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Topic: Algorithmic music

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	Leonardo On-Line: Art, Design and Gestalt Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		His theory that all music, perhaps all art, can be broken down to small whole number ratios is difficult to align with traditional music composition techniques (although that is exactly what he attempts to do), however it is a perfect fit for computer algorithmic composition.
		And since this music is still very much in the pioneer stage with the frontiers of its paradigms still shifting and ephemeral, the listening audience for this kind of music remains negligible.
		In Dunn’s previous music programs using DNA or protein sequences to generate music, pitches were assigned in two ways, either absolutely by giving a fixed pitch to each amino acid or relatively by making a frequency histogram of the amino acids in the protein and assigning more consonant intervals to the more frequent amino acids.
	mitpress2.mit.edu /e-journals/Leonardo/isast/articles/lifemusic.html (4865 words)

	The History of Algorithmic Composition
		This idea was also given poetic form by Plato in the myth of the "music of the spheres," the unheard music "produced by the revolutions of the planets" (Grout, 1996), and the notion was later invoked by writers on music throughout the Middle Ages, including Shakespeare and Milton (Grout, 1996).
		This is a large and mathematically complex field of algorithmic composition, and the author refers the interested reader to my website on the topic as well as to the article by Jeremy Leach ("Nature, Music, and Algorithmic Composition." Computer Music Journal, 1995) as good starting points for more in-depth investigation.
		These new techniques could also potentially improve algorithmic composition, it would seem, since the "critic" functions that we have seen in examples of genetic programming could gain much improvement from their insights into how humans listen to music: the computer could, then, better judge itself as to the quality of its output.
	ccrma-www.stanford.edu /~blackrse/algorithm.html (3211 words)

	Algorithmic Music
		Musical compositions that are designed and executed by human persons, do not constitute optimal input material for deeply satisfying processes of aesthetic reflection.
		If the algorithm nevertheless produces unexpected output, the human composer carefully selects what he [3] likes and presents that as his work, or uses it as material that he first modifies according to his own whims and then integrates in a manually crafted composition.
		The task of the human music theorist is then, to use his wild and erratic cognitive powers to continually extend, refine and generalize these definitions.
	iaaa.nl /hh/brettonh.html (3237 words)

	Algorithmic Music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Music is constructed from many different patterns: rhythmic, harmonic, and structural.
		Haskore is a language of algorithmic music composition that allows students to build complex compositions using simple function definitions.
		We believe that algorithms expressed in musical terms have a unique ability to involve students in their design and understanding.
	www.haskell.org /edsl/music.htm (232 words)

	Genetic Music Sourcepage
		Music is not a mere linear sequence of notes.
		Curiously this sequence proved to be strikingly similar to the musical translation of the last exon of the gene for mouse RNA polymerase II.
		Musical renditions of DNA and proteins are not only interesting as music, but as an alternative mode of studying genetic sequences.
	www.whozoo.org /mac/Music/Sources.htm (2282 words)

	myatari.net : Exploring Algorithmic Music
		While certainly it entails the computer carrying out musical decisions, it is not at all random, but it is the performer who gives the computer instructions to achieve the desired goal.
		While Music Mouse is fun to use and creates an instant gratification of the senses, it can also get quite deep as you explore and refine mouse and QWERTY keyboard techniques.
		An operation was the actual algorithm that would happen within a “cell” which is a block of time.
	www.myatari.net /issues/jan2001/music.htm (1058 words)

	Algorithmic Arts Genetic Music
		The music on this page was composed algorithmically with Algorithmic Arts software from the raw genetic data that is available as free downloads on the internet (see Links).
		Music I created for the collaborative performances I have given during the first term of my RFA (Research Fellow in the Arts) appointment at the University of Michigan.
		These are samples of DNA and brain wave music created with the early DOS versions of Algorithmic Arts software, with DNA algorithms developed in collaboration with University of Hawaii botanist DR K.W. Bridges.
	algoart.com /music.htm (256 words)

	Algorithmic Music (Fractal Visions)
		I took 'time out' from most musical work for several years due to personal family reasons, but am enjoying the work on the relatively new area of algorithmic and fractal music.
		There is a lot of good music there and if you are interested or curious, I can highly recommend having a browse there and downloading some of the tracks.
		I'm finding now that algorithmic musical set-ups provide a fertile source of ideas and the means to get them down.
	www.fractalvisions.co.uk /music.htm (1002 words)

	Algorithmic Arts Home
		Algorithmic Arts makes software emulations of modular analog sequencers and software for creating algorithmic MIDI music and graphics from Fractals, DNA, EEGs, EKGs, and other data.
		ArtWonk produces MIDI music and paint graphics based on algorithmic rules you interactively create by connecting modules (graphical objects representing functions and processes) in real time, adjusting the parameters as you go, in an interactive drag and drop environment especially designed to be fast to learn, fast to use.
		The MIDI and general algorithmic functionality of both programs are identical, and file formats are compatible between the two programs.
	algoart.com (293 words)

	Bruce Jacob: Algorithmic Composition
		The system is comprised of several parts: one which generates music but pays no attention to the harmonic content, one which filters out the harmonic content that I don't care for, and one which takes small snippets and arranges them into larger pieces.
		The composer is hand-coded to produce music in a manner close to the way I do, and therefore the structure of the music is similar to that which I compose.
		The piece is not `about' anything (it is not program music, for instance), but it holds as its prime influence the effect of digital communications on today's world (thus the name, obviously).
	www.ee.umd.edu /~blj/algorithmic_composition (1548 words)

	Techniques for Algorithmic Composition of Music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		They found that many forms of music exhibit a behaviour of fluctuation that varies as 1/f, where f is the frequency, a characteristic also found in many naturally occurring phenomena (2).
		The significance of pitch-contours in human perception of music has been proven by \cite{Dowling}, and, \cite{Jones}, both of which showed that people will often mistake an unknown melody for one they have heard before if the contour of the melody is similar to one they know.
		In order to produce data which can be used musically, these systems of equations are put through a process of iteration, whereby the solution is calculated, and then fed back into the equations to be the input values for the next iteration.
	alum.hampshire.edu /~adaF92/algocomp/algocomp95.html (4748 words)

	Algorithmic Music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Actually all arose back in the early 90ies when I was developing some kind of tool the "generate" music from horoscope-data.
		For the technical interested visitors: the music was done with quite "simple means": Kawai K11, Kawai K4 & K4R, Peavey DPM V2, a bit Juno 106 and JX8P, and Kawai RV4 as FX-Unit.
		In May 2003 I did some kind of music for a good friend of mine as a help to get asleep and that led my focus back to my old system as I did use some material from that work.
	www.flomo-art.de /music/algor/summary.html (573 words)

	The Solenoids. Algorithmic guitar music.
		In cooperation with the IAAA Department of ArtiFacial Expression, The Solenoids participate in the Algorithmic Facial Choreography performances by Arthur and The Solenoids.
		Music by The Solenoids, film fragments by Jean-Luc Godard and others, and live image generation by Artificial.PC.
		Also including an audiovisual performance by Artificial, music by The Machines, and a lecture by Huge Harry.
	iaaa.nl /music/solenoid.html (208 words)

	Generative Art and Music: Greg Jalbert
		When one thinks about it, music and the visual arts are really languages that have their own grammars.
		In some cases, there are many algorithms that have little or no permutation within, but the communication is made by the permutations of sequencing and juxtaposition of the algorithms into a grammar and a language.
		Other materials on generative and algorithmic music can be found in Computer Music Journal.
	www.imaja.com /change/tonecolor/genartmus.html (533 words)

	Workshop in Algorithmic Computer Music
		Participants will take classes each morning and early afternoon on the basic techniques of algorithmic composition and algorithmic music analysis, learning and using the computer programming language Lisp.
		Music analysis software and techniques will also be covered in depth.
		Prospective students must have an ability to read music and understand basic music theory as well as have at least a basic facility with computers (text editing, etc.).
	www.bek.no /BEKdot/1076923851/index_html (381 words)

	ArtSong Music Composition Tools Homepage
		Designed as a general-purpose algorithmic composition framework, ArtSong™ is 'intended' to be inherently devoid of any particular musical style; an electronic-procedural manuscript paper that you can apply to any specific composition problem.
		The myriad musical elements, materials, and operations of musical composition are organized into musical 'Component' building blocks which you combine in different ways to assemble ArtSong composition Projects.
		Although 'anything' can be composed in ArtSong, composing specific musical styles requires knowledge of the distinguishing characteristics of that particular musical style and the ability to implement those characteristics in ArtSong.
	www.artsong.org (309 words)

	Algorithmic Music Package
		While these programs are small, they are what I would call "jewels" of experimental music that have to be heard and seen to be appreciated.
		Algorithmic player with impressive bar graphs that display and grow while the music is playing.
		A very graphic oriented algorithmic player which use spirals and geometric shapes to determine the output.
	tamw.atari-users.net /algo.htm (1093 words)

	Tim Thompson's Home Page
		I went to electro-music 2005, met a lot of interesting people, heard a lot of great music, and gave an hour-long talk on keykit that was well received.
		The first 20 seconds show the lyre playing pre-recorded music, and the second 20 seconds show people dancing on the pads and generating their own music.
		The USENET Tapes is my archive of the tapes (and 1 CD) that were done by members of the rec.music.synth netnews group, back in the late 1980's and early 1990's.
	nosuchmedia.com /tjt (1461 words)

	Algorithmic Stream 2005
		The composers whose projects are presented on The Algorithmic Stream use the MAX/MSP development language to investigate the creative possibilities of computer controlled/generated sound.
		The Stream is a collaborative project which seeks submissions from like-minded composers, sound artists, and musicians who are interested in exploring long-scale musical structures and ambient sound, the mapping of mathematical formulae to sound and musical structure, machine control, chaotic systems, and other manifestations of modern computer and machine music.
		The Algorithmic Stream is a resource for anyone interested in automatic live music composition systems.
	pages.emerson.edu /faculty/maurice_methot/stream/newstream.html (447 words)

	Textures Algorithmic Music Toolbox (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Textures Algorithmic Music Toolbox (henceforth simply "textures") is an algorithmic music generating program.
		It can creates music by working with pitch, rhythm, duration and dynamics algorithmically with many linkable functions and algorithms.
		All music is written into a "score" file, which assigns a number of variables different sets of code.
	www.theory.org /%7Esoren/algorithmic.html (325 words)

	Music Links (Fractal Visions) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		There is much information about fractals and music, and algorithmic music generally, available on the web.
		Fractals, Chaos and Music (article by Patrick Edwin Swickard) - Interesting paper on the history of the music, has a strong mathematical and scientific leaning.
		There are still many great music programs around for the Atari - and the good news is that by installing the 'Steem Engine' (details on the site), you have access to many of them for free - including a 'Lite' version of Cubase.
	www.fractalvisions.co.uk /links_music.htm (1412 words)

	Lexikon-Sonate - algorithmic music generator
		With this algorithmic music generator on can easily create fascinating and complex musical structures on the fly.
		It does not contain any pre-organized musical material, but a formal description of it and the methods how it is being processed.
		These modules are structural re-implementations of piano gestures obtained by analysis of piano music from Johann Sebastian Bach, Beethoven, Schönberg, Webern, Boulez, Stockhausen and Cecil Taylor.
	www.essl.at /works/Lexikon-Sonate.html (1382 words)

	QuasiFractal Music
		It derives from both serialism and fractal music, and in it you will hear elements of both.
		It uses algorithms to keep it in touch with traditional musical structures.
		No matter how you label it, quasifractal music is not your father's avant-garde.
	members.tripod.com /~paulwhalley (184 words)

	ArtSong is algorithmic music composition software for windows
		uses a hierarchical music model and a recursive composition process to treat individual voices in all tracks simultaneously as vertical pitch assemblages rather than as individual horizontal lines.
		is an open-ended algorithmic composition environment providing a wide and constantly growing range of different composition algorithms types.
		provides computer-aided composition capabilities with a rich collection of 'control' algorithms and user-parameters that allow you to exert substantial creative control over the algorithmic composition process; guiding the composition process to your objective.
	www.excellencesoft.com /software/ArtSong (216 words)

	GoatCactus Press
		Vancouver, BC (December 10, 2003) GoatCactus Software today announced the release of Voice of the GoatCactus 1.0, the initial version of its algorithmic music composition tool for Macintosh users.
		Voice of the GoatCactus includes the Crystalline Eye of the GoatCactus, which presents the user with a multi-colored visual representation of the music as it plays.
		Users can modify previously-created music to suit their tastes, either by asking Voice of the GoatCactus to change an existing band, or by making the changes themselves using the point-and-click interface of the Studio window.
	www.goatcactus.com /goatcactuspress.html (541 words)

	JFugue - Java API for Music Programming
		It makes music programming incredible easy, and it's great for applications in which music is generated at run-time: algorithmic or evolutionary music, music editors, jazz improvisers, and more!
		To program music, you use music strings to specify the music you want to play.
		You can also create patterns of music that can be manipulated, recombined, and transformed, allowing you to play and experiment with musical statements in new and interesting ways.
	www.jfugue.org (286 words)

	algorithmic.net: algorithmic composition resources \| references (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Lewis, J. "Algorithms for music composition by neural nets: Improved CBR paradigms." In Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference.
		Rader, G. An algorithm for the automatic composition of simple forms of music based on a variation of formal grammars: Moore School of Electrical Engineering music report.
		Nauert, P. "A theory of complexity to constrain the approximation of arbitrary sequences of timepoints." Perspectives of New Music 32(2): 226-263.
	www.flexatone.net /algoNet/refTitle.html (7780 words)

	electro-music.com :: View topic - Artwonk - Algorithmic Music and Graphics Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		ArtWonk is a new program for algorithmic music and graphics from Algorithmic Arts.
		When you are making music, all you work with is the control panel; the "circuitry" is invisible - as it should be.
		In summary, if you are interested in algorithmic composition, real-time MIDI processing, step sequencing, and related activities, then you owe it to yourself to try out ArtWonk.
	electro-music.com /forum/viewtopic.php?t=784 (1582 words)

	Isle Ex: Transmusic: Cellular Automaton Music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The examples here assembled, though crude, will I hope suffice to convey a sense of the potential for generating music using cellular automata, as well as for better understanding the structure of CA evolution by making use of the aural modality.
		Fredkin's unique Parity rule abounds in spontaneous musicality.
		Explore the CAs behind the music, and many others.
	jmge.net /camusic.htm (95 words)

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