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Topic: Allied invasion of Sicily

	Sicily Campaign
		The two Allied leaders also were anxious to exploit the momentum of their impending victory in North Africa, and the mass of men and materiel that would be available in the Mediterranean at the conclusion of the North African campaign made additional operations in that theater attractive.
		Although overshadowed by the Normandy invasion a year later, Operation HUSKY was actually the largest amphibious operation of World War II in terms of the size of the landing zone and the number of divisions put ashore on the first day of the invasion.
		The failure of Allied air and naval forces to interdict the Strait of Messina was due in large part to the fact that neither Eisenhower nor his principal air, land, and sea commanders had formulated a coordinated plan to prevent the withdrawal of Axis forces from the island.
	www.45thdivision.org /CampaignsBattles/sicily.htm (7544 words)

	OPERATION HUSKY, SICILY 1943
		The invasion of Sicily was conceived at the Casablanca Conference, in January 1943.
		Allied success at Troina, San Fratello, and in the British sector finally broke the Etna Line, but the Germans still were able to manage their withdrawal to Messina, keeping the Allies at bay.
		Sicily was a training ground for many of the officers and enlisted men who eleven months later landed on the beaches of Normandy, 6 June 1944.
	www.olive-drab.com /od_history_ww2_ops_battles_1943sicily.php (1470 words)

	Liberation: The Second World War in Sicily - Best of Sicily - Sicilian Campaign, War in Sicily 1943.
		Fascist Spain, a close ally of Italy, was wise to stay out of the war while Italy, in the spirit of her Pact of Steel with Nazi Germany, couldn't resist the chance to gain additional territory.
		With the Axis defeat in North Africa foreseen, the invasion of Sicily was decided upon by Roosevelt and Churchill at the Casablanca Conference in January 1943.
		Even in Sicily, high-ranking clergy sometimes took questionable positions; before the invasion a Sicilian bishop had actually preached against the Americans, though the opportunistic Archbishop Lavitrano of Palermo (whose closeness to Fascism and the House of Savoy did not go unnoticed) was almost as cordial with Patton as he had been with the Fascists.
	www.bestofsicily.com /ww2.htm (6871 words)

	Pantelleria, 1943
		Allied leaders convened at Casablanca in January 1943 to draw up plans to take the offensive against the Axis powers where they were most vulnerable--in the south of Europe.
		Marshall reasoned that Allied fighter aircraft based at Marghana airfield on Pantelleria would then be in good position to support the invasion of Sicily when it did come.
		By seizing Pantelleria, the Allies could provide air cover and remove a serious Axis threat to the invasion of Sicily, he affirmed, and on May 13, 1943, the CCS approved the Pantelleria operation.
	www.afa.org /magazine/June2002/0602pantel.asp (2926 words)

	Juno Beach Centre - The Invasion of Sicily
		The invasion of Sicily was the logical conclusion of the North African adventure, since capturing the island meant regaining control of most of the Mediterranean.
		The Allies had a second goal: to force Germany to pull land and air forces away from the eastern front in order to defend its southern side, thereby easing the pressure on the USSR.
		Allied strategists agreed that ground forces would be meeting strong resistance: indeed, the island was defended by the Italian Sixth Army, with over 200,000 men, plus two German divisions, the 15th an 90th Panzer Grenadiers.
	www.junobeach.org /e/2/can-eve-rod-sic-e.htm (2209 words)

	Allied invasion of Sicily - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Allied invasion of Sicily began on the night of the July 9-10 July 1943 and ended August 17 in an Allied victory.
		The invasion of Sicily was a major Allied amphibious and airborne operation involving British, Canadian and American forces, tasked with taking the Island from the Axis forces represented by Italian and German soldiers.
		The Allied command was forced to improve inter-service coordination, particularly with regard to their use of airborne forces.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1943_invasion_of_Sicily (1946 words)

	Chronology 1943
		To prepare for the assault against Festunf Europa, both leaders agreed that it was critical for the Allies to seize the Azores, unless the Portuguese government could be persuaded through negotiation to grant the Allies the use of the bases on the islands.
		As a result, the Allies were able to cut off Japanese supply lines to their fortress at Rabaul, isolating the remaining Japanese forces in the Solomon Islands and securing the flanks for an American invasion of the Philippines.
		Allied ship losses fell by 50 percent in the first six months of 1943 in relation to the last six months of 1942 and only 25 percent of losses from January to June 1942.
	www.indiana.edu /~league/1943.htm (3741 words)

	Sicily July 10 - August 17, 1943
		In the drops on Sicily, the Americans were especially scattered, but both the Americans and the British caused great confusion among the Germans and accomplished their mission of covering the landings against counterattack.
		The invasion of Sicily prompted the fall of the Mussolini government.
		Sicily revealed many weaknesses of combined operations, but was a needed victory for the Allies.
	www.worldwar2database.com /html/sicily.htm (575 words)

	Message Drafted by General Eisenhower in Case the D-Day Invasion Failed and Photographs Taken on D-Day
		The stage was set for the expulsion of the Germans from Tunisia in May 1943, the Allied invasion of Sicily and Italy later that summer, and the main assault on France the following year.
		An invasion force of 4,000 ships, 11,000 planes, and nearly three million soldiers, marines, airmen, and sailors was assembled in England for the assault.
		If the Allies did not secure a strong foothold on D-Day, they would be ordered into a full retreat, and he would be forced to make public the message he drafted for such an occasion (Document 1).
	www.archives.gov /education/lessons/d-day-message (674 words)

	The Mafia in Sicilian History, Sicilian Corruption, the European Commission
		Bribes, kickbacks and outright theft by politicians closely allied with (or actually members of) the Mafia is a fact of life in Sicily.
		Garibaldi certainly had the support of Mafia bands during his invasion of Sicily in 1860, though they were not a decisive factor in his victory.
		In the same year, it was suggested to King Francesco II of the Two Sicilies that the Camorra, a Neapolitan organization similar to the Mafia, kill Garibaldi and his officers upon their arrival in Naples.
	www.bestofsicily.com /mafia.htm (3519 words)

	GMT GAMES: Invasion: Sicily
		Bitter Victory: The Battle for Sicily, 1943 by Carlo D'Este
		Choose among five historical invasion Plans, from historical to go-for-broke; invade the Italian mainland at Calabria, or even make several invasions.
		Play begins with the invasion of Sicily, but the Allies have a choice of invasion plans.
	www.gmtgames.com /nnis/invasion_sicily_main.htm (367 words)

	10 July WWII - Military Images Photos Pictures Forums
		Meanwhile, Nazi leader Adolf Hitler knew that an Allied invasion of Nazi-controlled Europe was imminent, but because Germany's vast conquests stretched from Greece to France, Hitler was unable to concentrate his forces in any one place.
		In Rome, the Allied invasion of Sicily, a region of the kingdom of Italy since 1860, led to the collapse of Mussolini's government.
		On September 3, Montgomery's 8th Army began an invasion of the Italian mainland at Calabria, and the Italian government agreed to surrender to the Allies.
	www.militaryimages.net /forums/showthread.php?t=1521 (1035 words)

	1943
		140 Allied fighters and 136 bombers strafe and bomb the airfield at Foggia, as part of the preparations for the invasion of the Italian mainland.
		German reserves are rushed to Italy in the wake of the cease-fire between the Badoglio government and the Allies.
		The allies capture Naples, although the Germans thoroughly demolish its harbour facilities.
	www.wargamer.com /ww2timeline/1943southern.asp (1582 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Subject: Three reviews Invasion Sicily (GMT Games) First in his announced series of games regarding the Italian Campaign in WWII, this Vance Von Borries 1998 design is an interesting operational simulation of the Allied invasion of Sicily during the summer of 1943, with several what-if options that consent invasions also in Calabria.
		The game use a particularly evoluted system (especially for the combat sequence) and it's not totally suited for beginners (in my opinion), as a few of the rules probably need better explanations and clarifications to be totally appreciated (and understood).
		The Allies start then their operation phase, that is made of movement, combat and then motorized movement.
	grognard.com /reviews1/insicily.txt (469 words)

	Sicily (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A decision to invade Sicily was made at an Allied conference at Casablanca which took place from January 14 to 23, 1943.
		Among the American forces was the 82d Airborne Division, which was scheduled to drop behind the invasion beaches to forestall enemy reaction to the landings.
		For weeks before the invasion, Allied planes raided western Sicily in order to deceive the defenders regarding the Allied intention, which was to make landings on the southern and eastern coasts of the island.
	www.worldwar2history.info /Sicily (465 words)

	The Capitulation of Italy
		Following the Allied invasion of Sicily on 10 July, anto-fascist feeling in Italy, which had been rising to a head, burst out into the form of a palace revolution.
		It was subsequently confirmed, at Allied insistance, by an Italian acceptance of unconditional surrender on 28 September.
		A greater military threat to the Germans was presented by the partisan movements which began to organize and act behind their lines.
	expage.com /page/west15 (294 words)

	SparkNotes: World War II (1939–1945): North Africa and the Invasion of Italy
		The Allies did not begin their offensive into Tunisia until November 25, 1942, however, and the delay of several weeks gave Germany and Italy time to airlift more troops and equipment to the region.
		The day after the fall of Sicily, Italy’s Fascist ruler, Benito Mussolini, was overthrown by a peaceful coup, and Italian officials promptly began approaching the Allies about an armistice.
		Although Italy officially surrendered to the Allies on September 8, 1943, the Allied invasion of Italy proceeded as planned, as there were still a large number of German forces stationed in the country.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/ww2/section11.rhtml (1334 words)

	Military History Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Eisenhower had anticipated that the Allies would pursue some further action in the Mediterranean at the end of the Tunisian campaign, so that even before the Casablanca Conference his staff had been tentatively planning an operation against Sardinia and Corsica.
		On May 12, 1943, the same day on which the Allied field commanders approved the final plan of invasion for Sicily, the Combined Chiefs of Staff met at the White House with Roosevelt and Churchill.
		The Allies spent the period between June 22 and July 4, 1943 carrying out rehearsals of the assault landing and in special training of task groups.
	www.militaryhistoryonline.com /wwii/husky/default.aspx (564 words)

	Sicily (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The invasion of the Italian Island of Sicily was seen as a stepping stone onto the continent as a whole.
		Placed into the competent hands of General George S. Patton and then-General Montgomery the invasion of Sicily was originally believed to have been a difficult task due to the two divisions of German troops reinforcing up to 300,000 Italians soldiers.
		Originally the plan for the invasion of Sicily was for the seventh Army under Patton’s command to land on the northwest coast of Sicily near the town of Palmerno.
	home.sandiego.edu /~askora/sicily.html (751 words)

	An Easy Landing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Pyle chronicles the Allied invasion of Sicily, which was a lot easier than the Normandy landing would be a year later.
		SOUTHERN SICILY, July 17, 1943 - At the end of the first day of our invasion of Sicily we Americans looked about us with awe and unbelief and not a little alarm.
		For this invasion I was accredited to the Navy.
	www.journalism.indiana.edu /news/erniepyle/easylanding.html (783 words)

	Italy probes Sicilian deaths during WWII \| www.azstarnet.com ® (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Military magistrates are looking at nine incidents where Italians, some soldiers who had surrendered and some civilians, were said to have died at the hands of U.S. soldiers in the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943, Corriere della Sera said.
		Interpol had received the names of seven U.S. soldiers believed to have been involved in the killings, which magistrates pieced together from the accounts of survivors, it said.
		Allied forces invaded Sicily in July 1943, in the largest amphibious landing of World War II, outnumbering even the D-Day invasion.
	www.azstarnet.com /sn/printDS/46009 (182 words)

	history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		During the invasion of Sicily, the 509th was attached to the 82nd Airborne Division, but was held in division reserve and saw no action in that campaign.
		The invasion of Italy began in September 1943 with the amphibious assault at Salerno.
		The 509th was initially in reserve with the 82nd Airborne Division in Sicily until the beachhead was in danger.
	www.jrtc-polk.army.mil /OPFOR/History.htm (1585 words)

	WWII Campaigns: Sicily
		Allied sea lanes to the eastern Mediterranean, but also give the Allies a base from which to launch further offensives in the region.
		The object which caught his eye was Palermo, Sicily's capital.
		General Alexander gave each of the Allied armies two roads for the advance on Messina.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/Brochures/72-16/72-16.htm (7851 words)

	page_2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Unit veterans from WWII reported they fashioned their own crest from a bit of metal and it contained the image of a narwhal, a sea creature which resembled a dolphin with a horn protruding from it's head.
		Because of the heavy fighting during the first eight hours, the 261st was the only medical unit to reach the shores and provide medical support to the struggling Allied invasion.
		The battalion went on to be part of the Allied Invasion of Europe, coming ashore at Normandy, and was involved in the fighting for Northern France.
	www.bragg.army.mil /261asmb/page_2.htm (400 words)

	American Experience \| Battle of the Bulge \| People & Events
		There, Montgomery was the first Allied general to inflict a decisive defeat upon the Axis forces when he drove them from their positions at El Alamein in northern Egypt.
		On the heels of his North Africa success, Montgomery took part in the Allied invasion of Sicily, and worked closely with U.S. General Dwight Eisenhower planning and implementing the D-Day invasion of France.
		Montgomery survived this setback, and in 1944, at the Battle of the Bulge, was given temporary command of all British and American forces on the north side of the bulging line.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/bulge/peopleevents/p_montgomery.html (203 words)

	UWAA Alumni Tours: 2004 Travel - Italian Riviera - Alumni Campus Abroad
		Learn Sicily's time-honored craft of Ceramic Creation; indulge in a Traditional Sicilian Cooking Lesson; or discover the Art of Antique Restoration using old-world methods.
		Participate in an open panel discussion on life in Sicily with local Palermo residents from all walks of life.
		Erice, overlooking the northern coast of western Sicily, is ensconced in the medieval ambience of Phoenician walls and two castles.
	www.washington.edu /alumni/tours/2005/sicily/itinerary.html (726 words)

	North Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The role of Italian propaganda in promoting Benito Mussolini and his alliance with Adolf Hitler is prominent in the various artifacts, including a tapestry commemorating Hitler's visit to Rome.
		Letters of Eisenhower and Rommel concern the Allied invasion of Sicily and are exhibited with the original invasion plans.
		General George S. Patton's operational map for the invasion of Sicily.
	www.museumofworldwarii.com /TourText/Area13bItaly.htm (306 words)

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