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Topic: Alkaline hydrolysis

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	Alkaline hydrolysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Alkaline hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule is cleaved into two parts by the addition of a molecule of water in a solution with a pH greater than 7.
		hydrolysis alkaline alkaline phosphatase alkaline trio alkaline amorphous sulfates
		Dilute-Acid Cellulose Hydrolysis Process and Reactor System Includes a description of the cellulose conversion to bio-ethanol and relative comparisons, the MSW green waste fiber to fuel ethanol, and corn fiber hydrolysis process for fuel ethanol production.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Alkaline_hydrolysis.html (219 words)

	Animal Lab News - Alkaline Hydrolysis, Gordon I. Kaye, PH.D., Peter B. Weber, PH. D., William M. ...
		Alkaline hydrolysis as an improved alternative to incineration for disposing of waste biologic tissues and animal carcasses is based on the same chemical reaction, with strong alkali and heat used to speed the process.
		Alkaline hydrolysis generates sodium and/or potassium salts of free amino acids; oligopeptides (small chains of amino acids) are generated as intermediates in the reaction.
		Alkaline hydrolysis also removes critical groups from the molecules of glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans, and glycolipids, the principal carbohydrates of connective tissue, as well as from the chitinous exoskeletons of insects and other invertebrates (e.g., the carapaces of crabs and lobsters); (1-3)-linked glycans, such as chondroitin sulfates, are slowly degraded.
	www.animallab.com /articles.asp?pid=76 (2760 words)

	Publicacions Reactivitat
		The alkaline hydrolysis of a thio-b-lactam in the gas phase was examined in the light of RHF and DFT ab initio calculations.
		Alkaline hydrolysis has been studied through a BAC2 mechanism characterized by a nucleophilic attack on the ß-lactam carbonyl group, formation of the tetrahedral intermediate and cleavage of the C-N bond until the formation of the final product of the reaction, this being the limiting step of the reaction.
		Alkaline hydrolysis (pH 10.5) of the three 7-(oxyimino acyl)cephalosporins 1 a -c (cefuroxime, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone) was studied at 37ºC using HPLC and 1H-NMR techniques.
	www.uib.es /depart/dqu/dqf/mallorqui/publicacionsa.htm (4901 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Review and Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Demilitarization of Assembled Chemical ...
		Because hydrolysis is mass- transfer limited, reducing the chunk size of the tetryl feedstock and inducing vigorous agitation in excess base are probably better ways to increase the rate of hydrolysis once a threshold temperature and base con- centration have been achieved.
		However, the hydrolysis of secondary nitrate esters is dominated by the elimina- tion reactions 3 and 4.
		Data in the literature rel- evant to the hydrolysis of energetic materials from as- sembled chemical weapons indicates that hydrolysis is relatively slow unless the reaction conditions are se- vere (elevated temperature, pressure, and pH) because these materials are not very soluble in aqueous systems and the hydrolysis of solids is mass-transfer limited.
	www.nap.edu /openbook/0309066395/html/213.html (7679 words)

	Kinetics of the Alkaline Hydrolysis of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene in Aqueous Solution and Highly Contaminated Soils
		Alkaline hydrolysis promises to be an effective treatment technology especially for remediation of highly contaminated soils, without any risk of explosions.
		The results of the homogeneous alkaline treatment shows an extensive destruction of TNT within some hours or days depending on the pH, indicating that the alkaline treatment of soils might prove to be effective for remediation of contaminants.
		Hence further studies on the alkaline hydrolysis of TNT (e.g., the application of higher temperatures, a continuous process, or several subsequent treatment steps) might prove to be effective for remediation of highly contaminated soils within shorter time.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/jtextd?esthag/33/i21/html/es9903227 (3032 words)

	Technical Monograph (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Hydrolysis is a process whereby chemical bonds are broken by the insertion of water between the atoms in the bond.
		Hydrolysis reverses the condensation of amino acids into proteins by the acid- or alkali- catalyzed breaking of the peptide bonds and the addition of water at the break.
		Alkaline hydrolysis ultimately leads to the breaking of all peptide bonds in proteins, the major solid constituent of all animal cells and tissues.
	www.wr2.net /techdata.htm (4623 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Analysis of Engineering Design Studies for Demilitarization of Assembled Chemical Weapons at ...
		Hydrolysis of energetics as a means of disposal is being used at the Hawthorne Army Depot.
		Hydrolysis of the plasticizers in M28 propellant may also release phthalate salts, which can aid in the emulsification of TNT when M28 and Composition B are processed together.
		Although the EDS energetics hydrolysis test program addresses many of the issues related to effective destruction of energetic materials from assembled chemical weapons, the tests are based on a predetermined granulation of the feedstock and will not provide information for determining the optimum granule size for disposal operations at Pueblo.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309076072/html/17.html (7022 words)

	New York's Food and Life Sciences Bulletin Number 118, 1986 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		With very sensitive compounds, the rate of alkaline hydrolysis can be so rapid that substantial breakdown occurs between the time of mixing and the time of application.
		Hydrolysis is the decomposition or splitting of a compound by water in the presence of ions.
		Above this level, the rate of alkaline hydrolysis becomes rapid enough for compounds such as Carzol and Imidan that substantial breakdown could occur in the tank if there is any delay in spraying the tank once it is mixed.
	lenewa.netsync.net /public/Bull118.htm (2142 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The work on alkaline hydrolysis and HTO of M31A1E1 is detailed in the report: Stephen J. Buelow, Research and Development for Alternatives to Open Burning/Open Detonation of Waste Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics: Alkaline Hydrolysis and Supercritical Water Oxidation of M31A1E1 (Los Alamos National Laboratory for CERL, undated).
		The combination of alkaline hydrolysis and HTO of the M31A1E1 resulted in the complete oxidation of the organic carbon present.
		Alkaline hydrolysis of M31A1E1 was successfully demonstrated as a pretreatment process that can break down a triple-base propellant into simpler gaseous and soluble compounds without trace of the original bases.
	www.cecer.army.mil /techreports/klo_bod/Klo_bod-05.htm (1431 words)

	Alkaline
		Alkaline battery Alkaline batteries are a type of power cell dependent upon the reaction between volts per cell, alkalin...
		Alkaline foods The pH of foods can be discussed on two main levels: a) pH of foods before eaten, b) the effect foods ten...
		Alkaline mucus Alkaline mucus is a thick fluid produced by animals which confers tissue protection in an stomach.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/alkaline.html (99 words)

	Scaffolds 4/19\| General Information
		This reaction is called alkaline hydrolysis, and it can occur when the pesticide is mixed with alkaline water or other materials that cause a rise in the pH.
		Hydrolysis is the splitting of a compound by water in the presence of ions.
		Water that is alkaline has a larger concentration of hydroxide (OH-) ions than water that is neutral; therefore, alkaline hydrolysis increases as the pH increases.
	www.nysaes.cornell.edu /ent/scaffolds/1999/4.19_general.html (1012 words)

	Carbamate pesticides: a general introduction (EHC 64, 1986)
		Hydrolysis of the carbamates is catalysed by a group of enzymes known as A-esterases or arylesterases (EC 3.1.1.2).
		Hydrolysis of chloropropham also occurred to a significant extent, since the other major metabolites found were conjugates of 3-chloro-4- hydroxy- and 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-acetanilide.
		Detoxification of carbamate esters in plants by hydrolysis occurs to a lesser extent than detoxification by oxidative metabolism; nevertheless, hydrolytic cleavage of the ester moiety is a significant detoxification mechanism.
	www.inchem.org /documents/ehc/ehc/ehc64.htm (14847 words)

	Alkaline Hydrolysis Pesticide Ph Water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		a reaction called Alkaline Hydrolysis, in which the pesticide molecule is split by the water and converted to...
		alkaline hydrolysis, and it reduces the effectiveness of the pesticide's active ingredient.
		alkaline hydrolysis, and it can occur when the pesticide is mixed with alkaline water or other materials that cause a rise in the pH...
	www.phcomplete.com /3/alkaline-hydrolysis-pesticide-ph-water.html (391 words)

	ISU Weed Science Online - Water Quality
		Alkaline hydrolysis is often proposed to be a problem with herbicides with water having a high pH (>7).
		Alkaline hydrolysis simply is the degradation of a compound under alkaline (high pH) conditions.
		Thus, it is unlikely that the activity of Assure II would be affected by alkaline hydrolysis unless it was allowed to sit in the spray tank for several days.
	www.weeds.iastate.edu /mgmt/qtr00-1/waterquality.htm (1191 words)

	Dáil Éireann - Volume 567 - 22 May, 2003 - Written Answers. - Disposal of Animal Carcases.
		While the opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee on category 2 and category 3 animal waste is clear, its opinion on the suitability of alkaline hydrolysis for the disposal of BSE-positive material is less certain.
		Indeed it is possible that the EU Commission would require BSE-positive material treated with alkaline hydrolysis to be incinerated or buried, disposal solutions which are already permitted under EU law for rendered BSE-positive material.
		I will continue to follow ongoing debate at EU level on alkaline hydrolysis with interest, and I can assure the Deputy that I will give it or any other practical solution for the disposal of BSE-positive material due consideration as soon as all of the necessary environmental and other approvals are obtained.
	www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie /D/0567/D.0567.200305220092.html (315 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In all cases, the alkaline hydrolysis of the EM proved to generate a product that was easily and safely handled by subsequent treatment alternatives.
		The alkaline hydrolysis was successful in transforming the EM into less hazardous compounds capable of further WAO treatment both safely and efficiently.
		Alkaline hydrolysis was demonstrated to be a safe and effective pretreatment step.
	www.cecer.army.mil /techreports/klo_bod/Klo_bod-10.htm (1672 words)

	The non-enzymatic hydrolysis of oligoribonucleotides VI. The role of biogenic polyamines -- Bibillo et al. 27 (19): ...
		Lane 1, incubated in the presence of T1 nuclease; lane 2, the alkaline hydrolysis; lanes 3–10, incubated in the presence of 0, 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 1, 5 and 10 mM spermidine, respectively.
		Lane 1, incubated in the presence of T1 nuclease; lane 2, alkaline hydrolysis; lanes 3–10, incubated in the presence of 0, 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 1, 5 and 10 mM spermine, respectively.
		Lane 1, incubated in the presence of T1 nuclease; lane 2, the alkaline hydrolysis; lanes 3 and 4, incubated in the presence of 0 and 10 µM spermidine, respectively.
	nar.oupjournals.org /cgi/content/full/27/19/3931 (2389 words)

	Effect of pH
		This reaction is called alkaline hydrolysis and occurs when the pesticide is mixed with alkaline water; water with a pH greater than 7.
		This is what happens to most of the OP and carbamate pesticides in the presence of alkaline water; the rate of breakdown varies according to the alkalinity and the temperature of the water, and the length of time the spray mix sits in the tank.
		If your water supply is alkaline, especially if the pH is 8 or greater, and you are using a pesticide that is sensitive to hydrolysis, you should lower the pH of the water in the spray tank.
	pmep.cce.cornell.edu /facts-slides-self/facts/gen-peapp-ph.html (1303 words)

	Patent 4152153: Sulfonamido dye releasing compounds in photographic elements
		The developing agent present in the film unit develops each of the silver halide emulsion layers in the unexposed areas (since the silver halide emulsions are direct-positive ones), thus causing the developing agent to become oxidized imagewise corresponding to the unexposed areas of the direct-positive silver halide emulsion layers.
		The alkaline processing composition employed in this invention is the conventional aqueous solution of an alkaline material, e.g., sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate or an amine such as diethylamine, preferably processing a pH in excess of 11, and preferably containing a developing agent as described previously.
		The alkaline solution-permeable, substantially opaque, light-reflective layer employed in certain embodiments of photographic film units used in the process of our invention are described more fully in the November, 1976 edition of Research Disclosure, page 82, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4152153.html (7401 words)

	Control of branch-site choice by a group II intron (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		These were subjected to electrophoresis next to alkaline hydrolysis ladders of an oligonucleotide marker corresponding to the 17 nt immediately upstream of the WT branch-point adenosine (lanes 2 and 3).
		Partial alkaline hydrolysis of these fragments is shown next to corresponding T1 (lane 4) and hydroxide (lane 5) ladders on an oligonucleotide marker corresponding to the terminal 13 nt of the intron.
		Partial alkaline hydrolysis of a cryptic branching mutant (RNA 4B, lane 1) is shown next to T1 (lane 3) and hydroxide (lane 2) ladders, and corresponds to branching at position U881 (arrow).
	www.nature.com /emboj/journal/v20/n23/fig_tab/7594175ft.html (918 words)

	Infobytes: Water pH Affects Fungicide and Insecticide Performance
		Alkaline water has a high pH, and such water sometimes causes some fungicides and insecticides to undergo a chemical breakdown (technically referred to as "alkaline hydrolysis").
		The breakdown reaction begins as soon as the insecticide or fungicide is added to alkaline water, and generally means the spray mixture which results isn't going to be very effective in controlling disease or insect problems.
		For example, captan loses 50% of its effectiveness within 30 minutes when alkaline water (in the pH 8.5 to 9.0 range) is used to prepare a spray mixture.
	msucares.com /newsletters/pests/infobytes/19960926.htm (462 words)

	Tank Farm Organic PISA Study Final Report
		The mass transfer data may be used along with the hydrolysis data to calculate butanol generation rates at temperatures and tank conditions under which the process is mass transfer limited (i.e., high temperatures).
		The hydrolysis data indicate that the rate of DBP hydrolysis in alkaline solutions is very slow or non-existent in the time period of the tests.
		This rate of hydrolysis appears virtually independent of salt solution concentration (at least in the range commonly found in the tank farm) and the presence of potentially catalytic materials found in high level waste sludge.
	sti.srs.gov /fulltext/tr9900333r1/tr9900333r1.html (9372 words)

	Analysis of 4-Aminobiphenyl-DNA Adducts in Human Urinary Bladder and Lung by Alkaline Hydrolysis and Negative Ion Gas ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Previous studies have shown that C8-deoxyguanosine adducts of arylamines 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3´,2´-d]imidazole (Glu-P-1) (11) and 2-aminofluorene (12), are susceptible to hydrolysis in sodium hydroxide or hydrazine to release parent arylamines, respectively.
		Alkaline hydrolysis of 4-ABP from the 4-ABP-adducted DNA and subsequent GC-NIC-MS analysis was validated using in vitro [
		The efficiency of the hydrolysis of the adducts and the minimal interference in the samples, as seen in Figure 1, has enabled application of the GC-NICI-MS method to quantitate trace amounts of 4-ABP hydrolyzed by the procedure.
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/1994/Suppl-6/lin-full.html (4151 words)

	Tricresyl phosphate (EHC 110, 1990)
		It is easily hydrolysed in an alkaline medium to produce dicresyl phosphate and cresol, but it is stable in neutral and acidic media at normal temperatures.
		Hydrolysis of TCP is thought to proceed in an anal- ogous manner to triphenyl phosphate.
		The hydrolysis rate constants and half- lives reported are summarized in Table 2.
	www.inchem.org /documents/ehc/ehc/ehc110.htm (12856 words)

	Agri-Clean - Liquidation Methodology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Alkaline hydrolysis is an effective means of disposing of animal carcasses by digestion
		Hydrolysis is the breaking of the bonds between two atoms by inserting a water molecule between them
		Hydrolysis can break down proteins, nucleic acids, polymeric carbohydrates and lipids into smaller building blocks or molecules
	www.eos.uoguelph.ca /BIO-1/hydrolysis.html (222 words)

	SurfWax: News, Reviews and Articles On Hydrolysis
		Using oxidative and reductive techniques (not hydrolysis) for extraction, the largely preserved molecule is made soluble before cross-linking to fabricate various implants and coatings.
		In vitro starch hydrolysis and the microscopic structure of the breads were also determined.
		The Newport Chemical Demilitarization Plant is the first of its kind built for the sole purpose of destroying the nerve agent by a form of hydrolysis, the decomposition of a chemical compound by reaction with water.
	news.surfwax.com /chemistry/files/Hydrolysis.html (919 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-0300 hengge@cc.usu.edu Abstract The alkaline hydrolysis of aryl aryl sulfate diesters was shown to obey first-order kinetics and proceed concertedly through S-O bond fission.
		For the hydrolysis of aryl sulfate monoesters, a concerted mechanism with a loose transition state and little nucleophilic participation is supported by both LFER1,2,,, and KIE’s.
		Hydrolysis of phenyl sulfate under identical conditions showed only trace amounts of phenol, suggesting that the phenol found after the hydrolysis of (2) was not resultant from a second hydrolysis of the resulting phenyl ester, but from primary hydrolysis of the diester.
	www.usu.edu /vpr/funding/urco/joc.doc (2179 words)

	EJPAU 2003. KOWALSKI R., WOLSKI T. EVALUATION OF PHENOLIC ACID CONTENT IN Silphium perfoliatum L. LEAVES, ...
		Phenolic acids released after alkaline hydrolysis were of the highest percentage in studied phenolic acids fraction; those released after acid hydrolysis were characterized with the lowest share.
		Phenolic acids in leaves, inflorescences and rhizomes released after alkaline hydrolysis had the highest share in sum of studied compounds, and those released after acid hydrolysis had the lowest percentage.
		It was found that caffeic acid was dominant component of phenolic acid group isolated from material, particularly after alkaline hydrolysis, which can prove of the fact that it occurs in caffeoylic fraction.
	www.ejpau.media.pl /series/volume6/issue1/horticulture/art-03.html (2231 words)

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