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Topic: Alien Registration (Smith) Act

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	Smith Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Act was proposed by Congressman Howard Smith of Virginia, a Democrat who supported the poll tax and was a leader of the "anti-labor" bloc of Congressmen.
		From 1941 to 1957, hundreds of communists were prosecuted under the Smith Act.
		The so-called Great Sedition Trial was a 1944 trial, in Washington, DC, of a group of some 30 individuals for sedition, in the form of violations of the Alien Registration Act of 1940 (known as the Smith Act).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alien_Registration_(Smith)_Act (1454 words)

	About the Smith Act Trials
		The Alien and Registration Act of 1940 was proposed by Congressman Howard Smith of Virginia, a poll tax supporter and a leader of the anti-labor bloc in Congress, and is generally referred to as the Smith Act.
		The successful use of the Smith Act by the Truman administration against the top leaders of the Communist Party drove a large stake into the heart not only of the Party but of every organization in which the Communists had been active and influential.
		Those positions gravely undercut the credibility of the Party's efforts in the 1950s to characterize the Smith Act as unconstitutional and to mobilize a defense on the basis of political free speech and freedom of association.
	www.english.uiuc.edu /maps/poets/g_l/jerome/smithact.htm (1556 words)

	Alien Registration - Portuguese Genealogy and Heritage
		By Cheri Mello and Marian smith of the DC INS
		Alien registration was simply a requirement for any alien living in or arriving in the United States after June 1940.
		Alien Registration records for registrations from 1940-1944 were microfilmed by the INS for internal use only.
	www.islandroutes.com /portuguese/alienreg1.shtml (708 words)

	Alien Registration Act : Alien Registration (Smith) Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Alien Registration Act or Smith Act (18 USC 2385) of 1940 made it illegal for anyone in the United States to advocate overthrowing the government.
		The act aimed to identify members of the Communist Party of the United States of America.
		Thus acted on by two impulses, one of a light between the two to nowhere in particular; but finally ended in treating Warner felt conscious that he could not interest others.
	www.city-search.org /al/alien-registration-(smith)-act.html (377 words)

	Encyclopedia: Smith Act
		Constitutionality is the status of a law, procedure, or act being in accordance with the laws or guidelines contained in a constitution.
		The Alien Registration Act or Smith Act (18 USC 2385) of 1940 made it a criminal offense for anyone to knowingly or willfully advocate, abet, advise, or teach the duty, necessity, desirability, or propriety of overthrowing the Government of the United States or of any State by force or violence...
		The Hatch Act of 1939 is a United States federal law whose main provision is to prohibit federal employees (civil servants) from engaging in partisan political activity.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Smith-Act (4220 words)

	FindLaw Legal News
		And whether or not registration of aliens is of such a nature that the Constitution permits only of one uniform national system, it cannot be denied that the Congress might validly conclude that such uniformity is desirable.
		Mayor of New York et al., 92 U.S., 273, where the state taxation and registration of all persons entering the United States through a port of the state was held to be a regulation of foreign commerce forbidden to the states by the Constitution, even though Congress had passed no similar legislation.
		Again we are pointed to nothing in the Federal Alien Registration Act or in the records of its passage through Congress to indicate that Congress thought those guarantees inadequate or that in requiring registration of all aliens it undertook to prevent the states from passing any registration measure otherwise constitutional.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /scripts/printer_friendly.pl?page=us/312/52.html (5641 words)

	PH@school: The Living Constitution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In 1940, Congress passed the Alien Registration Act, or Smith Act, making it a crime for any person to knowingly advocate, or conspire to advocate, the overthrow of the United States government, or to organize any group which does so.
		On appeal, the Supreme Court addressed the question of whether or not the Smith Act inherently, or as applied in the Dennis case, violated the First Amendment.
		In a 6 to 2 decision, the Court upheld the Communists' conviction and declared the Smith Act constitutionally sound.
	www.phschool.com /atschool/constitution/constitution1c.html (254 words)

	Alien Registration Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Alien Registration Act (also known as the Smith Act) was passed by Congress on 29th June, 1940, made it illegal for anyone in the United States to advocate, abet, or teach the desirability of overthrowing the government.
		It was difficult for the prosecution to prove that the twelve men had broken the Alien Registration Act, as none of the defendants had ever openly called for violence or had been involved in accumulating weapons for a proposed revolution.
		She was also found guilty of violating the Alien Registration Act and sentenced to two years in prison.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /USAalien.htm (953 words)

	The World War II Era 1939-1946 The Tree of Liberty
		Nevertheless, Title I of this enactment, the so-called Smith Act, was not restricted to aliens.
		This act, named after Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia, was the first peacetime federal sedition law since the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798.
		Although no acts of sabotage by Japanese-Americans were ever reported, some believed the racial and cultural loyalties of this easily-identifiable ethnic group would supersede their political allegiance and "a nationwide tornado of destruction" would ensue.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /History/WorldWar2_TOL.html (796 words)

	Jonathan Abt - The Education Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Smith Act, actually the Alien Registration Act, was adopted by congress at 54 Statutes at Large 670-671 (1940) on June 29, 1940.
		The intent of the Alien Registration Act was to make it illegal for any person to advocate, abet, or teach the desirability of overthrowing the government of the United States.
		Their statements demonstrate that Lee Harvey Oswald repeatedly referred to Abt as a Smith Act Attorney and that his desire to have Abt for this reason was made abundantly clear to all present.
	educationforum.ipbhost.com /index.php?showtopic=2526 (8083 words)

	Interim Guidance--Documentary Evidence of Status as A ``Qualified Alien'' Eligible for Federal Public Benefits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Certain exceptions are made for indigent qualified aliens and for qualified aliens who (or whose children) have been battered or subjected to extreme cruelty in the U.S. by a spouse, parent or member of the spouse or parent's family and for qualified alien children whose parents have been subjected to such abuse.
		Acts or threatneded acts that, in and of themselves, may not initially appear violent may be part of an overall pattern of violence.
		Although an applicant is not a qualified alien eligible for benefits until the battered applicant or child, or parent ceases residing with the batterer, applicants will generally need the assurance of the availability of benefits in order to be able to leave their batterer and survive independently.
	www.acf.dhhs.gov /programs/cb/laws/fed_reg/fr111797a5.htm (7974 words)

	Smith Act of 1940 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Alien Registration Act of 1940, usually called the Smith Act because the antisedition section was authored by Representative Howard W. Smith of Virginia, was adopted at 54 Statutes at Large 670-671 (1940).
		The Act has been amended several times and can now be found at 18 U.S. Code § 2385 (2000).
		Whoever organizes or helps or attempts to organize any society, group, or assembly of persons who teach, advocate, or encourage the overthrow or destruction of any such government by force or violence; or becomes or is a member of, or affiliates with, any such society, group, or assembly of persons, knowing the purposes thereof--
	www.bc.edu /bc_org/avp/cas/comm/free_speech/smithactof1940.html (259 words)

	Will Smith
		Smith Act - Smith Act, 1940, passed by the U.S. Congress as the Alien Registration Act of 1940.
		Wayland Smith - Wayland Smith, in English folklore, a skillful flsmith and great armor maker, whose forge was...
		William Smith - Smith, William, 1769–1839, English geologist.
	www.factmonster.com /ipka/A0761018.html (135 words)

	ILW.COM - immigration news: Race, Nationality, and Reality: INS Administration of Racial Provisions in US Immigration ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Alien Registration Act of 1940 charged the INS with myriad new responsibilities, foremost among them the registration and fingerprinting of every alien resident in or entering the United States.
		They were, as one employee of the Alien Registration Division complained, "a mixture of race and nationality." Unwritten statistical coding rules for Alien Registration data caused various responses to be re-coded as white, and so many disparate answers remained in the "other" category it was rendered meaningless.
		Marian L. Smith is the senior historian for the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Washington, D.C. She writes and speaks about the history of the agency.
	www.ilw.com /lawyers/articles/2003,0602-smith.shtm (1218 words)

	Naturalization Records
		An alien had to reside in the United States for two consecutive years and one year in the state in which he was applying.
		The Alien Registration Act of 1940 required fingerprinting and registration of an alien within thirty days of their arrival to the United States.
		By then the alien would have had met residency requirements of five years in the United States, one year in the state, and declared intention to become a citizen.
	lemko.org /genealogy/naturalization.html (1922 words)

	Smith Act -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Prosecutions continued until a series of (The highest federal court in the United States; has final appellate jurisdiction and has jurisdiction over all other courts in the nation) United States Supreme Court decisions in 1957 threw out numerous convictions under the Smith Act as (Click link for more info and facts about unconstitutional) unconstitutional.
		The defendants were alleged to be part of an international (A German member of Adolf Hitler's political party) Nazi (A plot to carry out some harmful or illegal act (especially a political plot)) conspiracy.
		Summary of the Supreme Court's 1957 decision on the Smith Act
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sm/smith_act.htm (1138 words)

	Additional Reading (from Bessie Smith) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		In 1967 she moved to New York City, where she became active in the downtown Manhattan arts scene, writing poetry and living with the photographer Robert Mapplethorpe.
		One of the greatest of the blues singers, Bessie Smith sang of the cares and troubles she had known—of poverty and oppression, of love and indifference.
		Exploration of Bessie Smith's life and music as one of a few women blues artists appearing in the early 1920's.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-24?tocId=24 (737 words)

	The Smith Act 1940 [Free Republic]
		The Alien Registration Act of 1940 required the annual registration and fingerprinting of aliens.
		Title I of the legislation, known as the Smith Act, after its sponsor, Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia, did not limit restrictions solely to aliens.
		This first peacetime sedition legislation since the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 was similar to the New York Criminal Anarchy Act of 1902.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a3b8d76632ac0.htm (830 words)

	disinformation \| go out and kill people because this article tells you to (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Also known as the Smith Act, this law made it an offense to support or belong to a group that advocated the violent overthrow of the government.
		The Smith Act was first used against the Trotskyist Socialist Workers Party, and only then turned against the Communist Party, which benefited from this respite thanks to their ownership of the Stalin franchise in the United States, and the cooperation of the US and the USSR during World War II.
		The political mainstream attempts to appeal to the ghostly and impossible past of the Founders while slapping together political platforms that are as alien to those old, dead geezers as your collection of pornographic elf comics would be.
	www.disinfo.com /archive/pages/article/id1206/pg3 (991 words)

	JEFFREY ROGERS HUMMEL: Not Just Japanese Americans: The Untold Story of U.S. Repression During "The Good War"
		The act also empowered the Postmaster General to exclude from the mail issues of newspapers and periodicals that he felt were subversive.
		The Smith Act's most far-reaching provisions, however, established a penalty of up to ten years in jail and a $10,000 fine for encouraging insubordination in the military, for advocating, in speech or writing, the forceful overthrow of the U.S. government, or for joining any organization that so advocated.
		Thus, the Smith Act was, in fact, a true peacetime sedition law of the same sort that had previously failed to pass at the height of the Red Scare.
	www.vho.org /GB/Journals/JHR/7/3/Hummel285-317.html (12536 words)

	Sec
		The Alien Registration Act of 1940 (The Smith Act) was signed into law by President Franklin Roosevelt on
		The Act served as the basis for the federal prosecution of members of the Communist Party during the late 1940s and 1950s.
		In 1957 the Supreme Court sharply limited application of the law, thus putting the brakes on prosecution of communists.
	web.utk.edu /~scheb/smithact.htm (267 words)

	Reclaim Our History (June 19, 2002)
		The INS Efficiency Act of December 1981 repealed these requirements; however, Attorney General John Ashcroft unilaterally announced a new program of alien registration in June 2002.
		A provision buried within the 1940 law, referred to as the Smith Act, allows the US government to prosecute anyone suspected of advocating violent overthrow of the government; it was used to try and imprison Socialist Workers Party members in the 1940s and US Communist Party members in the 1950s.
		Follows up on the McCarran Act (Internal Security Act of 1950)--one of the more bucolic provisions being its authorization of concentration camps "for emergency situations." 1974: Martin Luther King's 69-year-old mother is shot and killed as she plays the organ in Atlanta's Ebenezer Baptist Church.
	eatthestate.org /06-22/ReclaimHistory.htm (476 words)

	McCarthyism - tribe.net
		The Smith Act, or the Alien Registration Act of 1940--which criminalized membership in, or support for, any organization that advocated the violent overthrow of the government--was signed into law by New Deal Democrat Franklin Roosevelt.
		The Smith Act was aimed mainly at the Communist Party (CP), but it was used first on the Trotskyist Socialist Workers Party in 1941--tragically, with the support of the CP against other socialists it disagreed with.
		Philip Frankfeld, who had been expelled by the party when he was thrown in prison under the Smith Act in 1953, was so badly beaten by inmates in the Atlanta Penitentiary that he was almost blind when he came out.
	mccarthyism.tribe.net /thread/b8aaf836-840e-4ccf-b604-6ed4b3cfa812?... (1467 words)

	McCarthyism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Alien Registration Act passed by Congress on 29th June, 1940, made it illegal for anyone in the United States to advocate, abet, or teach the desirability of overthrowing the government.
		The main objective of the Alien Registration Act was to undermine the American Communist Party and other left-wing political groups in the United States.
		It was now decided to use the Alien Registration Act against the American Communist Party.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /USAmccarthyism.htm (5174 words)

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