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	Smart Computing Encyclopedia Entry - Altair 8800
		Altair is either the eleventh or twelfth brightest star in the sky depending on whom you ask, and it is also the name of what most computer historians consider to be the first PC.
		Expandability came courtesy of the computer's Altair Bus (later called the S-100 bus), a standard that stood for more than five years and let hobbyists create custom systems.
		The Altair 8800 made computer technology accessible to hobbyists for the first time, igniting the fuse of the PC market that exploded in later years.
	www.smartcomputing.com /editorial/dictionary/detail.asp?guid=&searchtype=1&DicID=16333&RefType=Encyclopedia (593 words)

	Computer / Game Console History - MITS Altair 8800
		Today the Altair is widely recognized as the spark that led to the personal computer revolution that took off in the next few years.
		The computer bus designed for the Altair was to become a standard in form of the S-100 bus.
		She suggested Altair, which was the destination for the Enterprise during an episode of Star Trek that she was watching.
	www.maniacworld.com /game_console_history/MITSAltair8800.htm (1618 words)

	MITS Altair 8800 computer
		The Altair 8800, from Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems (MITS) of Albuquerque, NM, was first featured in the January 1975 edition of Popular Electronics.
		The Altair was initially offered only as a kit - it took many days and nights of careful soldering and assembly to hopefully create a working Altair.
		The Altair is comprised of a case, a power supply, a front panel and a passive motherboard with 16 expansion slots.
	oldcomputers.net /altair.html (494 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Altair bus
		The S-100 bus was an early computer bus designed as a part of the Altair 8800, generally considered today to be the first "personal computer".
		The S-100 bus was the first "industry standard" bus for the microcomputer industry, and S-100 computers, processor and peripheral cards, were produced by a number of manufacturers.
		Programming the Altair was an extremely tedious process where one toggled the switches to positions corresponding to an 8080 opcode, then used a special switch to enter the code into the machine's memory, and then repeated this step until all the opcodes of a presumably complete and correct program was in place.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Altair-bus (586 words)

	Altair 8800 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Today the Altair is widely recognized as the spark that led to the personal computer revolution of the next few years: The computer bus designed for the Altair was to become a de facto standard in form of the S-100 bus, and the first programming language for the machine was Microsoft's founding product, Altair BASIC.
		She suggested Altair, which was the destination for the Starship Enterprise during an episode of Star Trek that she was watching.
		Programming the Altair was an extremely tedious process where one toggled the switches to positions corresponding to an 8080 opcode, then used a special switch to enter the code into the machine's memory, and then repeated this step until all the opcodes of a presumably complete and correct program was in place.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Altair_8800 (1484 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Microcomputer
		Of the early "box of switches"-type microcomputers, the MITS Altair 8800 (1975) was arguably the most famous.
		Altair 8800 The MITS Altair 8800 was a microcomputer design from 1975, based on the Intel 8080A CPU.
		The MITS Altair just mentioned played an instrumental role in sparking significant hobbyist interest, which itself eventually led to the founding and success of many well-known personal computer hardware and software companies, such as Microsoft and Apple Computer.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Microcomputer (3332 words)

	Altair 8800
		Today the Altair is widely recognized as the spark that led to the personal computer revolution that took off in the next few years.
		The computer bus designed for the Altair was to become a standard in form of the S-100 bus.
		She suggested Altair, which was the destination for the Enterprise during an episode of Star Trek that she was watching.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/al/Altair_8800.html (1381 words)

	Computer bus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The former referred to bus systems that were designed to be used with internal devices, such as graphics cards, and the latter to buses designed to add external devices such as scanners.
		An internal bus connects all the internal components of a computer to the motherboard (and thus, the CPU and internal memory).
		These types of buses are also referred to as a local bus, because they are intended to connect to local devices, not to those in other machines or external to the computer.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Computer_bus (1983 words)

	PC bus systems (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bus masters are devices capable of initiating any bus cycle (memory read/write, port addressing, etc.) and bus slaves are devices which are not capable of initiating a bus cycle but merely responding to it.
		The bus mastering was not a complete or perfect implementation due to certain limitations such as a request by a Bus master for 'Bus hand-off' requiring several cycles for completion and the master having to relinquish the bus periodically to allow memory refresh (or do the refresh itself).
		Bus speeds of up to 66MHz are supported but the electrical characteristics of the physical VL-bus connector limit the speed of devices operating across the connector to 50MHz (slotless devices such as integrated graphics devices would presumably not suffer from this limitation).
	www.csn.ul.ie /~stephen/buses.html (7161 words)

	Altair's Fuel Cell Passes Demonstration Tests
		Reno, Nev.-based Altair sees the tests as proof that the company is on the right track in developing a stack of fuel cells in one monolithic structure.
		While much of the work being done in fuel cell research is concentrating on operating efficiencies, cell output and cost per killowatt, Altair is relishing the fact that its concept was tested at temperatures in the range of 600 to 900 degrees Celsius and didn't warp, crack or separate.
		Altair is also working with Dr. Jackie Ying of MIT on the development of a novel catalyst design for oxide fuel cells and hopes to incorporate the catalysts in future efforts.
	www.internetnews.com /bus-news/print.php/6551_1365641 (404 words)

	CCS - The Coming of Mix and Match Hardware (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It had a bus based on a 100-way edge connector on which MITS had got a good surplus deal, and was accordingly called the Altair bus.
		The resulting incidental but lavish availability of 100 bus lines led to the provision of a very rich environment of status and control signals, which was in turn to prove a spur to the designers of third party add-in boards.
		Since bus line 13 provides a power-failure warning signal which is guaranteed to give at least 50ms for action before the voltage rails go out of spec, it is also possible to implement a form of power-fail auto-restart on S-100 systems, or at least a controlled shutdown.
	cedarsgw.leeds.ac.uk /ccs/www/s100/s100home.htm (3258 words)

	Altair Engineering (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Altair bus is not only lighter, but also cheaper and easier to build and maintain.
		Preventive bus maintenance is made possible by an intelligent multiplex system that transmits data from the bus to a central computer.
		Altair's bus was designed with both the transit and shuttle bus industries in mind.
	www.altairengineering.com /corporat/press/20000802.htm (565 words)

	Harte Technologies: Computer History: S-100 Machines
		Shortly thereafter, the MITS Altair 8800 was introduced as a microcomputer kit for hobbyist use.
		The Altair 8800 was a crude but functional machine, which used toggle switches and LEDs on the front panel for input and output.
		The Altair was an expandable system which included a card cage with a bus consisting of 100-pin connectors, initially known as the Altair Bus.
	www.imsai8080.com /computers/s100 (440 words)

	ALTAIR 8800
		On arrival, they entered the machine code via the front panel and demonstrated and sold their "product." Thus was born "Altair BASIC." The original Altair BASIC ran in less than 4K of RAM because a "loaded" Altair had 4K memory.
		The electronics hobbyists were moving on to computers as more and more electronics turned digital, and yet they were frustrated by the low power and flexibility of the few kits that were already on the market.
		The Altair had enough power to be actually useful, and was designed around an expandable system that opened it up to all sorts of experiments.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/english/Al/Altair+8800.html (1919 words)

	BUSRide Magazine - News - 12/27/2004 - Grant to help in development of new bus (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Altair's design allows for entire sections of the bus, such as the front end and a large rear-positioned heating and cooling system, to be unbolted and removed for repairs.
		Altair's bus also could be modified to operate as a gas/electric hybrid, fuel cell or compressed natural gas vehicle.
		Altair already has invested more than $3 million since 1999 on the engineering and design of the bus they hope will one day become an industry standard.
	www.busride.com /News.asp?Article=2011 (517 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Altair had enough power to be actually useful, and was designed as an expandable system that opened it up to all sorts of experiments.
		The S-100 bus was eventually acknowledged by the professional computer community and adopted as the IEEE-696 computer bus standard.
		The first time it was run, it displayed, "Altair Basic", then crashed, but that was enough for them to join; the next day, they brought in a new paper tape, and it ran, and the first program ever typed in, was "2+2", and up came the "4".
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Altair_8800 (1548 words)

	MITS ALTAIR 8800
		The Altair on the cover of the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics was a dummy; there was nothing behind the front panel with its lights and switches.
		After they were built, the front panel board and the CPU plugged into the bus board, which was made with 50 parallel lines (or lands) on each side and four groups of holes that intersected the lands.
		To add another bus board, you had to completely disassemble your computer, and solder 100 jumper wires to connect the new bus board to the existing one.
	www.pc-history.org /altair.htm (3805 words)

	MITS Altair 8800 computer
		The Altair was initially offered only as a kit - it took many days and nights of careful soldering and assembly to hopefully create a working Altair.
		The Altair is comprised of a case, a power supply, a front panel and a passive motherboard with 16 expansion slots.
		Even though MITS shipped up to 1000 Altairs a month, and did $13 million in busines in 1977, the company was sold to Pertec, which continued producing Altairs through 1978.
	www.oldcomputers.net /altair.html (494 words)

	MITS/Pertec Altair 8800/680b/MITS 300
		The Altair pictured on the cover of the magazine is actually a mock-up, as an actual computer was not available, Railway Express loses Ed Robert's only prototype Altair computer, en route to New York for review and photography for publishing by Popular Electronics.
		Altair was the name of where Star Trek's Enterprise was going that night.
		The "Altair bus" used a connector with 100 pins and became known as the S-100 bus as more manufacturers adopted it.
	www.incywincy.com /default?catid=204097&cached=www.angelfire.com/pq/pcmuseum/altair1.html (937 words)

	MITS Altair & Documentation List
		It initially contained two cards: a 4-slot motherboard with bus connectors of 100 pins each, soon to be called the "S-100 bus" by IMSAI; and a CPU card with a 2MHz 8-bit processor (8080).
		Altair 8800b documents: 1976, reprinted June 1977 8800b: front panel address and data switches on dark background with white horizontal strips 1) Altair 8800b Documentation, 280 pgs TOTAL except Ch 5.
		Altair 88-S4K Synch 4K RAM docs, 60 pgs Feb 1977.
	retrotechnology.com /herbs_stuff/d_altair.html (1074 words)

	Creator of High-Tech, Eco-Friendly Buses Selects SolidWorks Software for 3D Design
		Altair Engineering Inc., a global product design consulting and technology company, is using SolidWorks ® 3D mechanical design software to develop advanced technology buses that could revitalize the country's public transportation system.
		Altair engineers designed the bus around the passengers instead of making room for passengers in the bus design, a philosophy with tangible differences.
		Altair will also explore alternative power train options for the prototype buses, with the potential for hybrid electric, fuel cell, and natural gas capabilities.
	www.cimdata.com /newsletter/2005/21/01/21.01.04.htm (703 words)

	S-100 bus : Altair bus (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The S-100 bus was the first "industry standard" bus for the personal computer industry, and S-100 computers, processor and peripheral cards, were produced by a number of manufacturers.
		A deal on power supplies led to the use of +8v and +18v, which had to be "pulled down" on the cards to TTL (+5v) or RS-232 (+12v) levels.
		The S-100 bus has a number of variants from different manufacturers, but had eventually been standardised as IEEE-696 towards the end of the 1980s.
	www.wordlist.org /al/altair-bus.html (412 words)

	Quad AMD core to arrive Q3 2007
		The quad core will be based on Altair FX core and is scheduled for Q3 next year, so AMD will have to survive for a long time without a real quad core.
		Altair is a quad core 65 nanometre Silicon on Insulator (SOI) chip and will support DDR 2 memory.
		Altair will get an Athlon 64 version as well with a thermal dissapation of 125W again in Q3 2007.
	www.theinquirer.net /default.aspx?article=35209 (289 words)

	Eight bit standard connector bus for sixteen bit microcomputer using mirrored memory boards - United States Patent ...
		This bus system was built for the 8080 eight bit microprocessor, which is the most widely used at present, but it can be used with other eight bit microprocessor parts.
		It is the principal object of this invention to provide a microcomputer system wherein the board-to-board connectors employ a standardized bus which has a word length of fewer bits than that of the data bus of the processor chip.
		Likewise, the pins for the bus 16 are connected by eight unidirectional buffers 42 to the lines 37.
	xrint.com /patents/us/4375665 (2719 words)

	Altair 8800
		The Altair 8800 was a microcomputer design from 1975, based on the Intel 8080 CPU.
		Sold as a kit through Popular Electronics[?] magazine, the designers intended to sell only a few hundred to hobbyists, and were surprised when they sold over ten times that much in the first month.
		For all intents, the Altair bus consists of the pins of the Intel 8080 run out onto the backplane.
	www.fastload.org /al/Altair_8800.html (1420 words)

	Online Ethics Center for Engineering & Science: Altair History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		But a copy of Altair BASIC that was stolen at a hobbyist club meeting sparked the first major software piracy controversy, causing Bill Gates to write an open letter to computer hobbyists, which really stirred up the animals, and began an ethics debate on software copying that still continues on today.
		The Altair 8800 microcomputer was the first successful home or personal computer, even though most people would give that credit to the Apple II or the IBM PC.
		This bus structure was referred to as the Altair Bus, but was later named the S-100 Bus by a group of MITS' competitors.
	onlineethics.org /contest/altair (2280 words)

	FEEE - Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Electronics: Short-distance busses
		A high-performance bus (co-designed by Motorola, and based on Motorola's earlier Versa-Bus standard) for constructing versatile industrial and military computers, where multiple memory, peripheral, and even microprocessor cards could be plugged in to a passive "rack" or "card cage" to facilitate custom system designs.
		Sometimes called the Altair bus, this bus standard was the product of a conference in 1976, intended to serve as an interface to the Intel 8080 microprocessor chip.
		Yet another bus, this one designed by IBM for their ill-fated PS/2 series of computers, intended for the interfacing of PC motherboards to peripheral devices.
	www.vias.org /feee/commun_03_02.html (648 words)

	Altair History
		Now, you can argue the point, but it is generally accepted that the MITS Altair, circa 1975, was the first mass produced, commercially successful personal computer, and Ed Roberts, with some help, masterminded its creation and success.
		Altair eventually got a hard disk, however it was big, heavy, and expensive.
		By the time the 8088 made it to the S100 bus, users were moving to the PC with an Intel 8086.
	www.virtualaltair.com /virtualaltair.com/vac_history.asp (562 words)

	SolidWorks Press Release
		The grant aids Altair in designing and building two prototype buses that will be initially deployed in metro Detroit as early as 2006 for regular transit use and evaluation.
		Altair engineers designed the bus around the passengers instead of making room for passengers in the bus design, a philosophy with tangible differences.
		Altair will also explore alternative power train options for the prototype buses, with the potential for hybrid electric, fuel cell, and natural gas capabilities.
	www.solidworks.com /pages/news/viewrelease.html?prid=276 (890 words)

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