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	Alhazen Encyclopedia Article @ BareHands.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Alhazen was born at Basra, then part of Buwayhid Persia, now part of Iraq, and probably died in Cairo, Egypt.
		Known in the West as Alhazen, Ibn aI-Hautham was born in 965 A. in Basrah, and was educated in Basrah and Baghdad.
		Alhazen also taught that vision does not result from the emission of rays from the eye, and wrote on the refraction of light, especially on atmospheric refraction, for example, the cause of morning and evening twilight.
	www.barehands.com /encyclopedia/Alhazen (1363 words)

	Alhazen (Abu Ali al Hassan ibn al Haitham) (c. 965-c. 1040)
		Alhazen (Abu Ali al Hassan ibn al Haitham) (c.
		An Arab mathematician and physicist who wrote the first important book on optics since the time of Ptolemy, in which he rejected the older notion that light was emitted by the eye in favor of the view accepted today.
		Realizing that the river could not be so easily tamed and that heads would (literally) roll when the bad news was relayed, Alhazen feigned madness upon his return and kept up the pretence until the Caliph died in 1021.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/A/Alhazen.html (219 words)

	ALHAZEN - LoveToKnow Article on ALHAZEN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He is to be distinguished from another Alhazen who translated Ptolemy's Almagest in the loth century.
		Having boasted that he could construct a machine for regulating the inundations of the Nile, he was summoned to Egypt by the caliph Hakim; but, aware of the impracticability of his scheme, and fearing the caliph's anger, he feigned madness until Hakim's death in 1021.
		Alhazen was, nevertheless, a diligent and successful student, being the first great discoverer in optics after the time of Ptolemy.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /A/AL/ALHAZEN.htm (301 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Alhazen's greatest contribution to the field of physics was his work entitled, Optics, in which Alhazen took Euclid's and Ptolemy's doctrines on visual rays and replaced them with his own belief that vision was the result of light coming from an object and moving into the eye.
		Alhazen thought that rays reached the surface of the eye perpendicularly and the combined effects from the perpendicular rays formed the image of the object.This hypothesis was based on Alhazen's theory that all objects reflected light in every direction.
		Alhazen stated that twilight was due to the refraction of the sun's rays in the earth's atmosphere.
	www.upei.ca /~xliu/multi-culture/alha.htm (344 words)

	Adventures in CyberSound: Alhazen
		In his treatise on optics, translated into Latin in 1270 as Opticae thesaurus Alhazeni libri vii, Alhazen published theories on refraction, reflection, binocular vision, focussing with lenses, the rainbow, parabolic and spherical mirrors, spherical aberration, atmospheric refraction, and the apparent increase in size of planetary bodies near the Earth's horizon.
		Alhazen also suggested stars are self-luminous, that is they give of their own light, rather than merely reflecting light from the sun.
		Known in the West as Alhazen, Ibn al-Haitham was born in 965 A.D. in Basrah, and was educated in Basrah and Baghdad.
	www.acmi.net.au /AIC/ALHAZEN_BIO.html (1884 words)

	BBC - History - Alhazen (c.965 - 1039) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Alhazen (full name Abu Ali al-Hasan Ibn al-Haitham) was the son of a civil servant and consequently relatively well educated.
		By the time the Caliph had died, in 1021, Alhazen was teaching in Cairo, where he lived out his life.
		Aristotle had believed the eye sent out rays to scan objects, but Alhazen believed the opposite to be true, that light was reflected into the eye from the things one observed, thus overturning a thousand years of scientific thought.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/historic_figures/alhazen.shtml (397 words)

	Arabic Studies in Physics and Astronomy During 800 - 1400 AD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Alhazen can certainly be labelled as a pioneer due to his studies of light and vision.
		His study of optics contained a theory of light in which Alhazen was the first to maintain that vision was made possible by rays of light falling on the eye.
		Additionally, Alhazen notes that light from different sources, such as fire or sunlight, is all of the same nature even when undergoing reflection from a mirror.
	www.phys.jyu.fi /homepages/agar/arabs.html (1740 words)

	The True Physics Project - Physics in a New Way. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Alhazen, also known as al-Basri, meaning that he came from the city of Basri in present day Iraq but he is also know as al-Misri indicating that he originated from Egypt.
		Alhazen made a survey of the Nile and realized that it was not possible to regulate the floods.
		Alhazen realized that objects like trees on the horizon fool our brains into thinking that the moon is getting bigger.
	www.truephysics.com /history/physicists/alhazen.html (352 words)

	Islam Online- News Section (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		According to one story al-Hakim had invited Alhazen because it was believed that the mathematician had a plan for regulating the waters of the Nile.
		Alhazen's most important work, however, is the comprehensive Kitab al-Manazir (The Book of Optics), probably the most thoroughly scientific in method and thought of all medireview works.
		Other existing works by Alhazen on optical subjects include On the Light of the Moon, which argues that the moon shines like a self-illuminating object though its light is borrowed from the sun; On the Halo and the Rainbow; On Spherical Burning Mirrors; On Paraboloidal Burning Mirrors; and On the Burning Sphere.
	www.islamonline.net /english/Science/2001/08/article11.shtml (901 words)

	Archives - The IEE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Iranian by birth, Alhazen received his education in both Basra and Baghdad, before travelling to Egypt, where on commission to Caliph al-Hakim, then ruler of Egypt, he attempted to find a way of controlling the flooding of the Nile River.
		From this Alhazen deduced that vision was the product of light being reflected into the eye rather than rays from the eye scanning objects.
		Alhazen's experiment was the first scientific description of the 'camera obscura' (dark room), the principle behind the pinhole camera.
	www.iee.org /TheIEE/Research/Archives/Histories&Biographies/Alhazen.cfm (561 words)

	Part One Chapter One
		Alhazen in the eleventh century is among the first to study all four disciplines together.
		Alhazen now mentions the different requirements for perceiving a body accurately: sometimes the eye alone is sufficient, sometimes it requires judgment.
		The implications of this claim are profound, for Alhazen has hereby introduced the notion of a simple relation between measured size and level distance into his theory of vision which implies, in turn, that the basic principles of surveying are now at one with those of optics.
	www.mmi.unimaas.nl /people/veltman/books/contin/p1c1.htm (6512 words)

	Alhazen, Ibn al-Haytham (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Alhazen was born in Basra (now in Iraq).
		He made many contributions to optics, contesting the Greek view of Hero and Ptolemy that vision involves rays that emerge from the eye and are reflected by objects viewed.
		Alhazen postulated that light rays originate in a flame or in the Sun, strike objects, and are reflected by them into the eye.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/A/Alhazen/1.html (169 words)

	Reclaiming Technology
		Alhazen is the first to show how an image is forned on the eye, using the camera obscura as an analog.
		Alhazen states (in the Latin translation), and with respect to the camera obscura, " Et nos non inventimus ita," we did not invent this.
		Built in the 9th century as the port of Bagdad, located about 70 miles south of the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates, and 70 miles from the Persian gulf, to which it is connected with a series of canals and locks.
	jnocook.net /reclaim (3145 words)

	Editorial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Alhazen worked at a time when European civilization was languishing in ignorance and mysticism.
		References to Alhazen were rare until the recent discussions of his work by Ronchi (1939, 1957) and Gregory (1984).
		The Germans may not have given Alhazen his due, but it would be naive to think the Americans would have done better on this score.
	www.pion.co.uk /perception/perc1096/editorial.html (2210 words)

	Continuity and Discovery in Optics and Astronomy
		Garin saw certain similarities between Leonardo and Bacon; was of the opinion that Leonardo must have known Alhazen and Witelo either second-hand or through a compendium; disagreed with Abetti's judgment that Alhazen was rudimentary.
		In reply to Garin's claim that Leonardo had acquired his knowledge primarily from discussions and vernacular texts, Strong insisted that the evidence is overwhelming that Leonardo sought out and confronted directly classical and Mediaeval treatises pertinent to his interests in the libraries of Florence, Milan, Pavia, Urbino and Rome.
		Considering that Leonardo had a personal library of at least 116 books10, many of them in Latin, there is, in our opinion, little doubt that he must have been aware of the optical tradition and in the course of this work we shall present evidence to establish this viewpoint.
	www.sumscorp.com /books/contin/title.html (8395 words)

	Kaffir's robot on Mars makes 'Significant' discovery - Page 3 - Ummah.com
		Also ALhazen and the other Muslims scientists got knowledge from the old Middle Eastern civilians and the Roman-Greek scientists by translating their books.
		Any scientist succeed to change the basic theories, as Alhazen did, is called the father of that branch of knowledge.
		This means The East preserved ALHazen books and applied his theories for 7 centuries, till the Islamic civilization decayed.
	www.ummah.net /forum/showthread.php?p=321654 (3168 words)

	Rotten Tomatoes: The Vine: Furthur (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Born in modern-day Iraq as Abu Ali Hassan Ibn Al-Haitham in 965, Alhazen moved to Egypt because he was very interested in floods and the Nile in general.
		The Caliph agreed, but allotted Alhazen a woefully insufficient budget and human resources pool, and Alhazen realised at once that he would not be able to complete the project on time, or properly.
		It was Alhazen who realised that light came to the eye, rather than the other way around (as the Greeks from the age of Ptolemy had believed), and that light travelled in straight lines.
	www.rottentomatoes.com /vine/journal_view.php?journalid=85561&date=1117715735&page=next&view=public&uc=0 (1632 words)

	Perception: ECVP 2001 abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This pioneering work was effectively lost until the English translation in 1989 of Alhazen's second and third books on optics.
		Sabra has suggested that Alhazen was forced to create this very modern theory because of an error.
		Alhazen mistakenly claimed that no image was formed in the eye; consequently, the patterns that were sensed in the eye had to be understood through judgment.
	www.pion.co.uk /perception/ecvp01/0049.html (180 words)

	[Islam-Online- Psychology]
		Howard, "Alhazen's Neglected Discoveries of Visual Phenomena," Perception 25 (1996): 1203-1217; G. ten Doesschate, "Oxford and the Revival of Optics in the Thirteenth Century," Vision Research 1 (1963): 313-342.
		Sabra, "Psychology versus Mathematics: Ptolemy and Alhazen on the Moon Illusion," in Mathematics and Its Applications to Science, 217-247; Howard, Alhazen's Neglected Discoveries; Russell, Ibn al-Haytham the First Biophysicist; O. Khaleefa and H. Manaa, Ibn al-Haytham Scale for the Error of Vision: New Discoveries in the History of Experimental Psychology, a manuscript submitted for publication.
		Sabra, "Sensation and Inference in Alhazen's Theory of Visual Perception," in Studies in Perception: Interrelations in the History of Philosophy and Science, edited by Peter Machamer and R. Turnbull (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1978), 160-161.
	www.islamonline.net /iol-English/qadaya/psychology-1/psychology7.asp (540 words)

	[No title]
		This may sound straightforward and commonsensical, but in Alhazen's time this approach was virtually unimaginable.
		The best example of this latter phenomenon is the invisibility of stars during the day (before Alhazen, people believed that stars couldn't be seen in the daytime because the stars had actually been extinguished).
		Alhough Alhazen made understandable mistakes about the eye's anatomy and optics, those mistakes are trivial when weighed against his powerful insights.
	people.brandeis.edu /~sekuler/SensoryProcessesMaterial/Alhazen.html (951 words)

	Scientific-Method Man MAXIM ONLINE
		There he decided to explain the nature of sight— Alhazen suspected that light travels from an observed object to the eye, rather than the other way around, as noted Greek scientists and gangsta rap duo Euclid and Ptolemy had thought.
		When they screamed “Dear Allah, my eyes are on fire!” it was empirically obvious that light was emanating from the sun and pouring onto their retinas, proving his theory and leaving his volunteers in agonizing eternal blindness.
		Alhazen used experiments to test a theory, and this formed the basis of the modern scientific method.
	www.maximonline.com /articles/index.aspx?a_id=1909 (307 words)

	Telegraph article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He was discouraged by his first attempt at solving the problem, although he became interested again after he was told its "long and rather rich history" by Dr John Smith, the head of mathematics at Winchester College.
		It is sometimes known as "Alhazen's Billiards problem" because it may be formulated as finding the point on the boundary of a circular billiards table at which the cue ball must be aimed, if it is to hit the fl ball after one bounce off the cushion.
		The reason Alhazen's problem could not be tackled by the Greeks boils down to how classical compass-and-ruler methods are not able to find a cube root, he said.
	www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Obits2/Al-Haytham_Telegraph.html (609 words)

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