Alpine National Redoubt

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	National Redoubt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The National Redoubt was the English term used to describe the possibility that Adolf Hitler and armed forces of Nazi Germany would make a last stand in the alpine areas of Austria, Bavaria and northern Italy in the closing months of World War II in Europe.
		The problem with the National Redoubt as a serious plan was that the heart of the German government was Adolf Hitler, and he never endorsed the plan.
		But while it persisted, this legend of the Redoubt was too ominous a threat to be ignored." SHAEF nominated concern about the Redoubt as one of three reasons the Allies decided to shift their main thrust away from Berlin to Southern Germany in April 1945.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/National_Redoubt

	Werwolf - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The original plan for Werwolf was to act as a guerilla force to harry the logistic trains of Allied armies preparing to assault the Nazis' " Alpine National Redoubt ".
		However as it became increasingly clear that the Alpine Redoubt was yet another grandiose delusion, Werwolf was converted first into a terrorist organisation, and then largely dismantled by Heinrich Himmler and Wilhelm Keitel in the last few weeks of the war.
		The History of the National Socialist Guerrilla Movement, 1944-1946.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wehrwolf

	Redoubt
		Redoubt soils are on nunataks and terraces at low elevations.
		The Redoubt series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in a mantle of ash-influenced loess overlying loamy glacial and glaciolacustrine materials.
		TYPICAL PEDON: Redoubt silt loam - on a northwest facing slope of 6 percent at 400 meter elevation under Lutz spruce, tall grass, and shrubs.
	www.kenaiwetlands.net /seriesdescript/redoubt.htm

	alpine * The Alpine Menace An Emma...
		The alps at the crossroads the quest for an alpine national park in Victoria.
		Alpine huts in the Rockies, Selkirks, and Purcells.
		Alpine Sentinels A Chronical of the Sheep Eater Indians.
	www.bookauthors.de /bookuuualpine.html

	Redoubt
		Davies, J.N., and Miller T.P., 1990, Monitoring and forecasting the 1989-1990 eruption of Redoubt Volcano and the role of the Alaska Volcano Observatory in communicating warnings to the public [abs.]: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v.
		Woods, A.W., and Kienle, J., 1994, The dynamics and thermodynamics of volcanic clouds-Theory and observations from the April 15 and April 21, 1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska, in Miller, T.P. and Chouet, B.A., eds., The 1989-1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Special Issue, v.
		Miller, T.P., 1994, Dome growth and destruction during the 1989-1990 eruption of Redoubt Volcano, in Miller, T.P. and Chouet, B.A., eds., The 1989-1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Special Issue, v.
	ak.water.usgs.gov /Publications/Volcanoes/redoubt.htm

	Inside Switzerland's Secret Forts
		The true reason was Switzerland's fierce national determination to remain free, backed by its top-secret National Redoubt - an immense system of over 100 mighty forts and thousands of casemates and bunkers buried deep in the heart of the Alps.
		Switzerland's secret Alpine Redoubt exceeded in size, strength, firepower - and, of course, effectiveness - France's famed Maginot Line, hitherto believed to be the world's mightiest fortress system.
		Switzerland's 700,000 soldiers were given the grim command to be ready to leave behind their homes, wives and children, then retreat into the mountain fortress system, which had only enough food and shelter for the army.
	www.rense.com /general26/inside.htm

	Spotlight on Nation
		The Alpine Redoubt's national animal is the Wulf, which frolics freely in the nation's many lush forests, and its currency is the Mark.
		The Alpine Redoubt is ranked 1st in the region and 5,146th in the world for Most Cultured.
		The Grand Duchy of The Alpine Redoubt is a massive, economically powerful nation, renowned for its complete absence of social welfare.
	www.nationstates.net /cgi-bin/index.cgi/-1/page=display_nation/nation=the_alpine_redoubt

	University Press of Kentucky
		Ironically, the notion of a national redoubt, indeed even the name, stemmed from Swiss efforts between 1940 and 1942 to construct a mountain fortress that would serve as a deterrent to any possible German attack.
		Taken together with evidence that the greatest efforts were in the Berchtesgaden area, the OSS could only conclude that the Nazis were concentrating their last resources for a defense of a national redoubt.
		Not only did the Alpine area of southern Germany, western Austria, and northern Italy, with its massive mountain ranges, narrow valleys, and winding roads, offer an ideal defensive terrain, but German forces in Italy had already demonstrated their skill at such fighting.
	www.kentuckypress.com /0813123259excerpt.cfm

	ALASKA NATIONAL FORESTS
		It is possible to portage small boats or kayaks from Redoubt Bay (at the base of the falls) into Redoubt Lake at the W end of the lake.
		Chugach National Forest temperatures vary dramatically, and warm clothing is recommended year around, including rainsuits and rubber boots.
		Recreational cabins in Ketchikan area of the Tongass National Forest are reserved by filing an application for Recreation Cabin Permit and Maintenance Agreement with Cabin Reservations at the Ketchikan Ranger Station.
	www.cabinweb.com /menu/alaska/alaskatotal.htm

	Korte, Eisenhower, Berlin, and the National Redoubt
		The National Redoubt is generally considered to be one of the final intelligence failures by the Allies during the war, yet this conclusion is somewhat unsatisfactory.
		10 The Redoubt is generally overlooked in recent history, yet after the zones of occupation and possible casualties, it was the third reason given by Eisenhower for the shift of the allied forces to the south.
		Proving that the Redoubt was, in fact, a completely uncoordinated and not officially planned affair, the OKW War Diary confirmed that they did not receive official instructions from Hitler to prepare the Redoubt until 29 April, one week prior to capitulation.
	grad.usask.ca /gateway/archive22.html

	National Parks
		The area was made a national park in 1916 because of its significance as an active volcanic landscape.
		In Saguaro National Park a diversity of desert plant and animal communities thrive, from the hot, dry desert lowlands to the cooler, moister mountain peaks.
		Mesa Verde National Park was also designated as a World Cultural Heritage Site on September 8, 1978 by UNESCO, an United Nations organization formed to preserve and protect both the cultural and natural heritage of designated international sites.
	www.lz95.lake.k12.il.us /mss/parks.html

	Avenging an Allied hoax
		The Nazi National Redoubt was assumed to have been somewhere near Hitler's "Eagle's Nest" mountain villa, the Berghof in Berchtesgaden.
		In this way, the existence of the Nazi National Redoubt was never publicly acknowledged, and its location was never revealed.
		Reich leaders may have avenged the Allied hoax by packing Adolf Hitler's dead body and transporting it from their hidden mountain Redoubt fortress to his Berlin bunker garden, where it was incompletely destroyed by fire.
	www.blackraiser.com /redoubt/avenge.htm

	Best Waterfalls of the Northwest Waterfalls of the Pacific Northwest
		The tallest accessible waterfall in Mount Rainier National Park is also one of the prime destinations in the Northwest corner of the park.
		The Alpine Lakes Wilderness is literally jam packed with hundreds of large, unknown waterfalls.
		The 450 foot tall segmented falls are located just inside the Alpine Lakes Wilderness, but being situated along side a seldom used boot trail, and access being from a rough road, these falls are apparently rarely visited.
	waterfallsnorthwest.com /bestof.php

	WashingtonPost.com: The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives
		The National Redoubt map was covered in red marks, each one a military symbol denoting this or that defence installation.
		It was very sceptical of the viability of a National Redoubt but, as its very title implied, the report was too long, too dry and too academic-sounding to be read by busy field officers.
		Every day during March more symbols were added to the chart, so much so that this mountain defence system, the National Redoubt, seemed to SHAEF the greatest remaining threat in the European war, greater even than the prize of Berlin.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/deathofhitler.htm

	The Redoubt Folds
		The myth of the National Redoubt was shortlived.
		While an all-out German withdrawal to the Redoubt area would not pave the way for an Axis victory, at the same time it would impede Allied chances for a clean-cut final victory.
		With Allied troops trying to force the SS bands from the sharp Alpine slopes, German propaganda would have another try at splitting the Allies, and Dr. Goebbels' endless chatter might solidify heralded werewolf (sabotage) gangs into forcing the occupation forces to give up in despair.
	www.kwanah.com /txmilmus/36division/archives/seigfri/redoubt.htm

	Occupation of Germany, the occupation of Iraq
		The Americans were overwhelmed by the notion that the Werwolf presented a serious threat and that there was a distinct possibility that a major resistance movement would take hold once again in an Alpine redoubt.
		Radio Werwolf bragged that "the arm of the National Socialist Party was long and that its agents, the Werwolf, were vigilant, ruthless killers." The radio station broadcast a call to arms claiming itself to be the organization of National Socialist Freedom Fighters.
		Fanatical elements of the former Nazi regime who, in their zeal to liberate their nation from the foreign occupiers, call themselves members of the Werwolf (werewolves) continue to commit almost-daily acts of sabotage against Germany's already-ravaged infrastructure, and attack American troops.
	www.talkingproud.us /International090103.html

	WWII Revisionists vs Swiss
		Switzerland's mighty `national redoubt' composed of hundereds of small and large mountain forts, anchored on the strongholds of Sargans, the Gothard Pass, and St. Maurice in Valais, was readied for action.
		The Swiss Army's troops prepared to pull back into the high mountains, sacrificing 75% of their land, their homes, and, most significantly, their wives and children, who could not be fed or sheltered in the mountain forts.
		Greed or anger had led some revisionists, including a number of Swiss socialists who were anxious to undermine their nation's "capitalist system", to claim Switzerland was an active ally of Nazi Germany during World War II, and was not invaded because it sold out to Hitler.
	theroadtoemmaus.org /RdLb/21PbAr/Pl/WrldUN/Switz01.htm

	Tramping in New Zealand - The Internet Guide
		The main areas for tramping are along the Southern Alps of the South Island and in the National Parks.
		Tramps in Te Urewera: (note spelling...means burnt penis by the way) Te Urewera National Park is the largest stand of native forest in the North Island of New Zealand (over 200,000 hectares of park, plus a lot of adjacent Tuhoe land and pine plantations).
		We came across a couple of shelters, and one was guarded by a jealous kea, NZ's alpine parrot.
	www.enzed.com /faq/tramp.html

	Alpine National Redoubt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A rumoured german fortification network in the Alps during the later part of World War II.
	www.phatnav.com /wiki/index.php?title=Alpine_National_Redoubt

	Siegfried Beer, Center for Austrian Studies
		The National Security Act of July 1947 totally restructured national defense and national intelligence in the U.S. It created a National Security Council (NSC), a national military establishment with three distinct services: Army, Navy, and Air Force under the Secretary of Defense, and a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) under the DCI.
		Even though OSS became an early victim of postwar demobilization in the fall of 1945, it was soon and generally recognized as a creator of important traditions for the future of U.S. national intelligence.
		American diplomatic and military reporting on Austria during the interwar period had been consistent and comprehensive, but the reduced consular staff, which was at times totally inundated with visa applications, was not able to keep up a steady flow of information on the rapid post-Anschluss transformation of the territory of the Ostmark.
	www.cas.umn.edu /wp971.htm

	Battle of Bulge
		This was called the "National Redoubt" and the German troops were called "werewolves".
		All the "Tigers" in the occupation were warned that a last ditch effort was to be launched by the Nazi's to kill American troops during the occupation.
		For sure, it will never be known how much gold and currencies were looted by SS Colonels who thought that since Germany was totally ruined by the war that they might as well help themselves to all the loot in our occupation area.
	www.419th.com /news/nazi_gold.html

	USFA History - Early Occupation
		The "National Redoubt", or Alpenfestung, extending some 240 miles in length and 80 miles in depth, comprised the western half of Austria, with small portions of Germany to the north and Italy to the south.
		The reduction of the redoubt area thus became an important objective of the Allies and speed of movement was essential to forestall the enemy's retiring into the area in time to fortify it agains the Allied attack.
		The Second Phase required an expansion of the Allied Forces into their respective National Zones for the Final Occupation.
	www.usfava.com /USFA_History1.htm

	sitka trails
		This is the only sub alpine area in southeastern Alaska that is accessible by road.
		It begins and ends at the National Park Service Visitor Center with numerous loop trails that are popular with walkers and joggers.
		These are two separate trails that connect in the alpine between Harbor Mountain and Gavan Hill.
	www.fs.fed.us /r10/tongass/recreation/rec_facilities/sitkatrails.html

	Elko County Rose Garden
		'Alpine Rose', Native to south and center of the European continent, cultivated since 1789, 6' x 6', mauve pink with prominent creamy yellow single flowers 2" in diameter, in clusters of 1 - 5, no fragrance, once blooming late spring and early summer.
		"Pierre-Joseph Redoubt (1759 - 1840) was the most famous of all rose painters.
		Anerkannte Deutsche Rose 1980, Royal National Rose Society Certificate of Merit 1980.
	www.elkorose.com /ewhrqr.html

	Patton Races Against Time
		Supposedly the maneuver was meant to stymie any attempted Nazi last stand in their Alpine National Redoubt, a series of fortified mountains stretching from the Alps to the Harz Mountains.
		The true reason for Patton's haste, however, was to prevent Germany from exploding an atomic bomb.
		They were, claims author Joseph P. Farrell, in his book, Reich of the Black Sun, making haste towards (1) the huge Skoda munitions works at Pilsen; (2) Prague; and (3) a region of the Harz Mountains in Thuringia.
	www.shout.net /~bigred/Patton.html

	Central Europe
		Also focusing Eisenhower's attention on the southern drive was concern over the "National Redoubt." According to rumor, Hitler's most fanatically loyal troops were preparing to make a lengthy, last-ditch stand in the natural fortresses formed by the rugged alpine mountains of southern Germany and western Austria.
		The XV Corps also captured Berchtesgaden, the town that would have been Hitler's command post in the National Redoubt.
		The German nation was making its final efforts in the face of an opponent which had never been more potent, and in the end the sweep to the Elbe-Mulde line merely gave further testimony to the power and mobility of Eisenhower's forces.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/brochures/centeur/centeur.htm

	Panzerschreck0
		Hypothetical battle in 1945 pitting Axis and Allied units in combat around the rumored "National Redoubt" in the Alps.
		The player (German) must try and sink enough tonnage each month (monthly turns, August 1942 to May 1943) to bring Britain to her knees.
		Includes dreadnought fleets of major Allied and Central Powers nations during the Great War.
	www.homestead.com /minden_games/Panzerschreck0.html

	Studies in Intelligence
		Allied intelligence in Switzerland was warning that a large supply of munitions and poison gas was being stockpiled in underground tunnels connecting strongpoints within this “alpine fortress.” 42 The reports transmitted by Struewe and Konhäuser, together with information from other OSS operatives in the area, confirmed that the “National Redoubt” was a myth.
		The Allied military command was also seeking intelligence on whether rumors about a so-called “National Redoubt” were true.
		Where would the OSS find German nationals in England in their mid-to-late thirties, who were conversant in the particular dialect of each German city targeted and familiar with local neighborhoods?
	www.cia.gov /csi/studies/vol46no1/article03.html

	Panzerschreck4
		Here it's the Germans trying to fend off both Western and Eastern allied armies converging on the "National Redoubt" in the Austrian Alps in April 1945.
		German leadership has evacuated Berlin, and is preparing for a last-ditch effort, and lack of supplies and the combined might of the allies will end the war soon.
		It comes with full rules, an 8.5 x 11 card- stock map, and 66 color unit counters.
	www.homestead.com /minden_games/Panzerschreck4.html

	USACE Office of History Attic (Bridge to the Past - Engineers in World War II - 1945)
		German resistance in the Alpine fortress, or National Redoubt, was no more than an illusion.
		Finding all three bridges over the Saalach were down, the l0th Engineer Combat Battalion crossed the 2d Battalion, 7th Infantry, in assault boats.
		During a three-week period in southern Okinawa, the 302d Engineer Combat Battalion, 77th Infantry Division, used an average of 3,500 pounds of explosives per day, destroying 925 Japanese defensive works.
	www.usace.army.mil /history/bridge2.htm

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In the News (Wed 16 Dec 09)