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Topic: Alloy language

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	Alloy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		An alloy is a combination, either in solution or compound, of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal.
		An alloy with two components is called a binary alloy; one with three is a ternary alloy; one with four is a quaternary alloy.
		Sometimes an alloy is just named for the base metal, as 14 karat gold is an alloy of gold with other elements.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Alloy.html (508 words)

	Specification language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A specification language is a formal language used in computer science.
		Unlike most programming languages, which are directly executable formal languages used to implement a system, specification languages are used during system analysis, requirements analysis and design.
		An important use of specification languages is enabling the creation of proofs of program correctness (see theorem prover).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Specification_language (219 words)

	alloy - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about alloy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Among the oldest alloys is bronze (mainly an alloy of copper and tin), the widespread use of which ushered in the Bronze Age.
		Among the most recent alloys are superplastics: alloys that can stretch to double their length at specific temperatures, permitting, for example, their injection into moulds as easily as plastic.
		Alloys are mixtures, usually made by melting the metals together.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /alloy (377 words)

	alloy - definition by dict.die.net
		To reduce the purity of by mixing with a less valuable substance; as, to alloy gold with silver or copper, or silver with copper.
		ALLOY A language by Thanasis Mitsolides which combines functional programming, object-oriented programming and logic programming ideas, and is suitable for massively parallel systems.
		Evaluating modes support serial or parallel execution, eager evaluation or lazy evaluation, nondeterminism or multiple solutions etc. ALLOY is simple as it only requires 29 primitives in all (half of which are for object oriented programming support).
	dict.die.net /alloy (220 words)

	Language list (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		C is often described, with a mixture of fondness and disdain varying according to the speaker, as "a language that combines all the elegance and power of assembly language with all the readability and maintainability of assembly language".
		ICI is a programming language with a dynamic, object based data model with the flow control constructs and operators of C. It is designed for use in many environments, including embedded systems, as an adjunct to other programs and as a text based interface to compiled libraries.
		One way of placing it in the "space of languages" is to say that it aims to be as efficient as C, C++, or Fortran, as elegant as and safer than Eiffel, and support higher-order functions and iteration abstraction as well as Common Lisp, CLU or Scheme.
	home.nvg.org /~sk/lang/lang.html (5710 words)

	Alloy: A Simple Structural Modeling Language Based on First-Order Logic \| Lambda the Ultimate
		The Alloy Analyzer is a tool developed by the Software Design Group for analyzing models written in Alloy, a simple structural modeling language based on first-order logic.
		Alloy has been mentioned before, but with the recent discussions revolving around IDEs and questions about whether some kinds of checking belong in the language or in the tools surrounding the language, I thought it might be worth revisiting.
		Alloy falls in the "outside the language proper, but still incremental" category, and somewhere else on the spectrum you have full-blown theorem provers like Twelf, Coq, MetaPRL, et al.
	lambda-the-ultimate.org /node/view/1086 (704 words)

	Alloy Homepage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Alloy and its analyzer have been used primarily to explore abstract software designs.
		Its use in analyzing code for conformance to a specification and as an automatic test case generator are being investigated in ongoing research projects.
		To receive emails about Alloy updates and releases, add yourself to the alloy announce email list.
	alloy.mit.edu (165 words)

	NJPLS at IBM T.J. Watson 7 May 2002 -- Schedule
		Where dynamic checks are required, these are represented at the source language level as dynamic checking, and are translated by the compiler to lower level cryptographic operations for encryption/decryption and signing/authentication.
		By doing so, it makes Alloy's automatic analysis, which is based on state-of-the-art SAT solvers, applicable to the analysis of object-oriented programs, and demonstrates the power of a simple logic as the basis for an annotation language.
		Hancock is a C-based domain specific programming language designed to facilitate writing highly efficient but easily maintainable programs for analyzing high-volume streams of transaction records, especially those that produce and consume large amounts of interrelated persistent data.
	www.cis.upenn.edu /~stevez/njpls/may02.html (2207 words)

	Materials Algorithms Project
		Calculates the Ae temperature of low alloy steels containing Mn, Si, Ni, Cr, Mo, Cu, V, Nb, W, Co and C as a function of the carbon concentration between 0 and 0.5wt%.
		Describes the evolution of the thickness of a grain boundary precipitate, assumed to have an infinite radius of curvature, as a function of the time, in the presence of a distribution of spherical particles present in the center of the grain.
		Calculates the components of the yield strength of the recrystallized and unrecrystallized mechanically alloyed ODS ferritic steel, MA956.
	www.msm.cam.ac.uk /map/steel/steelprog.html (1647 words)

	6.898 Lecture 1
		We'll discuss the Alloy language at the beginning of this class, both as a foundation for discussing design concepts later, and as a means for understanding a modeling language.
		Alloy has some operators that are generalized versions of normal operators, which makes it very succinct and expressive.
		In Alloy (unlike in some set theories), there is no distinction between a variable a, a 1-tuple of a, a singleton set a, and a singleton set of the 1-tuple of a.
	people.csail.mit.edu /dnj/teaching/6898/lecture-notes/lecture1/lecture1.html (2049 words)

	Catalog of compilers, interpreters, and other language tools [p4of5] - faqs.org.ru
		It provides a simple language for specifying concurrent algorithms, interfaces to Fortran and C, a portable toolkit that allows applications to be developed on a workstation or small parallel computer and run unchanged on supercomputers, and integrated debugging and performance analysis tools.
		Forth family languages ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- category: Forth family languages description: These are the stack-based postfix languages, usually interpreted, descended from the FORTH language originally developed for telescope control.
		Languages described in PCCTS are recognized via predicated-LL(k) parsers constructed in pure, human-readable, C/C++ code; the C++ programming interface is very good.
	faqs.org.ru /en/programming/compilers/free/part4.htm (3271 words)

	[No title]
		Either we are talking about a transliteration of a non-Roman language, or a really obscure dialect, or someone's just trying not to make sense on purpose.
		So, I'm calling out the the Alloy beer drinkers to let me know what their favorite local brew is so I can take the U.S. Alloy beer tour.
		To: Sent: Thursday, October 03, 2002 6:08 PM Subject: Alloy: OT: Calling all U.S. Beer Drinkers.
	www.smoe.org /lists/alloy/v07.n204 (1098 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Specification language
		Unlike most programming languages, which are directly executable formal languages used to implement a system, specification languages are used during system analysis and design.
		Specification languages are generally not directly executed, although research has been done in this area.
		They describe the system at a much higher level than a programming language, and thus must be subject to a process of refinement (the filling-in of implementation detail) before they can actually be implemented.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Specification_language (150 words)

	SIGSOFT 2002/FSE-10 Tutorial on Micromodels of Software: Modelling and Analysis with Alloy
		Alloy is a new modelling language designed to support lightweight, precise modelling of software systems.
		It combines the precision and unambiguity of formal specification languages with the flexibility and ease of use of rapid prototyping.
		The language itself is very small, but can succinctly express complex properties of software, particularly those involving structure and its evolution.
	www.cs.pitt.edu /FSE-10/tutorial-MMS.html (494 words)

	[No title]
		The input to this translator is a preprocessed Alloy file, which conforms to the kernel Alloy grammar as defined in the file “AGkernel”.
		The input in Alloy might have multiple sets and relations, which may result in one set name is called several times in an inconsecutive manner.
		All the Alloy specs are translated into Prolog with the syntax agreed to the Attribute Grammar.
	www.nd.edu /~yzheng1/7MSE/final.doc (3534 words)

	Catalog of compilers, interpreters, and other language tools [p4of5]
		Modula-2 version is free to academic sites; commercial use requires a license updated: 1995/11/01 language: COCOL (EBNF variant) package: Coco/R for C version: 1.05 author: Francisco Arzu location: ftp://cs.ru.ac.za:/pub/coco/ description: This is a C version of Professor Moessenboeck's Coco/R. Coco/R generates recursive descent parsers and their associated scanners from attributed grammars.
		A small language that defines input/output/error token names (and values), semantic operations (which are really escapes to a programming language but allow good abstration in the pseudo-code), and a pseudo-code program that defines a grammar by the token stream the program accepts.
		updated: 1989/09/25 language: TXL package: TXL: Tree Transformation Language version: 7.4 parts: translator, documentation, tutorial, examples author: Jim Cordy location: ftp://ftp.qucis.queensu.ca/pub/txl/* description: TXL is a language for performing source to source transformations and is well suited for rapidly prototyping new languages and language processors.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/compilers/free/part4 (8311 words)

	Talks
		In that example, the modelling of a procss in the critical section as holding no ticket is bogus and has to be fixed (but the general structure of the model, and the trace-based analysis still holds).
		Part A gives an outline of the Alloy modelling language and shows how it was used in an analysis of Microsoft COM (joint work with Kevin Sullivan).
		I showed how to use Alloy and its automatic analyzer Alcoa to investigate the placement of gates in the BART system, and to check that a gate policy has the intended safety consequences.
	alloy.mit.edu /talks.php (682 words)

	Alloy language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Alloy specification language is a simple structural modelling tool based on first-order logic.
		Alloy is targeted at the creation of micro-models of software systems that can then be automatically checked for correctness.
		This page was last modified 23:58, 1 March 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alloy_language (69 words)

	Software Design Group: Projects
		The Alloy Analyzer is a tool for analyzing models written in Alloy, a simple structural modelling language based on first-order logic.
		Jalloy is a tool that extracts Alloy models from Java code, allowing the user to check specifications without writing any annotations other than the desired property.
		On such tool is Aaree, which presents a veneer onto the first-order relational language Alloy.
	sdg.csail.mit.edu /projects.html (421 words)

	alloy. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.
		The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition.
		A homogeneous mixture or solid solution of two or more metals, the atoms of one replacing or occupying interstitial positions between the atoms of the other: Brass is an alloy of zinc and copper.
		To combine; mix: idealism that was alloyed with political skill.
	www.bartleby.com /61/75/A0217500.html (181 words)

	gmane.comp.lang.alloy.general (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Our current plan is a one-day workshop focused on the use of Alloy in research and education, and on Alloy-related research projects.
		There is also an Alloy tutorial online: http://alloy.mit.edu/tutorial3/alloy-tutorial.html On Wed, 25 Jan 2006, amber bahl wrote: > Hi Guys, > I am very new to alloy and trying to get used to it.
		The basic idea is to take as input a matrix describing elements and their properties, then find concepts, which are maximal subsets of elements and properties such that all the elements in the concept share the subset of properties.
	blog.gmane.org /gmane.comp.lang.alloy.general (1170 words)

	CSAIL Research Abstract
		The Alloy modeling language [5] is used to record the details of the protocol and its security goals, and the Alloy Analyzer [4] is used to find flaws.
		We have implemented a generic Alloy framework with a library of primitives that can be easily instantiated for a variety of protocols.
		It is the final result of a series of incremental attempts at formalizing and checking the protocols using the Alloy language and tool.
	publications.csail.mit.edu /abstracts/abstracts05/emina/emina.html (667 words)

	Catalog of compilers: concurrent, parellel, and simulation languages expanded
		Hermes is a very-high-level integrated language and system for implementation of large systems and distributed applications, as well as for general-purpose programming.
		The language is C with enhancements to allow processes to be defined, created, and destroyed, to send and receive messages, and manipulate the system clock.
		The core of the architecture is a micro-kernel (the MELDC kernel), which encapsulates a minimum set of entities that cannot be modeled as objects.
	www.idiom.com /free-compilers/ECATEGORY/concurre-1.html (1849 words)

	MulSaw Project: Suggested Extensions_
		The Java Modeling Language (JML) is a behavioral interface specification language that can be used to specify the behavior of Java modules.
		We are exploring the use of theorem provers, in particular the Athena Denotational Proof Language, for automated generation of machine-verifiable proofs of Alloy specifications.
		The analysis of the Alloy Analyzer is valid only for instances within the given bounds.
	mulsaw.lcs.mit.edu /projects.html (578 words)

	[No title]
		Languages described in PCCTS are recognized via LL(k) parsers constructed in pure, human-readable, C code.
		A small language that defines input/output/error token names (& values), semantic operations (which are really escapes to a programming language but allow good abstration in the pseudo-code), and a pseudo-code program that defines a grammar by the token stream the program accepts.
		It is derived from Eiffel and attempts to retain much of that language's theoretical cleanliness and simplicity while achieving the efficiency of C++.
	koala.ilog.fr /ftp/pub/FreeCompilersList.txt (12871 words)

	MulSaw Project Web Page
		The goal of our project is to design and implement a specification language for object-oriented programs and tools for checking code conformance, i.e., tools for checking that programs correctly implement their specifications.
		Prioni uses the Alloy Analyzer to check the validity of Alloy formulas for a given scope that bounds the universe of discourse.
		The Alloy Analyzer can refute a formula if a counterexample exists within the given scope, but cannot prove that the formula holds for all scopes.
	mulsaw.lcs.mit.edu (867 words)

	Gmane -- Mail To News And Back Again
		Batch World is an interactive mailing list whose members exchange ideas and offer help on batch file issues of all kinds.
		Confluence is a language for reactive system design, e.g., digital logic and hard-real-time software.
		For general programming discussion and the development of a new programming language largely based on Forth (and a bit of Ruby).
	blog.gmane.org /index.php?prefix=gmane.comp.lang (166 words)

	[No title]
		Environment The user is able to create facts and queries to reach conclusions about the Prolog program, and hence to make a judgment of the Alloy specification.¡`Z —Z —ó¨Overview - Risks¨Some syntax in Alloy language may not have proper corresponding expression in Prolog, thus not the complete set of Alloy language is translated into Prolog.
		Some functions of Alloy Constraint Analyzer may be not possible to implement.
		A subset of the Alloy Constraint Analyzer can be implemented by the user manually.
	www.nd.edu /~yzheng1/7MSE/pres1.ppt (1657 words)

	Catalog of compilers, interpreters, and other language tools [p4of5]
		For matters concerning the archive as a whole, please refer to the archive description or contact the archiver.
		updated: 1993/04/03 language: Hermes package: IBM Watson prototype Hermes system version: 0.8alpha patchlevel 01 parts: bytecode compiler, compiler(bytecode->C), runtime author: Andy Lowry location: ftp://software.watson.ibm.com/pub/hermes/README description: Hermes is a very-high-level integrated language and system for implementation of large systems and distributed applications, as well as for general-purpose programming.
		Modula-2 version is free to academic sites; commercial use requires a license updated: 1995/11/01 language: COCOL (EBNF variant) package: Coco/R for C version: 1.05 author: Francisco Arzu location: ftp://cs.ru.ac.za:/pub/coco/cocorc05.zip description: This is a C version of Professor Moessenboeck's Coco/R. Coco/R generates recursive descent parsers and their associated scanners from attributed grammars.
	www.cs.uu.nl /wais/html/na-dir/compilers/free/part4.html (8429 words)

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