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Topic: Almohad

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	Almohads
		The central core of the Almohad movement – it could be called a rebellion against the Almoravids, actually – was the opposition to the position of the leaders of Almoravids as jurists.
		All through their 122 years of forming an empire, the Almohads were based upon a ruling elite, coming from the Masmuda tribe.
		Now, the Almohads suddenly find themselves in control of northwestern Maghreb, but Spain is still outside their control.
	i-cias.com /e.o/almohads.htm (432 words)

	Knowledge Base: A History of Russia (Chapters 10-11)
		The Almohads came on the field with 1 ballista, 1 catapult, 2 arbalesters, 4 murabitin infantry, 4 Almohad urban militia, 3 Ghulam cavalry, and 1 Saharan cavalry.
		Similarly, the invasion of Saxony was a debacle for the Almohads.
		The Almohads brought another 300 assorted foot troops and tried again, but they were repulsed once more by the Russian advance of the lazy J, coupled with a collapse of the foot of the J around the Almohad right flank.
	www.twcenter.net /articles/link.php?id=45 (8047 words)

	1087. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The dynasty was founded by the Almohad governors of Tunis, who broke away when the caliph Abd al-Ma'mun renounced (1228) the religious doctrines of Ibn Tumart, the original leader of the Almohad movement.
		Overthrow of the Almohad dynasty by the MARINIDS, a coalition of Berber tribes.
		Fez was captured in 1248 and became the Marinid capital; expanded and partly rebuilt, it thrived as a center of religion and commerce.
	www.bartleby.com /67/322.html (782 words)

	Averroes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In modern Tamazight (the language of the Almohad kings) it would be Muḥemmed mmis n Ḥmed mmis n Muḥemmed mmis n Ḥmed mmis n Rucd.
		His father, Abu Al-Qasim Ahmad, held the same position until the coming of the Almohad dynasty in 1146.
		It was Ibn Tufail ("" to the West), the philosophic vizier of Yusef al-Mansur, who introduced Averroes to the court and to Avenzoar (Ibn Zuhr), the great Muslim physician; both men became friends.
	www.hackettstown.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Averroes (717 words)

	THE ALMOHAD INVASION
		For the Almohads it was a major loss, and possession of the town substantially enhanced Castile's grip on La Mancha.
		Almohad diplomacy had also succeeded in fanning Navarrese border disputes with Castile into flame: Sancho VII of Navarre (brother-in-law of the crusader Richard I) invaded Castile from the North.
		The Almohads responded by assaulting the castle of Salvatierra, the last Calatravan fortress deep in the south of La Mancha.
	es.geocities.com /endovelico2001/med/almohad.html (3163 words)

	Almohad
		The Almohads get little love from the Christians and Jews that they rule, as earlier liberal attitudes towards both groups have been abandoned, but this lack of loyalty has had little impact.
		The Almohads have some remarkable strength as rulers: their military prowess is superb, their religiously inspired troops have few equals, and they feel little fear of the resurgent Christian Spanish in Castile.
		The Almohads still have considerable strength: their government is efficient; their military skills are formidable; and their troops have few equals in open battle when handled well, being as fanatical and brave as any Christian "crusader".
	www.freewebs.com /totalwar85/Faction/Almohad.htm (663 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : The Giralda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The author, Ibn Sahib al-Sala, was in the service of Almohad caliph Abu Ya'qub Yusuf and witnessed many of the events he describes.
		Another famous Almohad minaret is the Tour Hassan in Rabat, 50 meters (164 feet) high and 16 meters (52 feet) wide - an unfinished project begun in 1195 and originally intended to be the biggest in the world.
		A section of the wall, the beautiful Patio of the Orange Trees, the Gate of Pardon, with its magnificent bronze-plated door, and the minaret were spared.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/199401/the.giralda.htm (1805 words)

	Algeria - Almohads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Almohads took control of Morocco in 1146, captured Algiers around 1151, and by 1160 had completed the conquest of the central Maghrib and advanced to Tripolitania.
		In 1229 the Almohad court renounced the teachings of Muhammad ibn Tumart, opting instead for greater tolerance and a return to the Maliki school of law.
		In the Maghrib, the Almohad position was compromised by factional strife and was challenged by a renewal of tribal warfare.
	countrystudies.us /algeria/11.htm (459 words)

	Libya Hafsids - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, ...
		The Almohads had succeeded in unifying the Maghrib but, as its empire grew and the Almohad power base shifted to Spain, the dynasty became more remote from the Berber tribes that had launched it.
		At the eastern end of the Almohad empire, the sultan left an autonomous viceroy whose office became hereditary in the line of Muhammad bin Abu Hafs (reigned 1207-21), a descendant of one of Ibn Tumart's companions.
		With the demise of the Almohad dynasty in Morocco, the Hafsids adopted the titles of caliph and sultan and considered themselves the Almohads' legitimate successors, keeping alive the memory of Ibn Tumart and the ideal of Maghribi unity from their capital in Tunis.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/libya/libya_history_hafsids.html (536 words)

	Almohads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In portions of Algeria, the earliest known inhabitants were cattle herders and hunters from 8,000 and 2,000 B.C. During the Punic Wars, the Berber Chieftain, Massinissa, established the first Algerian kingdom.
		The Almohad Dynasty was established in North Africa and Spain during the 12th and 13th centuries.
		The Almohad culture flourished; crafts and agriculture were the center of life and in 1229 they returned to a system of law that had a greater tolerance for certain acts.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/oldworld/europe/almohads.html (228 words)

	Glossary of Terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Under his successor, 'Abd al-Mu'min, the Almohads brought down the Almoravid state in 1147, subjugating the Maghrib, and captured Marrakech, which became the Almohad capital.
		Then, at the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212), the Almohads were dealt a shattering defeat by a Christian coalition from Leon, Castile, Navarre, and Aragon.
		The empire of the Almohads had kept its original tribal hierarchy as a political and social framework, with the founders and their descendants forming a ruling aristocracy; however, a Spanish form of central government was superimposed on this Berber organization.
	www.geocities.com /~spiritsbreath/iberia/glossary.html (493 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - - ARCHIVE - Sultanate Court of the Zayyanid Caliphate [Algeria] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Almohad Fez and Algeria pulled together, and Fez came into vassalship of the Holy Almohad Emperor, Akbe Mohammed, who rallied forth to the field of battle.
		However, the local guild houses of the Union shall pay a preset yearly tax to the Almohad Throne, the sum of which shall be determined by the local representative of the Sultan and the master of the local guild.
		At a later date, tnder guidance of the Almohad Throne and the heads of the Almohad Provences, this treaty shall be bound with the Almohad Treaty between Morrocco and Algeria, to unite all parties in a trade and defensive agreement, and to establish joint policy towards liberating Al-Andalus and other issues.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?s=17a5c02084eafe3340f4c71703da3f48&t=123246 (9118 words)

	Itinerario III. Rabat, Casablanca y alrededores. El Legado Andalusí (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Heading north-eastwards from Marrakech, the traveller must first cross the 27-arched bridge which, although originally of Almoravid construction, was rebuilt by the Almohads in the twelfth century.
		The route of the Almohads uniting Marrakech would once have headed towards two ports, Tit (present-day Mulay Abdallah south of El Jadida) and Azemmour, both of which became religious pilgrimage sites from the twelfth century.
		Salé was seized by the Almohads in 1145-46.
	www.legadoandalusi.es /itinerarios/it3/eng/circuitos3.htm (1263 words)

	Marrakesh Morocco Travel guide and Directory tourism in Morocco (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Their teachings were based upon Ibn Tumart's interpretation of Islam, and their success was not only a result of their own power, as much as it was the downfall of the preceding Almoravid empire.
		The central core of the Almohad movement – it could be called a rebellion against the Almoravids, actually – was the opposition against the position of the leaders of Almoravids as jurists.
		Now, the Almohads suddenly found themselves in control over northwestern Maghreb, but Spain was still outside their control.
	ilovemarrakech.com /marrakesh/history/almohads.htm (453 words)

	Abd al-Mumin Biography / Biography of Abd al-Mumin Biography Biography
		1094-1163) was the founder of the Almohad dynasty in North Africa and Spain.
		Little is known of the background of Abd al-Mumin except that he was born about 1094 in a village close to Tlemcen (in present-day Algeria) and was a member of the Berber Zenata confederation.
		Abd al-Mumin's 30-year reign as caliph is noteworthy for the propagation of the Almohad reform movement by conquest and for the establishment of a unified Berber empire in North Africa and Spain.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-abd-al-mumin/index.html (619 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Almohad
		Almohads (Arabic al-muwahhid, “those who proclaim the unity of God”), Berber Muslim reform movement and dynasty established in North Africa and...
		A second conservative Muslim movement from North Africa, the Almohads, entered Spain and attacked the Almoravids.
		Merinids, also known as the Beni Merin, a Berber dynasty that reigned in Morocco from the 13th to 16th centuries.
	encarta.msn.com /Almohad.html (86 words)

	Dahani.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It went on to become a powerful military and administrative area, and the magnificent Porte des Oudaia (the Oudaia being the descendants of the redoubtable Arab warriors who rebelled against the sherif sultans) is one of the finest of all examples of Almohad art.
		Rabat's two most famous monuments, the Tour Hassan and the mausoleum of Mohammed V, are in the "new" part of the city, along an esplanade that symbolizes Morocco's pride in its independence.
		Its lozenge-shaped tracery and trefoil arches are typical of Almohad architecture, recalling the Koutoubia Mosque in Marrakech and creating the same feeling of solidity and majesty.
	www.dahani.com /frameset_files/map/rabat.html (567 words)

	Open Directory - Society: Religion and Spirituality: Islam: History: Dynasties and Empires: Almohad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Almohad Caliphate - A brief outline of the Almohad dynasty and its rulers.
		Almohads - Profile of the Berber dynasty that ousted the Almoravids, and ruled Morocco and Spain in the 12th and 13th centuries; includes their origins, and links to rulers.
		Almohads - Profiles of the rulers of the Almohad state in North Africa and Spain; from the Islamic Dictionary.
	dmoz.org /Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/History/Dynasties_and_Empires/Almohad (199 words)

	Ibn Rushd ( Averroës )
		He wrote the Decisive Treatise on the Agreement Between Religious Law and Philosophy (Fasl), Examination of the Methods of Proof Concerning the Doctrines of Religion (Manahij), and The Incoherence of the Incoherence (Tahafut) at-Tahafut, all in defense of the philosophical study of religion against the theologians (1179-80).
		Consequently, he applied Platonic ideas to the contemporary Almoravid and Almohad states in a sustained critique in Platonic terms, convinced that if the philosopher cannot rule, he must try to influence policy in the direction of the ideal state.
		Similarly, the Almoravid and Almohad states are shown to have deteriorated from a state that resembled the original perfect Shari’ah state into timocracy, oligarchy, democracy, and tyranny.
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /ir/art/ir-eb.htm (2802 words)

	Welcome to My Medieval : Total War Page
		Bringing Almohad lands into the Catholic fold may be greatness enough for some, but once it is done further expansion of the Spanish domain is possible.
		If the Almohads have not been defeated, too many men will be needed as garrisons to allow new conquests to be made, but successful warfare against the Almohads will also give the Spanish an experienced army, one that can be used for other conquests.
		With the French and English still locked in their long-running dispute and a rise in religiously inspired (and heretical) disloyalty in southern France, there is always the chance a Spanish kingdom with possessions to the north and south of the Pyrenees could be created, and perhaps even with lands in Italy as well.
	www.angelfire.com /games4/mtw/factions.html (9014 words)

	Abu Yusuf Yakub al-Mansur Biography / Biography of Abu Yusuf Yakub al-Mansur Biography Biography
		Abu Yusuf Yakub al-Mansur (reigned 1184-1199) was the third caliph of the Almohad dynasty and the victor against the Spanish Christians at the battle of Alarcos.
		However, upon his withdrawal to Morocco and the diversion of his efforts to Spain, the Banu Ghaniya soon succeeded in challenging Almohad sovereignty in the east, which was too far removed from the seat of Almohad power to keep under permanent control without a large army of occupation.
		In Spain, Yakub's military success was equally spectacular and equally ephemeral; here, as in North Africa, the Almohad campaign was a response to the invasion of their territory, though in Spain the response amounted to holy war since the invaders were Christians, led by Alfonso VIII of Castile.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-abu-yusuf-yakub-al-mansur/index.html (545 words)

	Islam
		These were overtaken by the Almohads soon enough, although in the Balaerics the kings of Majorca held out until few days were even left for the Almohads.
		Almohad Spain ironically was distinguished by intellectual brilliance and by intolerant oppression.
		Maimonides, on the other hand, fled the Almohad persecution of Christians and Jews all the way to Egypt, where he found refuge at the court of Saladin.
	www.friesian.com /islam.htm (9025 words)

	Two unpublished Almohad Coins as-Sikka 3.1 Summer 2001AD
		It is from this period that we must date the coins struck to the qirat module with the same inscriptions of the Almohad dirhams, published by Rodrigues Marinho[3].
		Silves remained a secondary city of the Almohad empire until its capture by Alfonso Enriquez in the year 585H[4].
		The identification of this type of coins as one of Almohads, was carried out by Antonio Medina[6], who studied a similar example that was struck in Seville.
	www.islamiccoinsgroup.50g.com /assikka31/Almohad.htm (1318 words)

	Knowledge Base: The Almohads
		The backbone of the Almohad army is the Almohad Urban Militia.
		The tough Murabitin are recruited from the desolate Almohad provinces along the Northern African Coast.
		The Almohads are a fairly easy civilization to play, but the only thing you have to worry about is how to get the Spanish off your backs later in the game.
	www.twcenter.net /articles/link.php?id=17 (1088 words)

	Almohad Caliph : Almohad Caliph (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The central core of the Almohad movement, which could be called a rebellion against the Almoravids, was the opposition against the position of the leaders of the Almoravids as jurists.
		While large parts of their theology were unclear, one principle stood out: Tawhid, the uniqueness of God.
		This elite came from the founders of the Almohads, and was continued by their descendants.
	almohad-caliph.wikix.ipupdater.com (129 words)

	The Friday Mosque, Tinmal, Morocco — ElsewhereOnline.com.au (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Almohads soon incorporated all of northern Morocco and Muslim Spain into their empire extending as far as Tunis, from which they expelled the Sicilian Normans.
		The Almohads promulgated a particularly rigorous form of Islam, and it is they who finally established the faith throughout the Maghrib.
		The Almohads, in particular, eschewed all references to nature (eg vegetal forms) in visual expression, evolving a vocabulary of abstract architectural decoration which featured the complex interlacing of lobed arch forms, intricate muqarnas corbelling, and horseshoe arches.
	www.elsewhereonline.com.au /worldres/countries/spain/essayfridaymosque (793 words)

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