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Topic: Ali, Almohad Caliph

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Ali, Almohad Caliph

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Rightly Guided Caliphs

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	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Caliph
		The Successor of the Prophet or Khalīfa, Caliph in its most common English spelling, was the title taken by Abu Bakr, the father-in-law of Muhammad, when he succeeded him as leader of the Ummah or community of Islam in 632.
		The title has the implication of ruler of all the Islamic world, although this was a rather dubious claim in the case of some later rulers who were sometimes styled "Caliph", such as the Ottoman Emperors who are more accurately called Sultans.
		In the 19th Century, the Ottoman Sultans began to claim the title of Caliph, saying that it had been passed from the last Abbasid to Sultan Selim I, although there is no evidence of this.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/ca/Caliph?title=Abdul_Mejid_II (338 words)

	Caliph - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam.
		After the first four Sunni caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali ibn Abi Talib), the title was claimed by the Umayyads, the Abbasids, and the Ottomans, as well as by other, competing lineages in Spain, Northern Africa, and Egypt.
		But by 940 the power of the caliphate under the Abassids was waning as non-Arabs, particularly the Turkish (and later the Mamluks in Egypt in the latter half of the 13th century), gained influence, and sultans and emirs became increasingly independent.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Caliph (3038 words)

	Caliph - TvWiki, the free encyclopedia
		After the first four caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali ibn Abi Talib) the title was claimed by the Umayyads, the Abbasids, and the Ottomans, as well as by other, competing lineages in Spain, Northern Africa, and Egypt.
		However, the Shi'at Ali, the party of Ali, were again disappointed when the Abbasid dynasty took power, as the Abbasids were descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib and not from Ali.
		A last attempt at restoring the caliphal office and style with ecumenical recognition was made by al-Husayn ibn `Ali al-Hashimi, King of al-Hijaz, who assumed both 11 Mar 1924 and held them until his passing the kingship to his son `Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Hashimi, who did not adopt the khalifal office and style.
	www.tvwiki.tv /wiki/Caliph (3267 words)

	Brujula.Net - Your Latin Stating Point (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali ibn Abi Talib.
		The Shi'a, on the other hand, believe that legitimate authority belonged to Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law Ali Ibn Abi Talib on the basis of his blood relation to the Prophet himself, and on the belief that he was designated by Muhammad as his successor.
		With the defeat of these peripheral caliphates, the caliphate of the Ottomans began increasingly to be considered the undisputed primary caliphate.
	www.brujula.net /english/wiki/Caliph.html (825 words)

	From the Caliphs in Medina to the Ummayads Dynasty in Damascus
		From the Caliphs in Medina to the Ummayads Dynasty in Damascus
		The Caliph Omar Ibn El-Khattab succeeded Abu Bakr in Medina.
		Muawieyah Ibn Abi Sufyan (the founder of the the Umayyads dynasty) was Caliph in Damascus.
	www.islamicart.com /library/history/caliphs.html (137 words)

	Medieval Spains: Seville
		Upon coming to power, the Almohads destroyed many of the architectural achievements of their predecessors, had mosques thoroughly cleansed of "Almoravid impurity," and employed other means, such as minting square coins, in order to signify a break with the preceding epoch.
		Thus the Almohads came to be known as al-muwahdûn, the Unitarians, which is derived from the word Tawhid and which emphasized their belief in the one essence of God.
		In a marked departure from their predecessors, though, the Almohads produced square coins which bore the inscription, "God is our Lord, Muhammad is our Prophet, the Mahdi is our Leader." Thus, even when holding the office of Caliph, the Almohads recognized the Mahdi as the source of their legitimacy.
	medspains.stanford.edu /demo/seville/index.html (4670 words)

	history18amedievalislamandmongols
		Ali (598—661: the son-in-law of Muhammad, and the husband of his daughter, Fatima (616—633); her mother was Khadija).
		One of Muhammad’s greatest devotees, Ali was the son of Abu Talib, the uncle of the Prophet.
		Ali was assassinated by opponents (who included Muhammad’s third (and favorite) wife Aishah (614—678); she was the daughter of Abu Bakr).
	home.att.net /~history240/history18amedievalislamandmongols.html (3032 words)

	Historical Events: Glossary
		The son of Ali Ibn Abi Talib and Fatima, he was assassinated in 680 AD in Kerbala and is venerated by the Shiites.
		The descendants of Ali and Fatima and of al-Husayn, the second son of Ali and Fatima.
		The Almohads, a Berber dynasty which succeeded the Almoravids, reigned in the Maghreb and Al-Andalus (Spain) between 1130 and 1269 AD, with their capital in Marrakesh.
	ismaili.net /mirrors/74_glossary/glossary.htm (1807 words)

	Islam
		The symbolic crowns in the diagram are for the Prophet and the Caliphs (Khalifah, "successor").
		One reason that 'AbdurRah.mân III may have proclaimed himself Caliph, besides the general decline of the Abbasids in power the prestige, was the new Fatimid Caliphate in North Africa.
		Almohad Spain ironically was distinguished by intellectual brilliance and by intolerant oppression.
	www.friesian.com /islam.htm (9016 words)

	Caliphate - Medbib.com, the modern encyclopedia
		After the first four caliphs, the caliphate was claimed by the dynasties such as Umayyads, the Abbasids, and the Ottomans, and for relatively short periods by other, competing dynasties in al-Andalus, Northern Africa, and Egypt.
		The last Caliphate, the Ottoman caliphate was officially abolished by Mustafa Kemal with the founding of the Republic of Turkey in 1924.
		The first four caliphs are called the Rashidun meaning the Rightly Guided Caliphs, because they are believed to have followed the Qur'an and the sunnah (example) of Muhammad in all things.
	www.medbib.com /Caliph (4785 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : The Giralda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The author, Ibn Sahib al-Sala, was in the service of Almohad caliph Abu Ya'qub Yusuf and witnessed many of the events he describes.
		The caliph was killed in the Battle of Santarem and his son, al-Mansur, succeeded him.
		Another famous Almohad minaret is the Tour Hassan in Rabat, 50 meters (164 feet) high and 16 meters (52 feet) wide - an unfinished project begun in 1195 and originally intended to be the biggest in the world.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/199401/the.giralda.htm (1821 words)

	Khilafat Movement Summary
		The khilafat (caliphate) was the unique position occupied by the Muslim emperor of the Turkish (Ottoman) empire who was also the spiritual head (khalifa or caliph) of the Muslim community worldwide.
		The promise was that the Caliphate, then claimed by the Ottoman emperor, would not be abolished.
		It was adopted as a title, rather than description, by the Ummayad and then by the Abbasid caliphs, as well as by the Fatimid caliphs of North Africa, the Almohad caliphs of North Africa and Spain, and the Ottoman Turks.
	www.bookrags.com /Khilafat_Movement (1080 words)

	swuklink: Searchable Time-Line
		Death of the caliph Muawiyah I; succeeded by Yazid I ibn Muawiyah
		Death of the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik; succeeded by al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik
		Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (724—) is succeeded by al-Walid II ibn Abd al-Malik (-744)
	www.swuklink.com /BAAAGDJA.php?srchstr=Caliph (1917 words)

	Africa to 1500 by Sanderson Beck
		During the enlightened caliphate of 'Umar II (717-20) enslaving Berbers was outlawed; but the new emir Yazid ibn Abi Muslim in 720 reversed this and even had his name tattooed on slaves' arms, causing angry Berber warriors to kill him.
		The Marinid tribes fought with the Almohads against Christians in Spain; but after the Muslim defeat in 1212 'Abdul-Haqq ibn Muhya led them into northeastern Morocco, where they battled an army of 10,000 Almohads in 1217; 'Abdul-Haqq was killed, but his son 'Uthman led the tribes to victory near Fez.
		The Marinid siege of the Almohad capital at Marrakesh led by Abu Yusuf failed in 1262, and his son was killed.
	www.san.beck.org /1-12-Africato1500.html (15707 words)

	Islam - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Ali then assumed the position of caliph, although tensions soon escalated into what became the first civil war (the "First Fitna") when numerous companions of Muhammad, including Uthman's relative Muawiyah (who was assigned by Uthman as governor of Syria) and Muhammad's wife Aisha, sought to avenge the slaying of Uthman.
		Ali's forces defeated the latter at the Battle of the Camel, but the encounter with Muawiyah proved indecisive, with both sides agreeing to arbitration.
		Baghdad was made the new capital of the caliphate (moved from the previous capital, Damascus) due to the importance placed by the Abbasids upon eastern affairs in Persia and Transoxania.
	www.freenfun.com /nph-proxy.pl/111110A/http/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam (6655 words)

	Wikinfo \| Caliphate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The word "Caliph" came through French, which got it from Latin (calīpha), a Romanization of the Arabic word, Khalīfa (probably خليفة), literally "Successor of the Prophet." Khalīfa originates from the verb khalafa, meaning "to succeed" or "to be behind."
		After the abolition of the Sultanate in 1922, the Caliphate continued for two more years under the Ottoman Prince Abdul Mejid II, before being finally abolished at the behest of Kemel by the Grand National Assembly in 1924.
		Images, some of which are used under the doctrine of Fair use or used with permission, may not be available.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Caliphate (494 words)

	Almohad dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He even went so far as to assault the sister of the Almoravid (Murabit) amir `Ali III, in the streets of Fez, because she was going about unveiled after the manner of Berber women.
		Al-Andalus followed the fate of Africa, and in 1170 the Almohads transferred their capital to Seville, a step followed by the founding of the great mosque, now superseded by the cathedral, the tower of which, the Giralda, they erected in 1184 to mark the accession of Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur.
		The Almohads encouraged the establishment of Christians even in Fez, and after the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa they occasionally entered into alliances with the kings of Castile.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Almohad_Caliph (980 words)

	Chronological Timeline
		750-1258 The caliphate of the 'Abbasid dynasty (Banu l-'Abbas).
		934-40 Caliphate of al-Radi, during whose reign the power of the weakened caliph is usurped by the commander-in-chief of the army(amir al-umarÉ) (936).
		The deaths of the amir Badr al-Jamali and of the Fatimid caliph al-Mustansir begin the collapse of Fatimid authority.
	www.princeton.edu /~batke/itl/chron.html (6732 words)

	Historia, Vida y Civilización de Almorávides y Almohades. El Legado Andalusí
		Geographers of the period all make reference to unusually high population and to the maximising benefit made of the use of space, a benefit rendered possible by virtue of irrigation techniques, the construction of a road and reception infrastructure (bridges, inns, warehouses etc.) and the exploitation of the fertile subsoil.
		Full advantage was taken of this potential by the Almoravids and Almohads who, driven by a series of religious motives and by a desire to conquer, created empires that dominated the whole of the Muslim West including al-Andalus and the Balearic Islands.
		1146 The Almohad caliph Abd al-Mumin begins to be recognised as part of al-Andalus' new sovereign, thus initiating a new historical period with the Almohads.
	www.legadoandalusi.es /legado/contenido/preitinerarios/eng/historia.htm (1084 words)

	Caliph infoTurkish.com Herşey Hakkında Türkçe Bilgi
		The Caliph has often been referred to as Ameer al-Mumineen (Ø£Ù…ÙŠØ± Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¤Ù…Ù†ÙŠÙ†), or "Prince of the Faithful," where "Prince" is used in the context of "commander." The title has been defunct since the abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate in 1924.
		Others insist that after the four rightful caliphs the office ceased to exist, meaning that those who claimed after that to be "khalifa" were actually "melik" (king).
		Muslims believe that the Caliphate is the application of Messengership of Prophets (Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, until Jesus and Muhammad) as the institution to protect and order the Muslims according the Law of God (in the Qur'an and the Universe), with the structure imitating the structure of Heaven (Mulkiyah/Government) and Earth (Ummah/People).
	www.infoturkish.com /Turkey/Caliph.html (7210 words)

	Abd al-Mu'min Summary
		1094-1163) was the founder of the Almohad dynasty in North Africa and Spain.
		Abd al-Mumin's 30-year reign as caliph is noteworthy for the propagation of the Almohad reform movement by conquest and for the establishment of a unified Berber empire in North Africa and Spain.
		When ibn Tumart died in 1130 al-Mu'min became the leader of the movement, he forged it into a powerful military force and under him the Almohads swept down from the mountains destroying the power of the faltering Almovarids by 1147.
	www.bookrags.com /Abd_al-Mu'min (747 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - - ARCHIVE - Sultanate Court of Tunisia
		The Emperor and the Emirs, guided by the Zayyanid Caliphate, work, keeping their provinces cohesive, politically, economically, as well as militarily, and in the capacity of representing their provinces, and heeding the Emperor on the Almohad Throne, shall be known as Emir Electors of the Holy Almohad Empire.
		At a later date, under guidance of the Almohad Throne and the heads of the Almohad Provences, this treaty shall be bound with the Almohad Treaty between Fez, Morocco, and Algeria, to unite all parties in a trade and defensive agreement, and to establish joint policy towards liberating Al-Andalus and other issues.
		Either I attend the meeting in Tlemcen as an equal and not as a vassal to the Zayyanid Caliphate or the Almohad Emperor or I won't attend at all.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?t=160048 (7452 words)

	Architects of the Scientific Thought in Islamic Civilization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		He visited Marrakech the first time in 1153 AD/548 H at the invitation of the Almohad Sultan Abdalmoumen Ibn Ali who asked his advice about the construction of several schools in Morocco.
		In his second visit, he was introduced by the philosopher and physician Ibn Tufayl to the Sultan Abu Yaqub Yussef who asked him in 565 H/1169 AD to comment Aristotle’s philosophy and assigned him as a judge in Sevilla and then was as a supreme judge in Cordoba.
		The Caliph Abi Ya’aqub was succeeded after his death by his son Abu Yussef Yaqub who had shown favor to Ibn Rushd.
	www.isesco.org.ma /pub/Eng/Architects/P30.htm (845 words)

	Caliph information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Caliphs were often also referred to as Amīr al-Mu'minīn (أمير المؤمنين) "Commander of the Faithful", or, more colloquially, leader of the Muslims, Emir in Spanish.
		1258 saw the conquest of Baghdad and the execution of Abassid caliph al-Musta'sim by Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan.
		The Ottomans (1517-1924; main title Padishah, also known as Great Sultan etc.), assumed the title after defeating the Mamluk Sultanate and used it sporadically between the 16th and early 20th century
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Caliph (3020 words)

	Caliphate - Gurupedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Abbasids, other Muslim rulers began to claim the caliphal title.
		The English word "Caliph" comes from Arabic via French, which got it from Latin (calīpha), which romanized the
		The Almohad dynasty in North Africa and Spain (1145-
	www.gurupedia.com /c/ca/caliph.htm (221 words)

	Islam and the Arabs
		Governors appointed by the Umayyad caliphs ruled from Al Qayrawan, the new wilaya
		Kharijites objected to Ali, the fourth caliph, making peace with the Umayyads in 657 and left Ali's
		Umayyads as Muslim rulers, moved the caliphate to Baghdad and reestablished caliphal authority in
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~easokolo/algeria/religion.htm (604 words)

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