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Topic: Alpine orogeny

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	Orogeny Totally Explained
		Orogeny (Greek for "mountain generating") is the process of mountain building, and may be studied as a tectonic structural event, as a geographical event and a chronological event, in that orogenic events cause distinctive structural phenomena and related tectonic activity, affect certain regions of rocks and crust and happen within a time frame.
		Orogenic events occur solely as a result of the processes of plate tectonics; the problems which were investigated and resolved by the study of orogenesis contributed greatly to the theory of plate tectonics, coupled with study of flora and fauna, geography and mid ocean ridges in the 1950s and 1960s.
		It was, in the context of orogeny, contested hotly by proponents of vertical movements in the crust (similar to tephrotectonics), or convection within the asthenosphere or mantle (geology).
	orogeny.totallyexplained.com (1615 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Orogeny (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Frequently, rock formations that undergo orogeny are severely deformed and undergo metamorphism.
		During orogeny, deeply buried rocks may be pushed to the surface.
		If the orogeny is due to two continents colliding, the resulting mountains can be very high (see Himalaya).
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Orogeny (391 words)

	Encyclopedia: Orogeny (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Grenville orogeny was an episode of mountain-building (orogeny) associated with the assembly of the ancient supercontinent Rodinia.
		The Caledonian orogeny is a hypothetical series of events in geologic history explaining a group of highland formations that are very similar in composition, stratigraphy and fossils: the mountains and hills of northern England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland and west Norway.
		The Variscan or Hercynian orogeny is a hypothetical sequence of events in geologic history that account for a group of highlands similar in age, stratigraphy, composition and fossils, called the Variscan Belt.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Orogeny (2515 words)

	Discover Montenegro " Hidden Gem of the Mediterranean" Geography
		The northern region is theatrically mountainous and alpine, intersected by deep and narrow fast-flowing river valleys, ravines and narrow plateaux, glacial lakes and virgin forests.
		A segment of the Dinaric geosyncline which forms the terrain of Montenegro, is predominantly (on two thirds of the territory) built up of limestone and dolomite sediments (from Devonian; to the nowadays).
		Since the end of Devonian period (ending phase of Caledonian orogeny), it has been uplifted and lowered by numerous phases of Hercynian and Alpine orogeny.
	www.discover-montenegro.com /Geography.htm (1966 words)

	Regional tectonics: from the Rhine graben to the Po plain, a summary of the tectonic evolution of the Alps and their ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Secondly, the evolution of the Alpine system is discussed in time slices, starting with Cretaceous orogeny and ending with some evidence for very recent movements in the area of the Rhine graben.
		Cretaceous (or Eo-alpine) orogeny in the Eastern Alps is regarded as independent and unrelated to Tertiary orogeny because of its different kinematic scenario (top WNW, hence almost orogen-parallel thrusting) and because it is separated from Tertiary convergence by an extensional event during the Late Creatceous ("Ducan extension" in Figure 4).
		Since the Alpine nappes in Figure 5 exclusively consist of thin slices of upper crustal basement and/or its cover, detached from their lower crustal and mantle substratum, all European (and Valaisan) lower crust (including parts of the upper crust) must have been subducted together with the mantle lithosphere (Figure 5c).
	comp1.geol.unibas.ch /~nuke6/groups/3_1/schmid/Text_Schmid.html (5278 words)

	Ann
		Alpine history: Rift related continental red clastics of Scytian age representing the opening of the alpine Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan ocean and thus, the separation of the Tauride-Anatolide Platform from the Sakarya Terrane, unconformably cover the metamorphic basement.
		The well-developed HP/LT metamorphism of alpine age (Kulaksız and Phillips, 1985) in this zone is attributed to the subduction of the passive margin sediments prior to the collision of the Tauride-Anatolide platform with the Sakarya Terrane (Okay, 1985).
		Pre- alpine history: The Küre Terrane is unconformably overlain by undeformed conglomerates and sandstones of Middle Jurassic age, passing upwards to Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous limestones representing the alpine platform of the Sakarya Composite Terrane.
	www.metu.edu.tr /~mcgoncu/Terrmakale.htm (7581 words)

	ILL : ANNUAL REPORT 2001
		Quantitative texture analysis of geological low symmetry material from the Alpine chain, carried out at the D1B diffractometer, allows to compare neutron with X-rays data in the quantitative determination of multiphase geological textures and to define the relationship between microstructure and texture.
		Texture of amphiboles, deformed at 15-20 kbar and 550-6000C during the Alpine time, shows a pronounced crystallographic preferred orientation related to the rigid body rotation and dislocation creep components of the deformation mechanisms.
		The Sesia-Lanzo Zone is a kilometre wide slice of continental crust subducted and exhumed during the Alpine orogeny [1].
	www.ill.fr /AR-01/p-54.htm (746 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Rhine_River (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Since the Rhine flows from the Alps, a precondition of its existence is the uplifting of the Alps, which began in the Alpine Orogeny.
		Just to the north of the Alpine Orogeny were highlands resulting from an earlier orogeny (Variscan) along similar lines.
		These highlands helped to divert the Rhine to the west; however, the Rhine's course is set by the Rhine graben, a rift that opened in the Eocene and Oligocene periods between the western Alps and the central Alps, caused by their moving in slightly different directions.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Rhine_River (2759 words)

	ALPINE UPLIFTMENT AND REGIONAL CLIMATE: IS THERE A LINK? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The north Alpine molasse sediments of southern Germany and Austria were deposited during the Early to Late Miocene.
		To address the influence of the Alpine orogeny on the regional climate and oceanography, the chemical and isotopic composition of fossil shark teeth and ostracods in molasse sediments are investigated.
		Paleoecological evidence, Sr/Ca ratios, Sr-isotope compositions of ostracods and shark teeth, as well as the O-isotope composition of phosphate in shark teeth and mammalian fossils (dolphin teeth and seacow ribs) from the same horizon, support an open marine environment during deposition of the molasse sediments in the northern Paratethys, a marginal sea during the Miocene.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_26732.htm (450 words)

	Alpine Structures of Southern England - GCR block
		The Alpine Orogeny is the result of the convergence and collision of ‘Africa’ with ‘Europe’, closing the western part of the Tethys Ocean during the Tertiary Sub-Era (c.
		However, the knock-on effects of the Alpine Orogeny have formed large structures gently deforming the Mesozoic rocks of the south coast of England, such as the monocline affecting the Isle of Wight and southern Dorset.
		Alpine effects in Britain were probably magnified as a result of the opening of the Atlantic Ocean in early Tertiary times.
	www.jncc.gov.uk /earthheritage/gcrdb/GCRblock.asp?block=2 (270 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Geology of the Alps
		The Alps are made up of a pile of sliced off sheets (termed nappes by Alpine geologists) from the European margin, with sheets of the southern continental margin on top.
		North of the Danube, in Germany as in England, red sandstones, shales and conglomerates predominate, together with beds of gypsum and salt.
		Upon the outer side of the arc the central zone of crystalline rocks is flanked by Mesozoic and Tertiary belts; towards the west, indeed, the individuality of these belts is lost, to a large extent, but the rocks remain.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Alpine_orogeny (3917 words)

	Orogeny - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Appalachian orogeny (Appalachian Mountains,) is a well studied orogenic belt resulting from a late paleozoic collision between North America and Africa.
		Himalayan orogeny (Himalaya Mountains) is a result of the ongoing collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate.
		Ouachita orogeny (Ouachita Mountains) of Arkansas and Oklahoma is an orogenic belt that dates from the late Paleozoic and is most likely a continuation of the Appalachian orogeny west across the Mississippi embayment rift zone.
	www.free-definition.com /Orogeny.html (389 words)

	Geology of the United Kingdom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the early Cambrian period the volcanoes and mountains of England and Wales were eroded as the land became flooded, and new layers of sediment were laid down.
		The Variscan Orogeny (mountain building period) around 280 Ma caused major deformation in south west England, and towards its end granite was formed beneath the overlying rocks of Devon and Cornwall, now exposed as of Dartmoor and Bodmin Moor, and giving rise to mineralised deposits of copper and tin.
		The Alpine Orogeny that took place about 50 Ma was also responsible for the shaping of the Weald south of London.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/geology_of_the_united_kingdom (2218 words)

	62
		It is more appropriate to consider differing degrees of Alpine overprint, both in the hanging wall and footwall, variably affecting a similar pre-Alpine protolith.The geometr y and kinematics of the MF can be compared with the tectonic structure at the northern border of the Tonale unit east of the Bergell intrusion.
		River sands derived from alpine greenschist to blueschist facies metamorphic ophiolites are characterized by abundance of epidotes and amphiboles (tremolite, actinolite, glaucophane), and markedly contrast with sands derived from unmetamorphosed apenninic peridotites, characterized by abundance of pyroxenes and Cr-spinel.
		The Menderes Massif in western Turkey belongs to the Alpine orogenic belt in the eastern Mediterranean region, and consists of a complex nappe pile conformably overlain by a Mesozoic to Cenozoic marble sequence.
	camb.demonhosting.co.uk /JConfAbs/4/62.html (18136 words)

	Alpine Orogeny (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		But between the Trias of the Eastern Alps and the Trias of the region beyond the Alpine foldsthere is a striking contrast.
		North of the Danube, in Germany as in England, red sandstones, shales and conglomeratespredominate, together with beds of gypsum and salt.
		Upon the outer side of the arc the central zone of crystalline rocks is flanked by Mesozoic and Tertiarybelts; towards the west, indeed, the individuality of these belts is lost, to a large extent, but the rocks remain.
	www.therfcc.org /alpine-orogeny-175213.html (2410 words)

	Tectonophysics. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Sissingh, Tectonostratigraphy of the North Alpine Foreland Basin: correlation of Tertiary depositional cycles and orogenic phases, Tectonophysics 282 (1-4) (1997) pp.
		Hrouda, M. Putis, J. Madaras, The Alpine overprints of the magnetic fabrics in the basement and cover rocks of the Veporic Unit (Western Carpathians, Slovakia), Tectonophysics 359 (3-4) (2002) pp.
		Saadallah, R. Caby, Alpine extensional detachment tectonics in the Grande Kabylie metamorphic core complex of the Maghrebides (northern Algeria), Tectonophysics 267 (1-4) (1996) pp.
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/00401951/viewer.htt?viewtype=keywords&rangeselected=7 (974 words)

	Alpine deformation at the western termination of the Axial Zone, Southern Pyrenees (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Stratigraphy of the Alpine cover in the area of the western termination of the axial zone
		After the Hercynian orogeny, the first sediments deposited in the area of the western termination of the axial zone were discontinuous red beds of Permian age.
		Column 6 shows a very rapid increase in thickness of the turbiditic sediments of the Roncal formation, compared with column 5, which is interpreted to be related to synsedimentary thrusting along the Urzainqui thrust, in front of which most sediments were deposited.
	www.virtualexplorer.com.au /2002/8/schellart/paper1.html (1757 words)

	Alpine orogeny -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The Alpine orogeny produced intense metamorphism of preexisting rocks, crumpling of rock strata, and uplift accompanied by both normal and thrust faulting.
		Under the impact of the Alpine orogeny, the planed-off remnants of the former Hercynian mountains were shattered and portions thrust upward to form block mountains, with sedimentary rocks preserved between them in lowlands and plateaus.
		They are produced during periods of intense crustal movements called orogenies, or mountain building phases, that involve much faulting and folding and that result in mountainous topography.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9005900 (780 words)

	Western Tethyan reconstructions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		We are concentrating on the Alpine cycle only, from the opening of the Alpine Tethys in Early Jurassic time to its closure during the Tertiary; the pre-Variscan (von Raumer et al., 2002), Variscan (Stampfli et al., 2002b) and Cimmerian (Stampfli et al., 2002a) cycles have been recently treated in separate papers.
		and Tethyan geology s.l., or between the Alpine orogen (Alps and Carpathes) and the Tethysides (Dinarides-Hellenides, the Middle-East mountain belts and the Himalayas s.l.).
		In that sense, the onset of the Alpine cycle could be placed in the Carnian, a period corresponding to the final closure of PaleoTethys in the Mediterranean and Middle-East regions (Stampfli et al., 2001a; 2002a) and to the onset of rifting in the central Atlantic-Alpine domain (Favre and Stampfli, 1992).
	www.virtualexplorer.com.au /2002/8/stampfli/paper.html (852 words)

	Alpine deformation at the western termination of the Axial Zone, Southern Pyrenees (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Alpine deformation at the western termination of the Axial Zone, Southern Pyrenees
		Rosenbaum, G. and Lister, G. Reconstruction of the evolution of the Alpine-Himalayan orogeny.
		Alpine deformation at the western termination of the Axial Zone,
	www.virtualexplorer.com.au /2002/8/schellart/paper2.html (1730 words)

	Corsica Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Fission-track ages are the same across the main boundary fault system separating the Alpine orogenic wedge and the foreland, indicating the absence of significant differential vertical displacement between upper and lower plates during Neogene unroofing.
		The northeastern region (Alpine Corsica) consists of a nappe stack dominated by Jurassic oceanic crust and its sedimentary cover metamorphosed during the Alpine orogeny.
		The eastern portion, Alpine Corsica, is a nappe stack, dominated by Jurassic oceanic crust and its sedimentary cover, mostly metamorphosed and emplaced during the Alpine orogeny.
	www.geomin.unibo.it /ft/CorsicaRias.htm (820 words)

	Plate tectonic setting SW England Field course, UCL
		The earlier event, the Variscan is the primary event responsible for the evolution of Cornwall, whereas the Alpine Orogeny is reflected in the gentle folding and thrust faulting of the Mesozoic sediments of Dorset.
		The Variscan Orogeny occurred as a result of the northward convergence and collision of the continent of Gondwana (comprising South America, Africa, India, Australia and Antarctica) with the stable continent of Laurasia (comprising North America, Europe and Asia).
		The Alpine Orogeny is a result of the Tertiary convergence and collision of Africa with Europe, closing the western part of the Tethys Ocean.
	www.es.ucl.ac.uk /undergrad/fieldwork/image/fieldtrips/SWEngland/geo3.htm (703 words)

	Regional tectonics: from the Rhine graben to the Po plain, a summary of the tectonic evolution of the Alps and their ...
		During the latest stages of orogeny, this WNW directed indenting by the Adriatic plate possibly migrated further into the foreland, now also affecting the western Molasse basin and causing arcuate folding in the Jura mountains (Burkhard, 1990a).
		This microcontinent was attached to Iberia and formed the northern passive continental margin of the Jurassic Piemont-Liguria ocean, before it broke off the European margin in conjunction with the opening of the Valais ocean.
		Cretaceous (or Eo-alpine) orogeny in the Eastern Alps is regarded as independent and unrelated to Tertiary orogeny because of its different kinematic scenario (top WNW, hence almost orogen-parallel thrusting) and because it is separated from Tertiary convergence by an extensional event during the Late Creatceous ("Ducan extension" in
	pages.unibas.ch /earth/tecto/Members/Schmid/alps/schmid_html/Text_Schmid.html (5055 words)

	Discussion
		Stations UZH, KOV and LVV are located close to the eastern Carpathians, formed by the Alpine orogeny and marked by elevations reaching 1 km and more (Figure 1b).
		The origin of the Carpathians is usually attributed to the collision between the European continent and the microplates in front of the moving African plate [Burtman, 1986].
		This similarity suggests that the observed anisotropy is not confined to the subcrustal lithosphere, and thus is not inherited from previous orogenies.
	www.agu.org /pubs/toc/gl/gl/gl9909/1999GL900204/node3.html (549 words)

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