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Topic: Allotropes of carbon

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Amorphous carbon

Carbon nanofoam

Allotropy

Carbon

Graphene

Graphite

Carbon fiber

Lonsdaleite

Diamond

Fullerene

Artificial diamond

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Blood diamond

Aliphatic

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	The Mysterious Allotropes of Carbon
		Until recently, the element carbon was believed to exhibit only two main allotropic forms, diamond and graphite.
		Fullerenes are the third stable allotrope of carbon (besides graphite and diamond) and were first discovered in molecular beam experiments in 1985.
		Finally somewhere in between glassy carbon and fullerines is the remainder of the class of structures based on soot and carbon fls.
	www.dendritics.com /scales/c-allotropes.asp (1758 words)

	Carbon - MSN Encarta
		Allotropes are different physical forms of the same element, such as a hard, highly structured crystal and a soft, less-structured substance.
		The three common allotropes of carbon are diamond, graphite, and amorphous carbon (examples of amorphous carbon include charcoal, soot, and the coal-derived fuel called coke).
		Carbon is also found in inorganic compounds bound up in rocks and, most importantly to living organisms, as carbon dioxide in the air and water.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761577017_2/Carbon.html (2380 words)

	Carbon - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Carbon is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol C and atomic number 6.
		Carbon occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry.
		The most prominent oxide of carbon is carbon dioxide, CO This is a minor component of the Earth's atmosphere, produced and used by living things, and a common volatile elsewhere.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/c/a/r/Carbon.html (2155 words)

	Carbon - Encyclopedia of Earth
		Carbon is the sixth most abundant element in the universe and is unique due to its dominant role in the chemistry of life and in the human economy.
		Carbon is present as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and dissolved in all natural waters.
		Because carbon dioxide is a principal greenhouse gas, the global carbon cycle has become a focus of scientific inquiry in relation to global warming, and the management of carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels is a central technological, economic, and political concern.
	www.eoearth.org /article/Carbon (1278 words)

	Allotropy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For example, the element carbon has two common allotropes: diamond, where the carbon atoms are bonded together in a tetrahedral lattice arrangement, and graphite, where the carbon atoms are bonded together in sheets of a hexagonal lattice.
		The term "allotrope" was coined by the famous chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius.
		The change between different allotropic forms of an element is often triggered by pressure and temperature, and many allotropes are only stable in the correct conditions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Allotropy (426 words)

	Carbon - Uncyclopedia
		Carbon is the scientifically proven cause of all the world's problems, and has many allotropes such as chocolate and Frisbees.
		The allotrope Frisbee consists of singular molecules of carbon, each molecule is in the shape of a circular dish is about 15-25cm in diameter, and consists of 300 billion carbon atoms.
		Carbon forms tens of billions of trillions of compounds, however they all share similar properties, such as the ability to cause severe problems to the natural environment, the ability to have needlessly complicated names and the ability to cause Environmentalists to protest in their masses.
	uncyclopedia.org /wiki/Carbon (508 words)

	How it Works : Carbon (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Carbon, chemical symbol C, is classified as part of group 4b of the PERIODIC TABLE of elements.
		Carbon does not have a well defined melting point as it tends to sublime, that is to go straight from a solid form to a gas form without passing through a liquid form.
		Carbon combines with sulphur to form carbon disulphide, an extensively used solvent; with nitrogen to form cyanides; and with chlorine to form a very stable tetrachloride,which is used as a solvent and cleaning fluid.
	www.triquartz.co.uk /carbon.html (1560 words)

	Carbon, its Oxides and Carbonates
		Carbon dioxide is a colourless gas with a faint pungent smell.
		Carbon monoxide is an odourless, tasteless and colourless gas, which is insoluble in water.
		Carbonic acid is a weak diprotic acid which gives rise to salts known as carbonates, which contain the carbonate anion CO Carbonates are easity prepared from soluble metal hydroxides and carbon dioxide gas.
	www.physchem.co.za /Inorganic/Carbon.htm (1049 words)

	Education Module: Allotropes of Carbon
		Unlike the allotropic forms of most other elements, the transition from one form of carbon to another is not a simple matter of changing its temperature.
		The allotropes of carbon are originally formed under certain conditions of raw materials, pressure, temperature, and time.
		A phase diagram of carbon illustrates the conditions that are required to perform the transformation between the various allotropes.
	invsee.asu.edu /Modules/carbon/Introbak.htm (378 words)

	INTRODUCTION TO CARBON
		Carbon is without doubt one of the most versatile elements known to man, as can be seen by the fact that it is the basis of life on this planet.
		Carbon forms the basic building block of virtually all organic chemistry and of the 20 million known molecules, about 79% are classifies as organic.
		As a result of this, it is possible to form carbon chains of phenomenal lengths, which is a property that allows materials such as carbon fibres to be produced.
	www.chm.bris.ac.uk /webprojects2002/mjames/carbon.html (748 words)

	UW-Madison MRSEC
		Carbon is found naturally as graphite, diamond, buckyballs, and nanotubes.
		Its structure is comprised of hexagonal layers of carbon atoms.
		Buckyball is another allotrope of carbon, comprised of five and six membered rings.
	mrsec.wisc.edu /Edetc/cineplex/nanotube/text.html (362 words)

	What is an Allotrope?
		For example, one allotrope of carbon, fullerene, is many times stronger and lighter than steel.
		These allotropes include the amorphous carbon allotrope, carbon nanofoam, carbon nanotube, the diamond allotrope, fullerene allotrope, graphite, lonsdaleite, and ceraphite allotrope.
		Carbon fullerenes are among the strongest and lightest materials known.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-an-allotrope.htm (397 words)

	It's Elemental - The Element Carbon
		Amorphous carbon is formed when a material containing carbon is burned without enough oxygen for it to burn completely.
		A fourth allotrope of carbon, known as white carbon, was produced in 1969.
		Carbon-14, a radioactive isotope of carbon with a half-life of 5,730 years, is used to find the age of formerly living things through a process known as radiocarbon dating.
	education.jlab.org /itselemental/ele006.html (706 words)

	What is Carbon Nanofoam?
		Carbon nanofoam, the 5th allotrope of carbon, was discovered in 1997 by Andrei V. Rode and his team at the Australian National University in Canberra, in collaboration with Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute in St Petersburg.
		Other allotropes of carbon, such as fullerenes at high pressure, display some properties of magnetism, but not at the level carbon nanofoam does.
		The magnetic properties of carbon nanofoam remind scientists that the magnetism of a substance cannot be determined simply by the type of substance, but by its allotrope and temperature as well.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-carbon-nanofoam.htm (336 words)

	Allotropes of carbon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is because the reactants are able to penetrate between the hexagonal layers of carbon atoms in graphite.
		Carbon nanofoam is the fifth known allotrope of carbon discovered in 1997 by Andrei V. Rode and co-workers at the Australian National University in Canberra.
		Lonsdaleite is a hexagonal allotrope of the carbon allotrope diamond, believed to form when meteoric graphite falls to Earth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon (2096 words)

	#1 Site For Learning Chemistry
		Inorganic carbon chemistry is the study of oxides, nitrides and allotropes of carbon.
		We might expect that a carbon atom to form three bonds of one kind using the p orbital electrons and one bond of another kind using the s orbital electron.
		The C atom is at the center of the tetragon (three dimensional equilateral triangle) and the four H in the four corners of the tetragon.
	home.att.net /~cat6a/carb_bonds-I.htm (878 words)

	Carbon Black for Pressure Pipes, Electrostatic Discharge and Polyolefin Film
		Carbon fl may be a fairly basic product in terms of its chemical structure, consisting of just carbon, but by clever processing, this important plastics additive can be manipulated to impart a variety of important properties in a range of different applications.
		The structure of carbon fl is intermediate between these two forms and is termed ‘quasi-graphitic’, as a series of layers are formed during the nucleation process.
		C + CH In almost all instances, carbon fl is prepared by the ‘oil furnace’ process, in which an aromatic feedstock is atomised and fed into a hot flame (> 1500°C) to produce powder ‘fluffy’ carbon fl.
	www.azom.com /details.asp?ArticleID=2084 (1191 words)

	Allotropes - Group 13, Group 14, Group 15, Group 16
		Allotropes are different forms of the same element.
		The sixty carbon atoms approximate a sphere of condensed five- and six-membered rings.
		The second allotrope of sulfur to be discovered was cyclohexasulfur (sometimes called rhombohedral sulfur), first reported in 1891.
	www.chemistryexplained.com /A-Ar/Allotropes.html (1489 words)

	Carbon
		Carbon dioxide is formed in huge quantities by the combustion of fossil fuels.
		Carbon monoxide is formed by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels.
		In the carbon monoxide molecule the atoms are joined by a triple bond and both atoms are sp hybridized.
	www.uncp.edu /home/mcclurem/ptable/carbon.htm (718 words)

	A webpage for all about nanopharmaceuticals: nanomedicine: nanotechnology: Drug Delivery:Carbon Sixty:c-60:carbon ...
		carbon, in which the atoms are arranged in closed shells.
		A carbon nanotube is a large molecule made of carbon atoms.
		Carbon nanotubes are adept at entering the nuclei of cells and may one day be
	www.nanopharmaceuticals.org /Bucky_Ball.html (562 words)

	Untitled
		Allotropy, that is, the property of existing as allotropes, does not apply merely to the substance existing in different physical states as, for example, when lead melts and changes from solid lead to liquid lead.
		In graphite, the carbon atoms are arranged in sheets.
		Diamond was first shown to be composed only of carbon in the late eighteenth century when it was shown that it burned to carbon dioxide.
	www.physics.uoguelph.ca /summer/scor/articles/scor40.htm (916 words)

	Matthew Green (Site not responding. Last check: )
		There are many different fullerenes, but C60 is commonly discussed because it is a perfect geodesic structure and is referred to as a ‘Buckyball.’ These new carbon structures began to be a popular area of study in the late 1980’s, and then in 1991 a fourth allotrope of carbon was discovered.
		The Carbon Nanotube was discovered by Sumio Iijima while he was studying the material that was deposited on the cathode during the arc-evaporation synthesis of fullerenes.
		This is attributed to the greater conductivity of carbon nanotubes, and the fact that the surface of the carbon nanotubes more closely resembles body tissue than the silicon.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /~mpgreen/CarbonNanotube.htm (1183 words)

	The phase diagram of carbon
		The stable bonding configuration of carbon at NTP is graphite, as shown in Figure [2.3], with an energy difference between the graphite and the diamond of
		Due to the high energetic barrier between the two phases of carbon, the transition from diamond to the most stable phase of graphite at normal conditions is extremely slow.
		Each molecule is composed of groups of carbon atoms that are bonded to one another form both hexagons and pentagons geometrical configuration.
	phycomp.technion.ac.il /~anastasy/teza/teza/node5.html (373 words)

	CarbonAllotropes.com
		Thus a large part of chemistry is concerned by interactions of carbon and therefore of organic molecules.
		Carbon is a central part of life and without carbon we could not exist.
		Furthermore, a large part of the diagram of phases of carbon is still unexplored so the chemical world awaits the discovery of more novel forms of carbon.
	www.chm.bris.ac.uk /webprojects2003/shanley/carbonallotropes (248 words)

	Allotropes & Polymorphs
		Allotropes exist when there is more than one way for the atoms of a particular element to combine with each other to form molecules or a crystalline array.
		Allotropes of an element and polymorphs of a substance differ in their chemical and physical properties.
		Austenite is a solid solution of iron and carbon that can only exist at temperatures greater than 723 °C. The addition of chromium, nickel, and other metals (typically manganese) allow the austenitic crystal structure to survive at lower temperatures.
	hypertextbook.com /physics/matter/polymorphs (2501 words)

	Chemistry : Periodic Table : carbon : allotropes information
		Recently, another allotrope of carbon was characterized: the fullerenes.
		Most graphite is α-graphite and it possesses a layer structure in which each carbon is directly bound to three other carbon atoms at a distance of 141.5 pm.
		The distance between the layers of carbon atoms is 335.4 pm.
	www.webelements.com /webelements/elements/text/C/allotropes.html (590 words)

	Graphite, an allotrope of pure carbon (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Other allotropes of pure carbon exist such as amorphous carbon, carbon nanofoam, diamond, fullerene (which includes buckyballs and carbon nanotubes), lonsdaleite, ceraphite, and aggregated diamond nanorods.
		These sheets of carbon are bonded into hexagonal structures which are not covalently connected to the other parallel sheets of carbon.
		In it's isotropic synthetic form of carbon fiber graphite form it is high strenght and able to withstand extremely high temperatures (up to 3000 degrees Celcius).
	www.cas.astate.edu /draganjac/harp.html (250 words)

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