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Topic: Alphabet of human thought

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	Gottfried Leibniz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		He also tried to develop an alphabet of human thought, in which he tried to represent all fundamental concepts using symbols and combined these symbols to represent more complex thoughts.
		His philosophical contribution to metaphysics is based on the Monadology, which introduces Monads as "substantial forms of being", which are akin to spiritual atoms, eternal, indecomposable, individual, following their own laws, not interacting ("windowless") but each reflecting the whole universe in pre-established harmony (a historically noteworthy expression of panpsychism).
		It was in 1676 that he first dreamed of a kind of algebra of thought, and it was the algebraic notation which then served as model for the characteristic.
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/g/go/gottfried_leibniz.html (1215 words)

	Thought
		Alphabet of human thought The idea of an alphabet of human thought originates in the logical structure would coincide, t...
		It describes a persistent underlying disturbance to conscious thought and is...
		Thought reform Thought reform is the alteration of a person's basic attitudes and beliefs by outside [1] for understandi...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/thought.html (462 words)

	Alphabet of human thought - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The idea of an alphabet of human thought originates in the 17th century, when proposals were first made for a universal language.
		René Descartes suggested that the lexicon of a universal language should be composed of primitive elements.
		The basic elements of his ideal language were characters representing unambiguously a limited number of elementary concepts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alphabet_of_human_thought (139 words)

	MDST110 Midterm study guide: Question 4
		He tried to develop an alphabet of human thought, in which he tried to represent all fundamental concepts using symbols and combined these symbols to represent more complex thoughts.
		In 1676, he first dreamed of a kind of algebra of thought, and it was the algebraic notation which served as model for the characteristic.
		By the use of such symbols propositions could be reduced to the form of equations, and the syllogistic conclusion from two premises was obtained by eliminating the middle term according to ordinary algebraic rules.
	www.people.virginia.edu /~etn8m/mdst110/midterm4.2.html (1159 words)

	JOHN D. NORSEEN: "Images of Mind: The Semiotic Alphabet"
		The human knotty topology of the left cerebral hemisphere is intricately capable of discerning roughness, down to fine filagree details, whereas the smoother computation of the less profligate right cerebral hemisphere dovetails quiet efficiently with the grace and flowing patterns of longer, less complex patterns.
		The human brain would appear to be a measurement device between the opposite ends of an antinomy continuum, with a very high degree of precision in picking the intermediate invariants which depict reality, and then sending such invariants into semiotic 3-D mental transformations and feedforward pattern reconfigurations and test for potential use in human survival.
		Humans are different than trees in that humans can turn on the antinomy, humans can observe their own mental states and those of others and make constant cognitive, and, most of the time, non-cognitive measurements of the holonomic, semiotic processes of the brain.
	www.acsa2000.net /john2.html (11692 words)

	Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart
		Both emphasize the important role that simple psychological heuristics play in human thought, and both are concerned with finding the situations in which these heuristics are employed.
		The multitude of simple concepts constituting Leibniz's alphabet of human thought were all to be operated on by a single general-purpose tool such as probability theory.
		These three aspects of rationality look toward the same central goal: to understand human (and animal) behavior and cognition as it is adapted to specific environments, both ecological and social, and to discover the heuristics that guide adaptive behavior.
	www.bbsonline.org /documents/a/00/00/04/69/bbs00000469-00/bbs.todd.html (14898 words)

	BBC News \| NEWSNIGHT \| Genome transcript - 12/2/01
		Although they suspected we have fewer genes than originally thought, they were still surprised to learn we have only twice as many as a fly.
		In going from them to humans, what you build more than anything else is the executive structures.
		A snip is a single alteration in one letter of the alphabet between two individual copies of the human genome.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/events/newsnight/1173801.stm (1508 words)

	Art21 - The Alphabet Synthesis Machine (Introduction) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Précis: The Alphabet Synthesis Machine is an interactive online artwork which allows one to create and evolve the possible writing systems of one's own imaginary civilizations.
		Hopefully, these mark-like forms resemble the plausible alphabets of human civilizations with which we simply happen to be unacquainted.
		The Alphabet Synthesis Machine is comprised of two software systems: an interactive client-side applet, which allows users to create and evolve their abstract letterforms, and a server-side archiving system which stores the user creations as downloadable TrueType fonts.
	alphabet.tmema.org (1323 words)

	Gottfried Leibniz - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		He also tried to develop an alphabet of human thought, in which he tried to representall fundamental concepts using symbols and combined these symbols to represent more complex thoughts.
		It was not in the form of an algebra that Leibniz first conceivedhis characteristic, probably because he was then a novice in mathematics, but in the form of a universal language or script.
		Itwas in 1676 that he first dreamed of a kind of algebra of thought, and it was the algebraic notation which then served as model for thecharacteristic.
	www.aaez.biz /?t=Gottfried_Leibniz (1152 words)

	Korean Alphabet, Han Gul
		It is considered to be one of the most efficient alphabets in the world and has garnered unanimous praise from language experts for its scientific design and excellence.
		Therefore, common people with legitimate complaints had no way of submitting their grievances to the appropriate authorities, other than through oral communication, and they had no way to record for posterity the agricultural wisdom and knowledge they had gained through years of experience.
		They adhered to the principle that human sounds and all universal phenomena are all based on yin-yang (positive-negative) and ohaeng (the five primary elements: metal, wood, water, fire and earth).
	www.geocities.com /Tokyo/Pagoda/1876/hangul.htm (1556 words)

	GOTTFRIED LEIBNIZ FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		According to him the monads are centres of force, and substance is force, while space, matter, and motion are merely phenomenal; finally, the existence of God is inferred from the existing harmony among the monads.
		His services to literature were almost as considerable as those to philosophy; in particular, his overthrow of the then prevalent belief that Hebrew was the primeval language of the human race.
		Characters were, with Leibniz any written signs, and "real" characters were those which represent ideas directly—as the Chinese_ideography was thought to—and not the words for them.
	www.dontpayyourtaxes.com /Gottfried_Leibniz (2704 words)

	Leaving the Garden of Eden ... the Codes of the Culture, the Codes of Perversion and Psychoanalysis, by Patrick B. ...
		Indeed, this logocentric assumption of the binary opposition of the masculine and feminine is at the center of the foundational metaphysics of westernized thought.
		And the parents of humanity were given human form with the image of Adam becoming the unconscious embodiment of the Word and the image of Eve becoming the unconscious embodiment of the Flesh.
		And all too often, the unconscious meanings of actions, thoughts, and states of mind are pre-signified; that is, the meaning is known in advance by the analyst, and is to be known eventually by the analysand.
	www.academyanalyticarts.org /kava7.htm (7974 words)

	Toki Pona - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is not designed as an international auxiliary language but is instead inspired by Taoist philosophy, among other things.
		The language is designed to shape the thought processes of its users, in the style of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.
		This goal, together with Toki Pona's deliberately restricted vocabulary, have led some to feel that the language, whose name literally means "simple language", "good language", or "goodspeak", resembles George Orwell's fictional language Newspeak.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Toki_Pona_language (1250 words)

	Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart
		These two applications of fast and frugal heuristics do not exclude one another—indeed, the decision tree in Figure 1 could be used to describe the behavior of an unaided human mind or could be built into an emergency-room machine.
		If we want to understand how real human minds work, we must look not only at how our reasoning is "limited" compared to that of supernatural beings, but also at how our minds are adapted to real-world environments.
		This does not prove that participants were actually using the recognition heuristic to make their decisions, however—they could have been doing something more complex, such as using the information about the recognized city to estimate its size and compare it to the average size of unrecognized cities (though this seems unlikely).
	axolotl.mpib-berlin.mpg.de /users/ptodd/SimpleHeuristics.BBS (14832 words)

	Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz - Famous mathematicians pictures, posters, gifts items, note cards, greeting cards, ...
		But Leibniz' notation for calculus was far superior to that of Newton, and it is the notation developed by Leibniz, including the integral sign and derivative notation, that is still in use today.
		So much so that he attempted to develop an entire 'alphabet of human thought', in which all fundamental concepts would be represented by symbols which could be combined to represent more complex thoughts.
		Leibniz, who had strong conceptual differences with Newton in other areas, notably with Newton's concept of absolute space, also develop bitter conceptual differences with Descartes over what was then referred to as the "fundamental quantity of motion", a precursor of the Law of Conservation of Energy.
	www.mathematicianspictures.com /Mathematicians/Leibniz.htm (432 words)

	Deseret alphabet
		The Deseret alphabet was devised as an alternative to the Latin alphabet for writing the English language.
		Brigham Young's secretary, George D. Watt, was among the designers of the Deseret alphabet and is thought to have used the Pitman English Phonotypic Alphabet of 1847 as the model.
		All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/deseret.htm (271 words)

	99:1 Newsletter on Philosophy and Computers - Event Handlers - Levey
		All possible human thoughts were, he believed, ultimately composed out of simple conceptual elements, and the universal characteristic was itself to contain basic terms corresponding to those simple elements—"an alphabet of all human thought"—from which precise statements of thoughts could be produced by proper combination of the elements.
		It was part of Leibniz’s vision that there might be machines which could solve the most pressing difficulties in human thought, whether in esoteric or practical affairs—ranging from problems in mathematics to moral, political, and legal disputes.
		Though twentieth-century discoveries have reduced the scope of what is thought to be possible for computers and formal languages to accomplish, modern computer science very much falls in the lineage of Leibniz.
	www.apa.udel.edu /apa/publications/newsletters/v99n1/computers/eventhandlers-levey.asp (217 words)

	[No title]
		{14, 51} This style of thought and expression became more explicit in the period after 1953 {25} with the recognition of the implications of the Watson-Crick molecular structure of DNA {22}.
		I know most of my colleagues thought that would be well into the 21st Century, as we were a decade short of the lunar landings.
		Databases should not be thought of as static, final repositories but as bulletin boards, subjected to dynamic critical attention by the entire knowledgeable community.
	profiles.nlm.nih.gov /BB/A/L/Y/P/_/bbalyp.trs (5781 words)

	Swedenborg and His Revelation: Swedenborg: A Source Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		What emerges from this analytical treatment of the scientific works are identifiable lines of thought - a conceptual tree of sorts - converging but still incomplete at the time of Swedenborg's call, but perfected thereafter by the addition of certain critical and unifying truths.
		Leibnitz postulated an "alphabet" of human thought (a universal mathesis) which could explain complex phenomena by means of simpler ones or even symbols of these.
		He completes this thought in a later section, by stating that "the visible world is a series of finite things both simultaneous and successive; modified and connected one with the other in a multiplicity of ways, and in a long extended order."
	www.swedenborgdigitallibrary.org /SR/rb96.htm (4990 words)

	Amazon.com: The Alphabet Versus the Goddess : The Conflict Between Word and Image: Books: Leonard Shlain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Indeed, a subtheme of the book is that overreliance on the left hemisphere "initially leads a society through a period of demonstrable madness." Such aberrations as group suicide, religious persecution, and witch-hunting are the result of a dominant linear, reductionist, and abstract method of perception.
		The argument: literacy and alphabetic writing (as opposed to pictographic writing) lead to women and goddesses losing status and being less revered by a culture, as well as leading to an increase in dogma and people killing each other over abstract ideas.
		This book posits the theory that a rise in alphabet literacy was accompanied by an equal decline in the reverence that ancient societies had for the Goddess and, in more contemporary societies, for the values associated with the feminine.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0140196013?v=glance (2762 words)

	[No title]
		X] He would later state that he was searching for a mathematical means of demonstration, represented by an alphabet of human thought.
		He believed that through this alphabet letters could be combined into words to express every natural truth.
		In this work Leibniz finally expressed his vision of 'an alphabet of human thought' where all concepts were just combinations of a relatively small number of simple notions.
	www.math.rutgers.edu /~cherlin/History/Papers2002/leibniz.html (4316 words)

	Greek Philosophy
		With the identification of the characteristics of mythic forms of human thought, it becomes possible to identify the unique innovations of philosophy.
		This represents a break with a characteristic of mythpoeic thought that had persisted through the first Greek philosophers, namely the fourth characteristic, that myth is self-justifying.
		"for helplessness guides the wandering thought in their breasts; they are carried along, deaf and blind at once, altogether dazed -- hordes devoid of judgment, who are persuaded that to be and to be not are the same, yet not the same, and for whom the path of all things is backward turning.
	www.friesian.com /greek.htm (12972 words)

	howard rheingold's \| tools for thought
		The idea that people could use computers to amplify thought and communication, as tools for intellectual work and social activity, was not an invention of the mainstream computer industry or orthodox computer science, nor even homebrew computerists; their work was rooted in older, equally eccentric, equally visionary, work.
		Human information processors have a very small short term memory, however, which means that all computers and no humans can extract the square roots of thousand-digit numbers in less than a second, no computers and all humans can recognize a familiar face in a crowd.
		For most of recorded history, the interactions of humans with their media have been primarily nonconversational in the sense that marks on paper, paint on walls, even "motion" pictures and television do not change in response to the viewer's wished.
	www.rheingold.com /texts/tft/11.html (10229 words)

	matthewhollett - BFA support document, april 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Every thought, every document can be broken down into twenty-six puzzle pieces (plus punctuation), and this one is no exception.
		The alphabet is a puzzle that fits together in infinitely different ways.
		I provide only an alphabet - it is up to the user to come up with a syntax to accompany it.
	www.matthewhollett.com /document/document.htm (2035 words)

	Alphabet Originated Centuries Earlier Than Previously Thought (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Sometime during the beginning of the second millennium B.C., long before ancient biblical times, a traveler passing through a desert valley of what is now southern Egypt, stopped at a rock and inscribed on it his name, his title and probably a short prayer for safe passage.
		The discovery of this traveler's ancient calling card, and another one similar to it, indicates that the first alphabet -- from which all modern alphabets have evolved -- is centuries older than previously believed.
		Hieroglyphics Cracked 1,000 Years Earlier Than Thought (October 7, 2004) -- Western scholars were not the first to decipher the ancient language of the pharaohs, according to a new book that will be published later this year by a UCL...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/1999/11/991122153642.htm (813 words)

	[No title]
		alphabet of human thought, in which he tried to represent all fundamental concepts using symbols and combined these symbols to represent more complex thoughts.
		It was in 1676 that he first dreamed of a kind of
		algebra of thought, and it was the algebraic notation which then served as model for the characteristic.
	en-cyclopedia.com /wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz (1102 words)

	The Washington Monthly
		For their trouble, they had to fight off an invasion from China while Jimmy Carter's government recognized Pol Pot as the legitimate ruler of Cambodia or Kampuchea as it was called at the time.
		This means berets instead of helmuts and little or no body armor so troops appear like human beings rather than robocops.The British also like to give responsibility to actual reps of the local people in their areas of control.
		I had thought the British were essentially victorious against the Mau Mau in Kenya in the early-mid 1950s.
	www.washingtonmonthly.com /archives/individual/2004_10/004954.php (15403 words)

	Salon 21st \| Thought-activated computing
		J.R. is the subject of a radical new procedure that Dr. Phillip Kennedy has developed to give a voice to victims of stroke and other paralyzing disorders.
		In fall 1996, the Food and Drug Administration granted permission to move forward with the procedure on human patients.
		J.R. is only the second human patient the doctor has worked with.
	archive.salon.com /21st/feature/1998/11/23feature.html (560 words)

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