.asp (1456 words)

	SudanTribune article : UK urges dialogue between Ethiopia, Eritrea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		On 12 December 2000 in Algiers, Algeria, the two parties signed a comprehensive Peace Agreement so that lasting peace could be achieved.
		Under the terms of the agreement, a neutral Boundary Commission was set up to delimit and demarcate the border.
		Concerned about the lack of progress in the implementation of the Algiers Agreement, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan early this year appointed Axworthy, a former foreign minister from Canada, as his special envoy for Ethiopia and Eritrea.
	www.sudantribune.com /article_impr.php3?id_article=3929 (340 words)

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