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	Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The forces of King Alfonso VIII of Castile were joined by the armies of his Christian rivals, Sancho VII of Navarre, Afonso II of Portugal and Peter II of Aragon in battle against the African Muslim Almohad rulers of the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula.
		In 1269, a new association of African tribes, the Marinid, had taken control of the Maghreb, and most of the former Almohad empire was under their rule.
		Later, the Merinid tried to recover the former Almohad territories in the Iberian peninsula, but they were definitively defeated by Sancho IV, Ferdinand's grandson, in the Battle of Salado, the last major military encounter between large Christian and Muslim armies in the Iberian peninsula.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa (869 words)

	History of Tunisia - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The only credible Muslim rulers in the Maghreb at the time were the Almohads (ruled 1130 - 1269) in Morocco, who responded with a counter-attack which forced the Normans to retreat to Sicily.
		The Almohad caliph Abd al-Mu'min (1130 - 1163) conquered Morocco, intervened in Spain, and invaded Algeria and Tunisia.
		The Ottomans made Tunisia a province of their empire in 1574, and garrisoned Tunis with 4,000 Janissaries recruited from Anatolia, reinforced by Christian converts to Islam from Italy, Spain, and Provence.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/History_of_Tunisia (2338 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Almohad
		1163, founder of the empire of the Almohads.
		He was the favorite of the Almohad religious reformer Ibn Tumart and became (1130) his successor.
		Almohads ALMOHADS [Almohads], Berber Muslim dynasty that ruled Morocco and Spain in the 12th and 13th cent.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Almohad (313 words)

	Africa - MSN Encarta
		Subjugated by the Roman Empire by 200, Berber Christians maintained a strong tradition of religious independence from Rome, even after the empire had adopted Christianity as the official Roman religion in the 320s.
		In the 1140s another reformist movement, known as the Almohads, overthrew the Almoravids and established the Almohad empire over much of the Maghreb.
		In subsequent centuries the Almohad empire broke apart into three Islamic states, roughly corresponding to the modern nations of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572628_25/Africa.html (1024 words)

	Libya - Hafsids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		By 1270 the Almohads in Morocco had succumbed to tribal warfare and in Spain to the steady advance of the Kingdom of Castile.
		At the eastern end of the Almohad empire, the sultan left an autonomous viceroy whose office became hereditary in the line of Muhammad bin Abu Hafs (reigned 1207-21), a descendant of one of Ibn Tumart's companions.
		With the demise of the Almohad dynasty in Morocco, the Hafsids adopted the titles of caliph and sultan and considered themselves the Almohads' legitimate successors, keeping alive the memory of Ibn Tumart and the ideal of Maghribi unity from their capital in Tunis.
	countrystudies.us /libya/12.htm (482 words)

	The West Sudanic Empires
		Both the Sanhadja Confederation, at its height from the eighth to the tenth century, and the Almoravid Empire, from the eleventh to the twelfth century, were weakened by internecine warfare, and both succumbed to further invasions from the Ghana Empire and the Almohad Empire, respectively.
		Ghana, the earliest of the Sudanic empires, flourished in present-day eastern Mauritania from the fourth to the thirteenth century.
		The Muslim empire of Kong was established by the Juula in the early eighteenth century in the north-central region inhabited by the Sénoufo, who had fled Islamization under the Mali Empire.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/WestSud.html (2841 words)

	Almohads
		The central core of the Almohad movement – it could be called a rebellion against the Almoravids, actually – was the opposition to the position of the leaders of Almoravids as jurists.
		All through their 122 years of forming an empire, the Almohads were based upon a ruling elite, coming from the Masmuda tribe.
		Now, the Almohads suddenly find themselves in control of northwestern Maghreb, but Spain is still outside their control.
	i-cias.com /e.o/almohads.htm (432 words)

	Algeria - Almohads
		For the first time, the Maghrib was united under a local regime, and although the empire was troubled by conflict on its fringes, handcrafts and agriculture flourished at its center and an efficient bureaucracy filled the tax coffers.
		In 1229 the Almohad court renounced the teachings of Muhammad ibn Tumart, opting instead for greater tolerance and a return to the Maliki school of law.
		In the Maghrib, the Almohad position was compromised by factional strife and was challenged by a renewal of tribal warfare.
	countrystudies.us /algeria/11.htm (459 words)

	brief history of Morocco (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Morocco was the Mauritania of the Roman Empire.
		The Almoravids were succeeded by the Almohads who, during the mid-12th century, conquered Spain and reunited the Maghreb as far as western Libya.
		In Morocco the Almohads were substituted in 1269 by the Berber Marinids (Banu Marin).
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /m/morocco.html (1102 words)

	Knowledge Base: The Almohads
		The backbone of the Almohad army is the Almohad Urban Militia.
		The tough Murabitin are recruited from the desolate Almohad provinces along the Northern African Coast.
		The Almohads are a fairly easy civilization to play, but the only thing you have to worry about is how to get the Spanish off your backs later in the game.
	www.twcenter.net /articles/print.php?id=17 (1059 words)

	Morocco Country History - Multimedia - ninemsn Encarta
		The region became part of the Byzantine Empire.
		Morocco was the centre of the Almohad Empire, which had extended Islamic rule to parts of Spain and Portugal.
		Portuguese captured the port of Ceuta in northern Morocco (1415).
	au.encarta.msn.com /media_121627510/Morocco_Country_History.html (333 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		When the Roman Empire in turn fell into decline, the area was invaded first by the Vandals in AD429 and later by Byzantium in AD533.
		Arab and Berber dynasties succeeded the Idrisids; notably the Almoravids (1062-1147) and the Almohads (1147-1258).
		The Almohad Empire declined after the defeat of the Moroccans by the Spanish at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212.
	www.arab.net /morocco/mo_invaders.htm (280 words)

	Marrakesh Morocco Travel guide and Directory tourism in Morocco (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The central core of the Almohad movement – it could be called a rebellion against the Almoravids, actually – was the opposition against the position of the leaders of Almoravids as jurists.
		The Almohad crusade to purify Islam did not succeed as it was intended.
		This was the end of the Almohad empire.
	www.ilovemarrakech.com /marrakesh/history/almohads.htm (453 words)

	islam in Africa-Algeria history
		With the decline of the Roman Empire, Roman armies were withdrawn from Algeria and in the 3rd century AD, the Donatists, a North African Christian sect which had been suppressed by the Romans, declared a short-lived independent state.
		It was Justinian's aim to restore the Holy Roman Empire but the spread of Islam and the Arab conquest of North Africa during the 7th century thwarted the expansion of Byzantium and permanently changed the character of North Africa.
		Tlemcen became the eastern capital of the Almohads and flourished as a centre of Islam.
	www.islaminafrica.org /algeria-h.htm (2480 words)

	Medieval Dates
		The decline of the Roman Empire in Spain marks a period of invasions by Germanic tribes such as the Suevi, Vandals and Alani.
		The Sixth Century, CE The Visigoths continue to strengthen their empire in Spain with the adoption of Roman Catholicism as the religion of the state and the establishment of Toledo as the capital of the Visigothic Empire (henceforth called the "Imperio toledano").
		The Visigoths continue to rule their empire, yet it is plagued by a series of weak, ineffectual rulers.
	www.humnet.ucla.edu /santiago/timetext.htm (2127 words)

	Almohads - History for Kids!
		Almohads for Kids - a dynasty of the Islamic Empire in North Africa and Spain
		Rabat gate, Morocco, about 1200 AD During the 1100's AD, while the Ayyubids were taking over Egypt, the Almohad dynasty managed to conquer and rule the rest of North Africa (modern Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco) and Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal).
		But the Almohads could not hold their empire together for very long.
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/islam/history/almohads.htm (233 words)

	History of Gibraltar - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Following the fall of the Roman Empire, Gibraltar was visited by the Vandals and later the Goths.
		The Vandals' stay was temporary; however, the Visigoths were to remain on the Iberian peninsula from 414 to 711.
		The Gibraltar area and the rest of the South Iberian Peninsula was part of the Byzantine Empire during the second part of the 6th century, later reverting to the Visigoth Kingdom.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/History_of_Gibraltar (6548 words)

	Historia, Vida y Civilización de Almorávides y Almohades. El Legado Andalusí
		Geographers of the period all make reference to unusually high population and to the maximising benefit made of the use of space, a benefit rendered possible by virtue of irrigation techniques, the construction of a road and reception infrastructure (bridges, inns, warehouses etc.) and the exploitation of the fertile subsoil.
		Full advantage was taken of this potential by the Almoravids and Almohads who, driven by a series of religious motives and by a desire to conquer, created empires that dominated the whole of the Muslim West including al-Andalus and the Balearic Islands.
		It was as a result of these empires that the union between the Mediterranean and the African shores of Senegal-Niger was established.
	www.legadoandalusi.es /legado/contenido/preitinerarios/eng/historia.htm (1084 words)

	WORLD ENCYCLOPAEDIA - Libya - Hafsids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Mumin proclaimed an Almohad caliphate at Cordova, giving the sultan supreme religious as well as political authority within his domains, but theology gradually gave way to dynastic politics as the motivating force behind the movement.
		The Almohads had succeeded in unifying the Maghrib but, as its empire grew and the Almohad power base shifted to Spain, the dynasty became more remote from the Berber tribes that had launched it.
		The Hafsids' political support and their realm's economy were rooted in coastal towns like Tripoli, while the hinterland was given up to the tribes that had made their nominal submission to the sultan.
	encyclopaedic.net /world/libya/12.php (607 words)

	Medieval Islamic History - History for Kids!
		But during the 1200's, the Almohad empire began to break apart.
		In North Africa, the Almohad empire split into three smaller kingdoms: the Hafsids in the east, the al-Wadids in the center, and the Marinids in the west.
		In 1260, the Mongols invaded West Asia, and conquered the eastern part of the Islamic Empire, as well as northern India and Afghanistan.
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/islam/history/history2.htm (400 words)

	A Taste of Maghribi History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		But the Roman Empire eventually rebuilt Carthage due to its favorable location both as a port on the Mediterranean and as a trade center with inland North Africa.
		The Roman Empire was already having trouble at its borders and gave the Vandals permission to move into the Maghrib.
		But the Almohad Empire declined after the defeat of the Maghribi army by the Spanish at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212.
	home.earthlink.net /~lilinah/Library/HistoryMaroc.html (3236 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - - ARCHIVE - Emirate Court of The Fez
		The land of Fez is a vassal of the Zayyanid Caliphate, and part of the Holy Almohad Empire.
		As a vassal state of the Almohad Empire the Sutlan's council of Viziers approached the government in Tleclem with the plan to name a regent, chosen among the wisest of their number, to rule in the Sultan's absence, or until the Sultan's heir Prince Abdul-Halim reached adulthood.
		In all things the Almohad Empire is a brothership that cannot fall united, and there is no luxury, knowledge, or prosperity that is unattainable to the hard work and learning of our proud people.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/printthread.php?t=161960 (5897 words)

	Ibn Rushd ( Averroës )
		He wrote the Decisive Treatise on the Agreement Between Religious Law and Philosophy (Fasl), Examination of the Methods of Proof Concerning the Doctrines of Religion (Manahij), and The Incoherence of the Incoherence (Tahafut) at-Tahafut, all in defense of the philosophical study of religion against the theologians (1179-80).
		Consequently, he applied Platonic ideas to the contemporary Almoravid and Almohad states in a sustained critique in Platonic terms, convinced that if the philosopher cannot rule, he must try to influence policy in the direction of the ideal state.
		Similarly, the Almoravid and Almohad states are shown to have deteriorated from a state that resembled the original perfect Shari’ah state into timocracy, oligarchy, democracy, and tyranny.
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /ir/art/ir-eb.htm (2802 words)

	Muslim Conquest - History - Morocco - Africa
		Among the most notable were the dynasties of the Almoravids, from 1062 to 1147, and the Almohads, from 1147 to 1258.
		Under the latter, Morocco became the center of an empire that embraced modern-day Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and large areas of Spain and Portugal.
		The Almohad Empire began to disintegrate after the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, in which the Spanish defeated the Moroccans.
	www.countriesquest.com /africa/morocco/history/muslim_conquest.htm (308 words)

	Battle and Campaign Tales - The Guild
		Almohad problem was still in the air and my expeditionary force into morocco needed troops.
		By the time the Crusaders reached the borders of the Almohad Empire their strength had already dwindled to 1,800 Christian souls.
		Nevertheless they attacked the small Almohad army in Tunisia and defeated it before moving east to Cyrenacia where they killed the Khalif who had no sons and the Almohad Empire crumbled.
	forums.totalwar.org /vb/showthread.php?t=10653 (8893 words)

	Walking Drum-Glossary-People
		The mountain Berbers overthrew the desert Berbers and formed the Almohad Empire.
		The Empire split in the early 1200's, but the Berbers still ruled some lands until the 16th Century.
		He made Poland tributary to the Empire, and raised Bohemia to the rank of a kingdom.
	becky-dobson.tripod.com /glossarypeople.html (1417 words)

	Mice - Morocco 2003
		Rabat, Morocco’s capital and one of the four imperial cities, was conceived and built to be the country’s premier city and has long retained this important position, first as the capital of the Almohad Empire in the 12th century and again of the present day Morocco.
		Yacoub El Mansour, the great Almohad conqueror was the first to brandish his mark on the city in 1195 and is credited with building the Hassan Tower, which was meant to be one of the greatest mosques in the Muslim world.
		The enclosure of the palace is called the Dar Al Makhzen and includes the royal residences, the Ahl Fez mosque, the royal college, numerous government buildings and a huge mechouar (court for royal functions and parades).
	www.miceonline.net /morocco/rabat.htm (1004 words)

	Algeria - HISTORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		From the great Berber dynasties of the Almoravids and Almohads to the militants seeking an Islamic state in the early 1990s, the call to return to true Islamic values and practices has had social resonance and political power.
		The high point of Berber civilization, unequaled until the coming of the Almohads and Almoravids more than a millennium later, was reached during the reign of Masinissa in the second century B.C. After Masinissa's death in 148 B.C., the Berber kingdoms were divided and reunited several times.
		Called the "granary of the empire," North Africa, according to one estimate, produced 1 million tons of cereals each year, one-quarter of which was exported.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/algeria/HISTORY.html (18149 words)

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