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Topic: Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

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	The Online NewsHour: Governing Iran \| Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani \| PBS
		Rafsanjani, the second of nine children, was born in 1934 to a wealthy pistachio-growing family in the town of Rafsanjan, which later became the family's surname.
		Rafsanjani was elected president in 1989 after the death of Khamenei with 95 percent of the vote.
		Currently, Rafsanjani serves as chairman of the Expediency Council, which arbitrates disputes between the Majlis, Iran's parliament, and the Guardian Council, which is the highest court in Iran.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/indepth_coverage/middle_east/iran/leader_rafsanjani.html (829 words)

	Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar Hashemi - MSN Encarta
		Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, born in 1934, Iranian politician and president of Iran (1989-1997).
		Rafsanjani was educated in local religious schools and later at the Qom theological seminary, where, as a student of Ruhollah Khomeini (later named leader of Iran), he graduated in the late 1950s as a hojatolislam, a Shia clerical rank just below that of ayatollah.
		Rafsanjani was widely criticized in Iran for his arms-for-hostages deal with members of the administration of United States President Ronald Reagan (1981-1989), which touched off the Iran-Contra scandal in the United States in 1986.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761570652/Rafsanjani_Ali_Akbar_Hashemi.html (341 words)

	Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani at AllExperts
		Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (Persian: Ø§Ú©Ø¨Ø± ÙØ§Ø´ÙÛ Ø±ÙØ³ÙØ¬Ø§ÙÛ), born as Hashemi Bahramani (ÙØ§Ø´ÙÛ Ø¨ÙØ±ÙØ§ÙÛ), born August 25, 1934, is one of the most influential Iranian politicians, and is currently serving as the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran.
		Rafsanjani served as President of Iran from August 17, 1989 to 1997, and was the first president of Iran to step down officially after finishing his period: of his predecessors, Abolhassan Banisadr was successfully impeached, Mohammad Ali Rajai was assassinated, and Ali Khamenei was promoted to Supreme Leader.
		Rafsanjani is currently the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council that resolves legislative issues between the Parliament and the Council of Guardians; in addition, he advises the supreme leader on matters of national policy.
	en.allexperts.com /e/a/ak/akbar_hashemi_rafsanjani.htm (860 words)

	Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Akbar Hashemi Bahramani (Persian: اکبر هاشمی بهرمانی;), famously known as Hashemi Rafsanjani (هاشمی رفسنجانی) (born August 25, 1934) is one of the most influential Iranian politicians, and the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran.
		Rafsanjani was a key member of the Council of Revolution of Iran at the beginning of the new Islamic Republic, together with Mohammad Javad Bahonar, Mohammad Beheshti, Morteza Motahhari, and Abdolkarim Mousavi Ardabili.
		Hashemi Rafsanjani is currently the Chairman of the Islamic Republic's Expediency Discernment Council, that resolves legislative issues between the Parliament and the Council of Guardians and advices the supreme leader on matters of national policy.
	www.centipedia.com /articles/Ali_Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani (350 words)

	Historic Personalities of Iran: Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
		Rafsanjani began his political activism in the 1960s and 1970s when he was part of the Islamic student movement opposed to the Western-backed regime of the Shah.
		Rafsanjani is a relatively moderate Iranian cleric who served two terms as president of the Islamic Republic of Iran, from August 17, 1989 to 1997.
		In 2002, Rafsanjani was appointed and currently is the Chairman of the Expediency Council that arbitrates and resolves legislative disputes and issues between the Parliament (Majlis) and the Council of Guardians and advises the supreme leader on matters of national policy.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/arafsanjani/akbar_rafsanjani.php (479 words)

	Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani information - Search.com
		Alī Akbar Hāschemī Rafsanjānī (Persian: اکبر هاشمی رفسنجانی), born as Hashemi Bahramani (هاشمی بهرمانی), born August 25, 1934, is one of the most influential Iranian politicians, and is currently serving as the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran.
		Rafsanjani served as President of Iran from August 17, 1989 to 1997, and was the first president of Iran to step down officially after finishing his period: of his predecessors, Abolhassan Banisadr was successfully impeached, Mohammad Ali Rajai was assassinated, and Ali Khamenei was promoted to Supreme Leader.
		Rafsanjani is currently the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council, that resolves legislative issues between the Parliament and the Council of Guardians and advises the supreme leader on matters of national policy.
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani?redir=1 (599 words)

	Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Summary
		Akbar Hashemi was born in 1934 as the second of nine children of Ali Hashemi, a modest farmer and local clergyman in the remote Kermanian town of Rafsanjan--thus the family name, Rafsanjani.
		Rafsanjani served as President of Iran from August 17, 1989 to 1997, and was the first president of Iran to step down officially after finishing his period: of his predecessors, Abolhassan Banisadr was successfully impeached, Mohammad Ali Rajai was assassinated, and Ali Khamenei was promoted to Supreme Leader.
		Rafsanjani is currently the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council that resolves legislative issues between the Parliament and the Council of Guardians; in addition, he advises the supreme leader on matters of national policy.
	www.bookrags.com /Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani (1993 words)

	Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Rafsanjani was a key member of the Council of Revolution of Iran at the beginning of the new Islamic Republic, together with Mohammad Javad Bahonar, Mohammad Beheshti, Morteza Motahhari, and Mousavi Ardabili.
		Rafsanjani was also the first speaker for the Iranian Parliament since the beginning of the Islamic Republic until 1989.
		Hashemi Rafsanjani is currently the head of the Islamic Republic's Expediency Discernment Council, that resolves legislative issues between the Parliament and the Council of Guardians and advices the supreme leader on matters of national policy.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Ali_Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani.html (224 words)

	Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani - WikIran (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (Persian: اکبر هاشمی رفسنجانی) is an influential Iranian politician and is currently serving as the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran.
		Rafsanjani was a founding member of the Islamic Republic Party, established soon after the Iranian Revolution in 1979.
		Many consider Rafsanjani to be the richest man in Iran due to his deep involvement in various Iranian industries, including the oil industry, as well as his ownership of many properties throughout the country.
	www.wikiran.org /wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani (951 words)

	Iran Focus-Iran elections candidates: Ayatollah Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani - Iran (General) - News
		For over two decades, Ali-Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani has been one of the two most powerful men within Iran’s ruling hierarchy, first as Ayatollah Khomeini’s most trusted confidant until his death in 1989, and later as the junior partner in the Khamenei-Rafsanjani duo that has been at the apex of the Islamic Republic since then.
		The criminal court of Berlin issued an international warrant for Rafsanjani’s arrest after he was found to be a key member of a four-man committee that made the decisions for assassination of Iranian dissidents abroad.
		Rafsanjani’s status as one of the most despised figures in the clerical regime came under limelight in the year 2000, when he stood for parliamentary elections in Tehran and came in last at the thirtieth slot.
	www.iranfocus.com /modules/news/article.php?storyid=2402 (824 words)

	Israel's Atrocities: Ayatullah Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
		Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (Persian: اکبر هاشمی رفسنجانی Akbar Hāshemī Rafanjānī), Hashemi Bahramani (هاشمی بهرمانی) born on August 25, 1934, is an influential Iranian politician, and the Chairman of the Expediency Council of Iran.
		Rafsanjani is best described as a pragmatic conservative, who supports a centrist (but nonetheless Islamist) position domestically and a moderate position internationally, seeking to avoid conflict with the United States.
		Rafsanjani is currently the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council, that resolves legislative issues between the Majlis and the Council of Guardians.
	pedulipalestina.blogspot.com /2007/09/ayatullah-ali-akbar-hashemi-rafsanjani.html (2011 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Region \| Shadowy Rafsanjani (Site not responding. Last check: )
		When the godfather of Iranian politics, former President Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, announced he would join the race for parliament, he unleashed a new set of political uncertainties about the outcome of the election, the fate of the reformist coalition, as well as his own political legacy.
		Whether Rafsanjani's return was his own inclination, or as many say Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei pushed him to run, the former president is taking the biggest risk of his political career, opening himself up to attack and facing the possibility of an electoral flop.
		Rafsanjani has been remarkably dismissive of the young -- he seems as deaf to their demands and presence as they are to the supposed benefits of his deal-making.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2000/469/re7.htm (1134 words)

	Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Schema-Root news (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Rafsanjani is the son of Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, who was president of Iran from 1989-1997.
		Hashemi Rafsanjani, who served as Iran's president from 1989 to 1997, declared at a February press conference that Ahmadinejad's "trial period is over" and...
		Rafsanjani is an ex-president with a penchant for liberal economics.
	schema-root.org /region/middle_east/iran/government/officials/akbar_hashemi_rafsanjani (1225 words)

	Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani - Picture - MSN Encarta
		Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani - Picture - MSN Encarta
		Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani emerged from the power struggle following the death of the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in 1989.
		During Rafsanjani’s term as president of Iran (1989-1997) he improved relations with the West and became known for carving out a middle ground between conservatives’ pressure for insularity and his inclination toward modernization.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461557095_761567300_-1_1/Ali_Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani.html (76 words)

	The Standard - Rafsanjani may run again - Focus Section
		Famed for his political cunning and Cheshire cat grin, Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani is on the verge of a political comeback.
		Rafsanjani, who dominated Iranian politics for 16 years and tried to improve relations with the United States through a secret arms deal and a lucrative oil development offer, is now the leading candidate to become Iran's next president, Iranian politicians and analysts said.
		But Rafsanjani was succeeded by a new bloc of reformers led by President Mohammad Khatami, a dark horse whose landslide victory in 1997 transformed Iranian politics.
	www.thestandard.com.hk /stdn/std/Focus/FK17Dh02.html (1095 words)

	Iran: Hashemi-Rafsanjani Says Vote For Him Is Vote Against Extremism - RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Since then, Rafsanjani and his supporters have been portraying his candidacy as the one to save Iran from the danger of fanaticism and rule by military force.
		Rafsanjani has spoken against interference in people's private lives and has said more attention needs to be paid to the concerns of Iran's youth.
		Rafsanjani was born in 1934 to a family of pistachio farmers.
	www.rferl.org /featuresarticle/2005/06/4b2a02fa-53c2-412d-8c5a-85a555ab61ed.html (944 words)

	Rafsanjani Hashemi: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		A Shiite clergyman and supporter of Ayotallah Khomeini, Rafsanjani was imprisoned several times during the 1960s and 70s for his political activities.
		Ali-Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, then speakder of the Iranian...episode, for example, surprised Rafsanjani in the midst of his friendly...clerics, including President Rafsanjani and spiritual leader Ayatollah...
		RAFSANJANI, HASHEMI (Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani)ale ak bar hash me raf sanjan e, 1934, Iranian religious...Shiite clergyman and supporter of Ayotallah Khomeini, Rafsanjani was imprisoned several times during the 1960s and 70s for...
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/rafsanjani-hashemi.jsp?l=R&p=1 (1267 words)

	Rafsanjani Faces Crucial Struggle
		The May 5 call by Iranian Parliamentary Speaker Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani for the killing of five Britons, Frenchmen, or Americans in retaliation for every Palestinian killed by Israelis in the West Bank and Gaza is the latest manifestation of deadly rivalry within the unstable regime of Ayatollah Khomeini.
		For the past several months, Rafsanjani and his supporters, who once were described by Reagan's National Security Adviser Robert McFarlane and Israel intelligence operatives as "the moderate faction" in Iran, have been criticized by their opponents for adopting pro-US policies.
		Rafsanjani and his supporters have suggested the formation of a four-man council, arguing that no one present has the necessary religious and theological credentials to assume the role of the country's spiritual leader.
	www.wrmea.com /backissues/0689/8906015.htm (1265 words)

	Iran: Conservative Victory is Likely in 2005 Presidential Elections
		A tight competition is likely between Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, a conservative-leaning pragmatist and Ali Larijani, former head of the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting, who is preferred by the conservative alliance.
		The former president [1989-1997] Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, who in recent years served as head of the Expediency Council, is gaining unmatched support of both conservative and reformist alliances, and hence he is expected to be the front-runner, but has yet to formally declare his candidacy.
		Rafsanjani who was once considered more of a reformist-oriented politician (during his presidency, he instituted some modest social reforms and maintained a relatively assuaging attitude towards the West), has now moved closer to the conservative establishment since the last presidential elections.
	globalpolitician.com /articles.asp?ID=360&print=true (679 words)

	Special Dispatch Series - No. 325
		Rafsanjani said that "global arrogance, led by the U.S. and U.K.," is responsible for the crimes that the "artificial" state of Israel has been committing worldwide over the past half-century.
		Rafsanjani stated that the establishment of Israel has inflicted hundreds of billions of dollars in damage on states in the region.
		Rafsanjani added that following the end of the official colonialist [era], the perpetrators of colonialism set out to replace it, examined various means, and [found that] the most important means was to create states that were connected by the umbilicus to colonialism in sensitive areas.
	memri.org /bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP32502 (1068 words)

	Turnout, worries seen keys in Iran vote - The Boston Globe
		Rafsanjani, 70, a conservative cleric, two-time former president and quintessential Iranian insider, and Ahmadinejad, 49, mayor of Tehran, Muslim fundamentalist, and outsider, face each other today in the first runoff election for president in the 26-year history of this Islamic republic.
		Rafsanjani pulled in just 21 percent of the vote in balloting a week ago but led the field of seven candidates.
		Hashemi Rafsanjani wins." Anything in between is a tossup, he said.
	www.boston.com /news/world/middleeast/articles/2005/06/24/turnout_worries_seen_keys_in_iran_vote/?page=2 (953 words)

	THE IRANIAN: Politics, Rafsanjani on the defensive, Mehdi Ardalan
		In a uniquely Iranian case of leadership accountability, former President Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani is showing signs of fear and frustration with challenges to his credentials for speakership of the Iran's next Majlis.
		"Rafsanjani must be held accountable for two important matters: the continuation of war (Iran-Iraq) war after the liberation of Khoramshahr (1982) which resulted in the martyrdom of thousands of people, left many disabled and caused billions of dollars worth of damages; second the murder of critics and dissidents during his administration", asserted Ganji.
		Beyond election politics, Rafsanjani's concern for a process that can lead into questioning "the very principle of the revolution itself" is shared even by many of his pro-reform adversaries who are equally dedicated to the system and are equally fearful of probing questions into their past performances whilst in power.
	www.iranian.com /Opinion/2000/January/Rafsanjani/index.html (1267 words)

	WWW.SCIENCE.AZ (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ali Akbar Hashemi Bahremani Rafsanjani was born in 1934 in town of Noug (district Rafsanjan) in province Kerman situated in South-East of Iran.
		His father, Mirza Ali, wealthy mullah, used to be the biggest owner of pistachio plantations in the country.
		Ali Akbar inherited two gifts from this man, religious and commercial, which he used with equal success in future.
	www.science.az /en/cat.php?fid=rafsanjani (675 words)

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