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	Open Directory - Computers: Algorithms
		Combinatorial Algorithms - Course material, syllabus and notes for a course by Roger Whitney at SDSU.
		Dictionary of Algorithms, Data Structures, and Problems - A dictionary of algorithms, algorithmic techniques, data structures, and archetypical problems, with related definitions.
		Stony Brook Algorithm Repository - This is a collection of implementations for 75 fundamental algorithms problems, including data structures, numerical and combinatorial algorithms,graph algorithms, and computational geometry.
	dmoz.org /Computers/Algorithms (546 words)

	Algorithm
		Algorithms are essential to the way computers process information, because a computer program is essentially an algorithm that tells the computer what specific steps to perform, in what specific order, to carry out a specific task, such as calculating the employees' paychecks or printing the students' report cards.
		Algorithms are now most often implemented as computer programs but can also be implemented otherwise, for example as electric circuits or mechanically.
		Nowadays, a formal criterion for an algorithm is that it is a procedure implementable on a completely-specified Turing machine or one of the equivalent formalisms[?].
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/al/Algorithm.html (1236 words)

	The world's top Algorithms websites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Algorithms are essential to the way computers process information, because a computer program is essentially an algorithm that tells the computer what specific steps to perform (in what specific order) in order to carry out a specified task, such as calculating employees’ paychecks or printing students’ report cards.
		Algorithms are sometimes implemented as computer programs but are more often implemented by other means, such as in a biological neural network (for example, the human brain implementing arithmetic or an insect relocating food), or in electric circuits or in a mechanical device.
		The first case of an algorithm written for a computer was Ada Byron's notes on the analytical engine written in 1842, for which she is considered by many to be the world's first programmer.
	www.websbiggest.com /dir-wiki.cfm/Top/Computers/Algorithms (2239 words)

	directopedia : Directory : Computers : Algorithms
		Algorithms can be implemented by computer programs, although often in restricted forms; mistakes in implementation and limitations of the computer can prevent a computer program from correctly executing its intended algorithm.
		Algorithms are not only implemented as computer programs, but often also by other means, such as in a biological neural network (for example, the human brain implementing arithmetic or an insect relocating food), in electric circuits, or in a mechanical device.
		A greedy algorithm is similar to a dynamic programming algorithm, but the difference is that solutions to the subproblems do not have to be known at each stage; instead a "greedy" choice can be made of what looks best for the moment.
	www.directopedia.org /directory/Computers-Algorithms.shtml (2882 words)

	Randomized algorithm Summary
		A randomized algorithm which may behave in several ways at one or more steps may be thought of as a probability distribution on a set of deterministic algorithms (one for each possible choice the randomized algorithm may make).
		Randomized algorithms are particularly useful when faced with a malicious "adversary" or attacker who deliberately tries to feed a bad input to the algorithm (see competitive analysis).
		Historically, the study of randomized algorithms was spurred by the discovery by Miller and Rabin in 1976 that the problem of determining the primality of a number can be solved efficiently by a randomized algorithm.
	www.bookrags.com /Randomized_algorithm (2722 words)

	List of algorithms - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Buddy memory allocation: Algorithm to allocate memory such that fragmentation is less.
		Powerset construction: Algorithm to convert nondeterministic automaton to deterministic automaton.
		Alpha max plus beta min algorithm: an approximation of the square-root of the sum of two squares.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_algorithms (1714 words)

	Genetic algorithm Summary
		Genetic algorithms are a particular class of evolutionary algorithms that use techniques inspired by evolutionary biology such as inheritance, mutation, selection, and crossover (also called recombination).
		Genetic algorithms are typically implemented as a computer simulation in which a population of abstract representations (called chromosomes) of candidate solutions (called individuals) to an optimization problem evolves toward better solutions.
		As a general rule of thumb genetic algorithms might be useful in problem domains that have a complex fitness landscape as recombination is designed to move the population away from local optima that a traditional hill climbing algorithm might get stuck in.
	www.bookrags.com /Genetic_algorithm (4145 words)

	Algorithm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Informally, the concept of an algorithm is often illustrated by the example of a recipe, although many algorithms are much more complex; algorithms often have steps that repeat (iterate) or require decisions (such as logic or comparison).
		Algorithms can be expressed in many kinds of notation, including natural languages, pseudocode, flowcharts, and programming languages.
		However, algorithms are also implemented by other means, such as in a biological neural network (for example, the human brain implementing arithmetic or an insect relocating food), in electric circuits, or in a mechanical device.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Algorithm (6164 words)

	Studio5670Wiki - Genetic Algorithms
		A Genetic Algorithm is an algorithm used to find approximate solutions to difficult-to-solve problems through application of the principles of evolutionary biology.
		Genetic algorithms are typically implemented as a computer simulation in which an optimization problem evolves toward better solutions.
		Multiple individuals are stochastically (judgment based on inconclusive or incomplete evidence; guesswork) selected from the current population (based on their fitness), modified (mutated or recombined) to form a new population.
	www.uta.edu /architecture/wiki/studio5670/index.php/GeneticAlgorithms (154 words)

	Sorting Algorithms
		Sort algorithms which only use an abstract key comparison operation always need at least O(n log n) comparisons on average; while sort algorithms which exploit the structure of the key space cannot sort faster than O(n log k) where k is the size of the keyspace.
		Moreover, the relative speed of the algorithms depends on the size of the data set: one algorithm can be faster then the other for sorting less then, say, 64 or 128 items and slower on larger sequences.
		There are currently 9 algorithms featured, all of which allow you to either type in your own array or make the computer generate a random array of a milestone size.
	www.softpanorama.org /Algorithms/sorting.shtml#Quicksort (3521 words)

	PSU CSE \| Algorithms and Complexity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The faculty of the algorithms and complexity group work on discrete algorithms and theory of computation. The group consists of three faculty in the CSE Department (Professors Berman, Fürer, Goldstine).
		For the theory of algorithms, recent results include approximation algorithms for graphs, such as maximizing the size of the independent set found by the algorithm or minimizing the size of the feedback vertex set.
		He has been involved with various approaches to this challenge: approximation algorithms to APX-complete problems, algorithms running in expected polynomial time for coloring random graphs from various distributions, algorithms for feasible subclasses of the graph isomorphism problem, and algorithms to approximate the permanent.
	www.cse.psu.edu /academics/graduate/research/algorithms.php (543 words)

	O'Reilly Radar > Algorithms and Data Structures for Flash Memory, Old Age, and Patents
		All this is by way of explaining why Algorithms and Data Structures for Flash Memories (Gal, Toledo) caught my eye.
		The paper is a survey of algorithms and data structures that are tailored for these unique characteristics of flash memory.
		The patentability of algorithms as a class could still be overturned by a single enlightened decision.
	radar.oreilly.com /archives/2005/09/algorithms_and_data_structures.html (1068 words)

	Algorithms and Data Structures - GPWiki
		A computersystem is itself a giant algorithm that follows a straight line following executions in such a fast rate that its not experienced as an algorithm.
		The most interesting algorithm, to us, is the heapsort algorithm, as most of the other algorithms only serve to give us access to basic functions such as insertion and deletion, and to make sure the heap is maintained upon completing insertion or deletion.
		Bubble down is the opposite, but with one additional thing to take into account; bubble up only has to compare with the one parent, but bubble down has to compare with both children, to ensure that the child that becomes the new parent does not break the property between itself and it's former sibling.
	gpwiki.org /index.php/Algorithms_and_Data_Structures (1433 words)

	Wikipedia 3.0: The End of Google? « Evolving Trends
		The problem with the Semantic Web, besides that researchers are still debating which design and implementation of the ontology language model (and associated technologies) is the best and most usable, is that it would take thousands or tens of thousands of knowledgeable people many years to boil down human knowledge to domain specific ontologies.
		I believe that the first generation of AI that will be used by Web 3.0 (aka Semantic Web) will be based on relatively simple inference engines (employing both algorithmic and heuristic approaches) that will not attempt to perform natural language processing.
		There is no universally applicable algorithm that applies to something as individualized as the pursuit of enlightenment.
	evolvingtrends.wordpress.com /2006/06/26/wikipedia-30-the-end-of-google (8623 words)

	Nuclear reactors 'evolve' inside supercomputers - tech - 09 June 2006 - New Scientist Tech (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Similar algorithms are already used in many different fields to evolve highly efficient solutions to particular problems.
		The algorithms they created first produce a population of reactor designs by randomising all the different design factors involved.
		But for very complex problems, such as nuclear reactor design, he says it is important to combine genetic algorithms with sophisticated methods of simulation and analysis.
	www.newscientisttech.com /article.ns?id=dn9302 (503 words)

	Biopharmaceutical algorithms glossary
		Yet algorithms encapsulate the hypotheses that drive science, and their development should be an integral part of biomedical- computing research.
		Algorithms simulating the functioning of human neurons and may be used for pattern recognition problems, e.g., to establish quantitative structure- activity relationships.
		Although the core algorithms require that a value of k be selected up front, methods exist that adaptively select good values for k by running the core algorithm several times with different values.
	www.genomicglossaries.com /content/algorithms_glossary.asp (8102 words)

	Sorting Algorithms \| BetterExplained
		Some algorithms (selection, bubble, heapsort) work by moving elements to their final position, one at a time.
		Caching — algorithms with sequential comparisons take advantage of spatial locality and prefetching, which is good for caching.
		Algorithmic time vs. real time — The simple algorithms may be O(N^2), but have low overhead.
	betterexplained.com /articles/sorting-algorithms (1882 words)

	Algorithms for Quantum Computers
		The security of modern encryption algorithms like RSA is based on the fact, that ordinary computers are by far too slow to break these algorithms.
		William Crowell, the Deputy Director of the NSA once said, that if all the computers in the world would be put together to break a PGP encrypted message, this would take 12 million times the age of the universe.
		Classical algorithms are only capable of doing this task in exponential time, so they are not fast enough as N is increasing.
	cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac.at /index.php?id=256 (205 words)

	Dan Cohen - Digital Humanities Blog - The Wikipedia Story That's Being Missed
		Depending on where you stand, this openness creates either a Wild West of publishing, where anything goes and facts are always changeable, or an innovative mode of mostly anonymous collaboration that has managed to construct in just a few years an information resource that is enormous, often surprisingly good, and frequently referenced.
		But Google and Yahoo, as companies at the forefront of search and data-mining technologies and business models, undoubtedly get an enormous benefit from an information resource that is not only open and editable but also free—not just free as in beer but free as in speech.
		Let me provide a brief example that I hope will show the value of having such a free resource when you are trying to scan, sort, and mine enormous corpora of text.
	www.dancohen.org /blog/posts/wikipedia_story_thats_being_missed (657 words)

	Wikipedia Blog
		Contentious wikipedia articles are edited every hour of the day.
		I'm trying my hand at a wikipedia videoblog.
		The collapse of mainland chinese wikipedia participation is pretty depressing.
	wikip.blogspot.com (1364 words)

	Lawrence Lessig
		This, in fact, seems to be Jason Scott’s main problem with wikipedia: the conflicting views of the large and primarily democratic group of wikiheads leads to article thrashing.
		it is a valid criticism that the wikipedia is not authoritative, but certainly many of the entries are.
		A more accurate statement would be that the wikipedia will contain a large collection of facts (that are not too controversial) and summations about a large collection of categories, some topical, some trivial, and some that are interesting to the participants.
	www.lessig.org /blog/archives/003068.shtml (4107 words)

	Algorithms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The notes currently cover most of the sorting algorithms you will have encountered: coverage of the rest, and the searching part of the course will be added as and when I am able over the next week,.
		WikiPedia is a great resource in which to find alternative presentations of the algorithms in the course, with bite-sized summaries that are useful for revision.
		For terminology disambiguation, the Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures is very useful.
	www.cl.cam.ac.uk /~hr227/supervisions/algorithms.html (301 words)

	Nivi : Wikipedia Defeats Google (Sometimes)
		Google uses closed-source, proprietary algorithms to give you information about a subject.
		When you do a search on Google, computers work and come up with a result.
		If there was any possibility of this being an attack on Google, they would hardly be offering to become one of a growing number of Wikimedia hosting partners.
	www.nivi.com /blog/article/wikipedia-defeats-google-sometimes (714 words)

	FindLaw Blog for Law Firm Web Site and Internet Marketing
		Some strategists in the advertising world are no longer considering this a dream.
		He's calling it Wikia, and it will be a community-developed search engine.
		The new search engine would use human editors along with algorithms to deliver search results, with the goal of giving more power to content publishers instead of the search engines.
	blog.lawyermarketing.com (762 words)

	timwalling.com » AS2 Sorting Algorithms
		I've come across various sorting algorithms a few times and have wanted to see how they perform in Flash.
		The array that's generated consists of random numbers between 1 - 250 and the sorting algorithms sort the array from lowest to highest.
		It’s probably better to rely on the internal Array sort method because it’s the quick sort algorithm and it executes at C++ speed since it’s native to the Flash Player.
	www.timwalling.com /2006/02/27/as2-sorting-algorithms (697 words)

	algorithms - Ask.com Web Search
		In mathematics and computing, an algorithm is a procedure (a finite set of well-defined instructions) for accomplishing some task which, given an initial state, will terminate in a defined end-state.
		In other words, this was not an Algorithms and Data Structures course, such as is commonly taught to second year computer science students.
		An algorithm, according to The Random House Dictionary, is "A set of rules for solving a problem in a finite number of steps, as for finding
	search.ask.com /web?q=algorithms (286 words)

	Additional Material for Data Structures and Algorithms
		This is a quite thorough handbook and introduction to most common data structures and algorithms, and therefore a worthy addition to the home library of every computer science student.
		The book discusses both the implementation of algorithms, and their analysis, and all examples are in the Java language.
		It can be useful to those who either are already familiar with object-oriented programming and wish to familiarize themselves with data structures and algorithms or those, who are already familiar with data structures and algorithms and wish to learn how to implement them to a Java library.
	www.cs.hut.fi /Opinnot/T-106.250/materiaali/k2005/index_en.html (442 words)

	Sorting and Searching Algorithms Computers
		PDF file and examples in C. - ANSI C implementation of E. Ukkonen's algorithm that makes it convenient to do string matching against a data set in O(N) time.
		- Overview of algorithms to find the median in a list of values; implementations and links are also provided.
		Included is a description of the algorithm and downloadable executables for Windows computers.
	www.iaswww.com /ODP/Computers/Algorithms/Sorting_and_Searching (356 words)

	Introductory algorithm challenges - Wikiversity
		We actually use algorithms all the time in our lives, from serving people a cup of coffee, through to making a decision whether to go out on Saturday night...
		Modify your algorithm to keep a running tally, adding up the numbers as you go through.
		Once you have described your algorithm using a flowchart, you can then turn it into pseudo-code a lot easier.
	en.wikiversity.org /wiki/Introductory_algorithm_challenges (1672 words)

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