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Topic: Alternate DNS root

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	Alternate DNS root
		In addition to the Internet's main DNS root (currently consisting of 13 root nameservers working in agreement with ICANN), several organizations operate alternate DNS roots (often referred to as alt roots).
		Each alternate root has its own root nameservers and its own set of top-level domains.
		The ORSC root zone is too large to be fully quoted here.
	www.teachtime.com /en/wikipedia/a/al/alternate_dns_root.html (191 words)

	ICANN \| ICP-3: A Unique, Authoritative Root for the DNS
		Yet other alternate roots have been established by certain individuals to protest the policies developed by the broader community processes for management of the authoritative root, or to express their disinterest in participating in those processes.
		Alternate roots inherently endanger DNS stability – that is, they create the real risk of name resolvers being unable to determine to which numeric address a given name should point.
		For example, alternate roots are commonly operated by large organizations within their private networks without harmful effects, since care is taken to prevent the flow of the alternate resource records onto the public Internet.
	www.icann.org /icp/icp-3.htm (5358 words)

	Root nameserver - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A root nameserver is a DNS server that answers requests for the root namespace domain, and redirects requests for a particular top-level domain to that TLD's nameservers.
		No more names can be used because of protocol limitations, but the C, F, I, J and K servers exist in multiple locations on different continents, using anycast announcements to provide a decentralized service.
		There are quite a few alternate namespace systems with their own set of root nameservers that exist in opposition to the mainstream nameservers.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Root_nameserver (380 words)

	JNDI/DNS Service Provider
		For example, the DNS service provider might have retrieved nonauthoritative data as the result of a query and is subsequently forced to discard it because only authoritative data may be returned.
		The domain is the DNS domain name of the context, and is not necessarily related to the domain of the server.
		That is, it processes the first component of the composite name as a DNS domain name and the rest of the components as names in the next naming system(s) (nns).
	java.sun.com /j2se/1.4.2/docs/guide/jndi/jndi-dns.html (1720 words)

	RFC 2826 (rfc2826) - IAB Technical Comment on the Unique DNS Root
		Since the DNS is hierarchically structured into domains, the uniqueness requirement for DNS names in their entirety implies that each of the names (sub-domains) defined within a domain has a unique meaning (i.e., set of DNS records) within that domain.
		In DNS this is accomplished by assigning a single owner or maintainer to every domain, including the root domain, who is responsible for ensuring that each sub-domain of that domain has the proper records associated with it.
		Difficulty of Relocating the Root Zone There is one specific technical respect in which the root zone differs from all other DNS zones: the addresses of the name servers for the root zone come primarily from out-of-band information.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc2826.html (1634 words)

	Domains: Structure -- Alternative Roots
		Among the most controversial issues in the ongoing saga of the expansion of the domain name space is the issue of "alternate roots." Here is some information on this concept, and my opinion about it.
		What the "alternate roots" have done is set up servers that recognize a bunch of new top level domains as well as the "standard" ones like.com.
		Alternate roots basically define extranets of their own, whose members are those computers that are using that root rather than the standard Internet roots.
	domains.dantobias.com /structure/altroots.html (2126 words)

	Perspective: Defending the DNS \| CNET News.com
		Root server operators are also starting to deploy root servers using "anycast" addresses that allow multiple machines in different network locations to look like a single server.
		In short, defending the DNS root is relatively easy since it is possible to minimize the importance of any root server, by creating more copies of the root database--some private, some public.
		But understand that until tools for digital signatures in DNS are finished and deployed, you are going to be at risk from the DNS counterfeiting attacks that lie not too far in the future (and that have apparently already occurred in China).
	news.com.com /2010-1071-979587.html (1270 words)

	Simple DNS Plus - Using Simple DNS Plus with alternate roots
		There are however "alternate root operators" which can provide access to other "non-standard" top level domain names such as.shop,.costarica,.club, and many others.
		"alternate root" domain names are not recognized by ICANN, which means that the majority of Internet users will not have access to any site you host under one of these domain names.
		If you register a domain name with an "alternate root operator" there is a risk that ICANN will eventually commission the same top level name, and you may have to register the domain again or loose it to someone else.
	www.simpledns.com /tutor/altroot.asp (384 words)

	RFC 2540 (rfc2540) - Detached Domain Name System (DNS) Information
		The DNS has been extended as described in [RFC 2535] to permit the general storage of public cryptographic keys in the DNS and to enable the authentication of information retrieved from the DNS though digital signatures.
		The DNS was not originally designed for storage of information outside of the active zones and authoritative master files that are part of the connected DNS.
		The primary difference is that elements of the connected DNS system (unless they are an authoritative server for the zone containing the information) are required to count down the Time To Live (TTL) associated with each DNS Resource Record (RR) and discard them (possibly fetching a fresh copy) when the TTL reaches zero.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc2540.html (1142 words)

	InterNIC \| Domain Name System FAQs
		The root servers contain the IP addresses of all the TLD registries – both the global registries such as.com,.org, etc. and the 244 country-specific registries such as.fr (France),.cn (China), etc. This is critical information.
		Some, however, overlap the authoritative global DNS root by incorporating the unique, authoritative root information, and then adding new pseudo-TLDs that have not resulted from the consensus-driven process by which official new TLDs are created through ICANN.
		The alternate root operators persuade some users to have their resolvers "point" to their alternate root instead of the authoritative root.
	www.internic.net /faqs/authoritative-dns.html (1650 words)

	The World Internet Security Company
		The concept of "multiple roots" (or "alternate roots", "open root", "inclusive roots"...) is an overall response to the management of the roots.
		A "Root CA" is a certification authority which can be trusted by a browser or system; and through which subordinate authorities, and entities are trusted via "inheritance of trust".
		The choice of which root certification authorities a browser or operating system vendor accepts by default as trusted, through pre-installation or certified updates, is up to the choice, or goodwill, of that vendor.
	www.wisekey.com /press/WSISdocumentbywisekeyenglish.htm (795 words)

	[No title]
		Often the main (or only) motivation for using the DNS is because it exists and is widely deployed, not because its existing structure, facilities, and content are appropriate for the particular application of data involved.
		This is not possible with simple, as-designed, use of the DNS: DNS names identify target resources or, in the case of email "MX" records, a preferentially-ordered list of resources "closest" to a target (not to the source/user).
		The DNS does not support this capability (see the discussion in [IQUERY]) and it can be simulated only by extracting all of the relevant records (perhaps by zone transfer if the source permits doing so, but that permission is becoming less frequently available) and then searching a file built from those records.
	www.ietf.org /rfc/rfc3467.txt (9552 words)

	Chapter 4 DNS Configuration Types
		A Slave DNS gets its zone file information from a zone master and it will respond as authoritative for those zones for which it is defined to be a 'slave' and for which it has a currently valid zone configuration.
		The master DNS for each zone is defined in the 'masters' zone section and allows slaves to refresh their zone record when the 'expiry' parameter of the SOA Record is reached.
		Assuming NOTIFY is allowed in the master DNS for the zone (the default behaviour) then zone changes are propagated to all the slave servers defined with NS Records in the master zone file.
	www.zytrax.com /books/dns/ch4 (2637 words)

	Main Heading Goes Here (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The DNS root structure was constructed with some presumptions about the underlying protocol, i.e.
		With the addition of new features and changes in the underlying protocol, the DNS root context should be explored in a controlled environment to gauge the impact of making fundamental changes.
		We also expect to be able to improve the integrity of the DNS structure by having a signed DNS root context available for environments like the FreeSwan project.
	www.isi.edu /otdr (600 words)

	[No title]
		It says that alternate root systems have been "proposed." In fact, they have not just been proposed they have been implemented and are still in existence.
		Thus, bad TLD policy, not competing roots per se, should be identified as the cause of the incompatibility risks of alternate roots.
		Any change in the way root servers are operated, and in the institutional arrangements around them, has to be performed after careful, detailed consultations.
	www.wgig.org /docs/Mueller-CommentRS.doc (518 words)

	On Multiple DNS Roots (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A sufficient and almost necessary condition for this consistency is that any given zone in the DNS is delegated to a single party at any time, who defines the resource records associated with the names defined within that zone.
		Actually since all DNS names are delegated from the root, consistency of the root zone is more important than consistency of any other zone.
		Some of the so-called "alternate roots" claim that they can achieve consistency without a central organization, and that several alternate roots have demonstrated the ability to do this.
	www.cs.utk.edu /~moore/opinions/multiple-dns-roots.html (574 words)

	PgTLD.org FAQ's (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Alternate roots are made up of groups who are trying to go over the heads of the organization that is responsible for the authoritative name space (ICANN).
		Simple DNS Plus within their network since it is easy to install and operate.
		After the unique root is up and running for one year, you'll be able to renew your PgTLD domain again for one dollar.
	www.dnslife.com /faq.html (2207 words)

	[No title]
		Their existing DNS infrastructure provides name resolution for all internal resources, including: Any servers, such as Web or mail servers, residing in the perimeter network (also known as the DMZ) and are accessed by Internet users.
		Configuring DNS for the Forest Root Domain To configure DNS for the forest root domain, the DNS administrator of your organization delegates the zone that matches the name of the forest root domain to the DNS servers (domain controllers) that you will be installing in the forest root domain.
		Update the DNS Delegation After you install the DNS Server service on new domain controllers, update the DNS delegation for the forest root domain on a DNS server that is authoritative for the parent zone.
	download.microsoft.com /download/5/2/f/52f23d76-7d56-44d6-ad25-a95bf0be5516/09_CHAPTER_6_Deploying_the_Windows_Server_2003_Forest_Root_Domain.doc (6800 words)

	e-OTI: What's in a Name? - New Challenges for DNS
		DNS has grown beyond a simple lookup service to become a major piece of Internet infrastructure-one that has gone well beyond its original scope.
		One of the most active mailing lists discussing DNS and new TLDs is the newdom mailing list, which you can subscribe to by sending e-mail with the subject "subscribe newdom" to newdom-request@iiia.org.
		DNS has grown up to be much more than just a way of mapping names to IP addresses, and it will continue to evolve.
	www.isoc.org /oti/articles/0996/trio.html (2154 words)

	[MARA] So much for alternate root DNS servers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		One alternate root list has fallen off of the face of the earth; another has officially decalred themselves dead.
		The remaining ones are merging together, which usually causes their root servers list to be incompatible with MaraDNS' format.
		Not one list of root servers was unchanged; even the ICANN root servers have changed the IP of J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET from 198.41.0.10 to 192.58.128.30.
	lists.swelltech.com /pipermail/mara-archive/2002-November/000891.html (600 words)

	Alternate DNS root - Term Explanation on IndexSuche.Com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Each alternate root has its own root nameservers and its own set of top-level_domains.
		The BIZ TLD created by Pacific Root was in operation before ICANN proposed running BIZ, and at least one of the alternate root servers resolves BIZ to Pacific Root's.
		There are BIZ domain names that exist in different roots and point to different IP_addresses.
	www.indexsuche.com /Alternate_DNS_root.html (202 words)

	Windows-Expert.NET - Active Directory and DNS
		DNS is used to find important resources like domain controllers.
		DNS is a distributed database of so-called resource records.
		Most people tend to use their provider's DNS server, because that is what they did all the time.
	www.windows-expert.net /Common/en/Articles/active-directory-and-dns.asp (1732 words)

	Windows 2003 server DNS error (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In order to ensure that its DS-integrated peer DNS servers are able to replicate with this server, an attempt was made to update them with the new records through dynamic update.
		If this DNS server's Active Directory replication partners do not have the correct IP address(es) for this server, they will be unable to replicate with it.
		It is possible that the delegation was done correctly, but that the primary DNS for the subzone, has any incorrect NS record pointing back at this server.
	www.ozzu.com /ftopic1196.html (756 words)

	math lessons - Top-level domain
		Most of these networks have long since ceased to exist, and although UUCP still gets significant use in parts of the world where Internet infrastructure has not yet become well-established, it subsequently transitioned to using Internet domain names, so pseudo-domains now largely survive as historical relics.
		Alternate DNS roots have their own sets of TLDs.
		Ruling the Root by Milton Mueller (MIT Press, 2001, ISBN 0262134128) [2], discusses TLDs and domain name policy more generally.
	www.mathdaily.com /lessons/TLD (407 words)

	Review the Active Directory Logical Structure Design: Active Directory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Also review the existing DNS zone configuration, replication, and resource records that are used for delegation and forwarding.
		For each domain controller, the preferred DNS server is the local domain controller, and the alternate is the closest DNS server.
		During installation of Active Directory on the first domain controller, the preferred DNS server is changed to the local domain controller.
	www.microsoft.com /resources/documentation/windowsserv/2003/all/deployguide/en-us/dssbl_dfr_ynst.asp (459 words)

	DNS - OneLook Dictionary Search
		DNS, Dns : Stammtisch Beau Fleuve Acronyms [home, info]
		DNS, dns : Hickok Sports Glossaries [home, info]
		Phrases that include DNS: dns parking, dynamic dns, reverse dns, alternate dns root, dns bl, more...
	www.onelook.com /cgi-bin/cgiwrap/bware/dofind.cgi?word=DNS (199 words)

	Toll Free 800, Domain Name, and ENUM Industry News and Information
		It is my belief that we need to explore and define alt root issues first, and come to conclusions, later.
		But if enough ISPs chose to set up an alternate DNS root tomorrow, they could do so and, I argue, SHOULD be able to do so.
		Above all, let's stop the posturing: ICANN and the US Dept of Commerce root are not divinely ordained, competition is a fact of the marketplace, so let's stop viewing competitors as illegitimate or as something that will go away.
	www.icbtollfree.com /article.cfm?articleId=5297 (606 words)

	Draft Bylaws for the New Entity Prepared by the Open Root Server Confederation
		The initial chair of the DNS Root Server System Advisory Committee shall be appointed by the Board; subsequent chairs shall be elected by the members of the DNS Root Server System Advisory Committee pursuant to procedures adopted by the members.
		The responsibility of the Root Server System Advisory Committee shall be to advise the Board about the operation of the root name servers of the domain name system.
		The chairperson and each member of a committee shall serve until his or her successor is appointed, or until such committee is sooner terminated, or until he or she is removed, resigns, or otherwise ceases to qualify as a member of the committee.
	www.ntia.doc.gov /ntiahome/domainname/proposals/orsc/bylaws.html (6751 words)

	Wired News: New.net Defies Domain System
		New.net, a spinoff of Idealab, is challenging the authority of the Internet's primary ruling body by preparing to sell 20 unsanctioned TLDs that it plans to administer on its own.
		The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the international organization chartered to oversee the administration of the domain name system (DNS), granted seven new domain names in November, including dot-biz (.biz), dot-museum and dot-info.
		But making the proposed TLDs available to people browsing the Web would normally require reconfiguring the thousands of DNS servers that turn the words into the numbers (IP addresses) that the Internet is built around.
	www.wired.com /news/business/0,1367,42146,00.html (669 words)

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