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	Swiss Civilian Service - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Civilian service is a Swiss institution, created in 1996 as an alternative to military service.
		Anyone who is unable to do military service for reasons of conscience can submit an application to be allowed to do civilian service.
		In this case they are not exempt from military service or civilian service, and every step of the process requires their presence in Switzerland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Swiss_Civilian_Service (619 words)

	Civilian Public Service - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Civilian Public Service (CPS) was a form of national service providing conscientious objectors in the United States an alternative to military service during World War II.
		Holding a common view that any participation in military service was not acceptable, they devised a plan of civilian alternative service, based on experience gained by American Friends Service Committee work in Europe during and after WWI and also forestry service done by Russian Mennonites in lieu of military service in Tsarist Russia.
		Selective Service and the peace churches agreed to a six-month trial of church supported and funded camps for conscientious objectors and thus Civilian Public Service was born.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Civilian_Public_Service (4044 words)

	Amnesty International
		He refused to do the alternative service he was offered, as it was located further from his home and of an extremely punitive duration, 7 and a half times longer, than the military service he would otherwise have had to perform.
		However, alternative civilian service in Greece, both in law and in practice, continues to be of a punitive nature and to be biased against conscientious objectors," Amnesty International said.
		alternative civilian service is not of discriminatory and punitive length;
	www.commondreams.org /cgi-bin/print.cgi?file=/news2004/1213-04.htm (648 words)

	Russian Military Reform, Alternative Military Service - CDI Russia Weekly #266 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Alternative civilian service will come into effect from January 1, 2004, thanks to a decree signed by the president.
		The law on alternative civilian service was signed by the president on July 25, 2002 and will come into effect from January 1, 2004.
		The duration of alternative service in federal and regional organizations or military units will amount to 175% of the duration of the compulsory military service.
	www.cdi.org /russia/266-9.cfm (676 words)

	The Carnegie Moscow Center - Publications - Briefing Papers - Vol. 4, Issue 04, April 2002 - Tatyana Maleva - ...
		The fact that the introduction of alternative civilian service in Russia is nothing new-more accurately, it is the restoration of an old Russian political tradition-is little known even to some of those taking part in the debate.
		In 1991, an article on the possibility of substituting military service for alternative civilian duties was incorporated into the Constitution, however, the concrete beginning of the debate on ACS can be dated as 1992, when work on the first bill on alternative civilian service in Russia began.
		Today, the image of an 'alternative serviceman' in the mass, public consciousness is that of a janitor in a provincial hospital, doing heavy, low-prestige work which has no free supply within the labor market (or it is limited and does not meet the needs of the health care system).
	www.carnegie.ru /en/pubs/briefings/48456.htm (2245 words)

	Out of the margins: The right to conscientious objection to military service in Europe - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The recommended duration of the alternative service, as proposed on 29 January 1997 to the relevant ministerial authorities, is twice the length of military service.
		Conscientious objector status and alternative civilian service was not available to conscientious objectors to compulsory military service in Italy until the introduction of Law 772 of 15 December 1972, the current legislation governing conscientious objection to military service.
		The civilian service, administered by an agency reporting to the Prime Minister's office, would be three months longer than the military service (rather than the same length, as proposed in the draft law on conscientious objection) in order to include a training period for a specific area of civilian work.
	news.amnesty.org /library/Index/ENGEUR010021997?open&of=ENG-BIH (15435 words)

	Greece: Punished for their beliefs: how conscientious objectors continue to be deprived of their rights - Amnesty ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		civilian service remains problematic and clearly discriminatory against conscientious objectors to military service.
		He refused to do the alternative service he was offered in 1998, as it was of an extremely punitive duration – in his case, seven and a half times longer than the military service he would otherwise have had to perform.
		The repeated prosecutions and convictions of Lazaros Petromelidis contravene his right to perform an alternative civilian service that is not discriminatory or punitive in nature and length.
	web.amnesty.org /library/index/engeur250072005 (1368 words)

	Greece: To be in the army or choosing not to be: The continuous harassment of conscientious objectors. - Amnesty ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Law 2510/97 states that conscientious objector status and civilian alternative service or unarmed military service are available to conscripts declaring themselves opposed to the personal use of arms for fundamental reasons of conscience based on religious, philosophical, ideological or moral convictions (Article 18, paragraphs 1, 2 and 3).
		On 27 May 1998 he was arrested and imprisoned in the military prison of Corinths for insubordination, after his application to perform alternative civilian service was rejected on the grounds that he had not provided a certificate of non-ownership of a gun (the police refused to deliver the authorized person with the official paper).
		Amnesty International believes that alternative civilian service should be strictly under civilian authority, including the examination of a candidate’s application for recognition of his status as conscientious objector.
	web.amnesty.org /library/Index/ENGEUR250032003?open&of=ENG-GRC (3363 words)

	Resisting the nation state (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		If applicants pass the test, then they may be directed to perform either non-combatant service in the army or alternative civilian work of 'national importance'.
		Those pacifists, relatively few, who have accepted non-combatant service, and the larger number who have accepted alternative civilian service, seem often to have wished to show that, in every respect save their willingness to kill at the state's behest, they were loyal citizens.
		Conscientious objection to military service, whether recognised by states or not, remains, and is likely to remain, an important aspect of pacifism.
	recollectionbooks.com /bleed/Encyclopedia/OstergaardGeoffrey/dd-trad4.html (984 words)

	Alternative to military service - Global Affairs Forum, Politics, Law, Science, Health
		Labor Minister Aleksandr Pochinok, whose ministry is responsible for organizing alternative civilian service for conscripts, told ORT and "Izvestiya" on 22 July that most young men who opt for alternative service will be given heavy manual labor, including working for polar expeditions or doing sanitation work at hospitals.
		He predicted that the numbers of men opting for alternative service will not be high, ranging from 2,000 to 3,000 out of an annual draft of 150,000.
		In addition, the term of alternative service is twice as long as ordinary military duty, ORT reported on 22 July.
	www.globalaffairs.org /forum/showthread.php?t=14572 (662 words)

	UNHCR - Amnesty International Report 2004 — Finland
		The length of alternative civilian service remained punitive: all conscientious objectors were required to perform 395 days of alternative service, 215 days longer than the majority of recruits who perform military service.
		AI continued to urge the authorities to reduce the length of alternative civilian service in line with internationally recognized standards and recommendations on conscientious objection to military service.
		The majority gave the discriminatory length of service as a reason for their refusal to perform alternative civilian service.
	www.unhcr.org /cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.htm?tbl=RSDCOI&page=research&id=40b5a1f314 (459 words)

	Amnesty International 1998 Annual Report on Greece (the Hellenic Republic)
		The law states that conscientious objector status and alternative civilian service or unarmed military service are available to conscripts declaring themselves opposed to the personal use of arms for fundamental reasons of conscience based on religious, philosophical, ideological or moral convictions.
		As the provisions relating to civilian service were not due to come into force until January 1998, conscientious objectors who refused to perform military service in the meantime still faced prison sentences of up to four years.
		The organization stated its belief that the right to perform alternative civilian service should never be derogated from, even in time of war or public emergency, and that conscientious objectors should have the right to claim conscientious objector status at any time, both up to and after entering the armed forces.
	www.amnesty.org /ailib/aireport/ar98/eur25.htm (1189 words)

	FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code
		Belcher, 404 U.S. The District Court found that military veterans and alternative service performers share the characteristic during their respective service careers of "inability to pursue the educational and economic objectives that persons not subject to the draft law could pursue." 352 F. Supp., at 859.
		Among other questions to be determined in the adjudication of such claims are those involving length and character of service, origin of disabilities, complex rating schedules, a multiplicity of medical and physical phenomena for consideration intercurrently with such schedules, and the application of established norms to the peculiarities of the particular case.
		Thus, Congress' decision to grant educational benefits to military servicemen might arguably be viewed as an attempt to equalize the burdens of military service and alternative civilian service, rather than an effort by Congress to place a relative burden upon a conscientious objector's free exercise of religion.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=415&invol=361 (6923 words)

	BakuSun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Creating such a service has long been pushed by human-rights advocates, but many say the measure passed by the State Duma amounts to a form of forced labor and constitutes a victory for the military.
		Human rights activists had wanted alternative service to be limited to civilian institutions or at least to require the draftee’s consent to work for the military.
		Other aspects of the bill that anger human rights advocates are the length of the service compared to military service and the fact that local military committees, rather than civilian authorities, will decide which draftees are eligible for alternative service.
	www.bakusun.az /cgi-bin/ayten/bakusun/show.cgi?code=2726 (323 words)

	Macedonia2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Standards adopted by these bodies clearly state that alternative civilian service should be available to all conscientious objectors who apply on grounds of conscience or profound conviction arising from religious, ethical, moral, humanitarian, philosophical, political or similar motives.
		The organization believes that conscientious objectors to military service are exercising their fundamental right to freedom of conscience and that they should, therefore, have the right to claim conscientious objector status at any time, both up to and after entering the armed forces.
		Military service is compulsory for all men between the ages of 17 and 55.
	www.hrwf.net /html/macedonia2000.html (1815 words)

	Russian Federation: Refusing to Bear Arms 2005 revision (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Substitute service may also be performed with organisations that are connected to federal civilian ministries, such as the Ministry of Natural Resources, the Ministry of Labour, the Ministry of Justice Department of the Penitentiary and the Russian Weather Forecasting Service.
		The Committee called upon the Russian government to "reduce the length of civilian service to that of military service and ensure that its terms are compatible with Articles 18 and 26 of the Covenant".
		[6] Article 11 of the Law on Alternative Civilian Service thus seems to be in contradiction with Article 60 of the Constitution, according to which citizens are considered to be of legal age and may independently exercise their rights and duties in full upon reaching the age of 18.
	www.wri-irg.org /co/rtba/russia.htm (3102 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The legislation made provision for alternative service which was, however, out of line with international standards in a number of crucial respects.
		Those who choose unarmed service without military uniform and outside the military camps have to serve 42 months; those who choose unarmed service with military uniform, inside the military area but without the obligation of carrying a weapon, have to serve 34 months.
		The right to transfer to alternative service from military service is suspended during periods of emergency or general mobilization.
	www.kypros.org /Documents/AI/171095.html (619 words)

	Goethe-Institut - Social Concerns - Institutions
		And this despite the fact that they had previously had to undergo what was often criticised as a demeaning interrogation of their beliefs, and although their period of service always lasted longer than the basic military service in the federal armed forces.
		Since civilian service is linked to compulsory military service, every debate about the abolition of military service and the establishment of a professional army also raises the question of the end of civilian service.
		The latest report by the Commission on "Impetus for civil society" about the outlook for voluntary service and alternative civilian service in Germany seems to suggest that the days of civilian service are numbered.
	www.goethe.de /ges/soz/ins/en111238.htm (825 words)

	Greece: Laws Deny Conscientious Objectors Full Rights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Amnesty International has numerous criticisms of Law 2510/97: the length of the new alternative civilian service is punitive (42 months compared to 24 months for military service) and its provisions for alternative service can be suspended in case of war.
		Also, the provisions of the law relating to alternative civilian service do not come into force until January 1998 and conscientious objectors who refuse to perform military service in the meantime still face prison sentences of up to four years.
		Failure to report for service will, according to the draft law, be punishable by a period of imprisonment of between six and 12 months, increasing to a maximum of three years in prison in periods of general mobilization, such as has existed in Greece since 1974.
	www.zmag.org /Bulletins/Pgrecon.htm (712 words)

	EurasiaNet Civil Society - New Alternative Service Falls Flat in Armenia
		Conscientious objectors, mainly Jehovah’s Witnesses, are refusing to enlist for alternative civilian service on the grounds that it is controlled by the Armenian military.
		The court sentences occurred before the authorities enacted a legal clause in January 2006 that declared abandonment of civilian service a crime punishable by imprisonment.
		The Armenian military has always feared that alternative service could serve as a legal loophole for mass draft evasion; hence, its desire to strictly regulate the process.
	www.eurasianet.org /departments/civilsociety/articles/eav031006.shtml (1071 words)

	The St. Petersburg Times - News - Army Tests Alternative Service
		The 1993 Constitution gives conscientious objectors the right to choose alternative civilian service, a practice adopted long ago by other European countries that rely on conscription to staff their armies.
		She named the fire service, nursing homes and orphanages as possible places where alternative service could be done.
		Of the 60 people who applied for alternative service, 20 of them withdrew their applications as soon as it became clear the experiment was going forward, Pavlov said.
	www.sptimes.ru /story/6523 (978 words)

	Bill On Alternative Military Service Debated - Armenia Diaspora Conference Official Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The bill on alternative military service was unveiled by previous chairman of Armenian parliament's defense and security committee last March 12.
		According to the bill, the alternative "civilian" service will last 42 months, which can be reduced by one year on payment of 1 million drams ($1,770).
		Young men who opt for civilian service will subsequently be ineligible to hold any post in the government, judiciary, or law enforcement agencies.
	www.armeniadiaspora.com /js/030919alt_militery.html (291 words)

	Forum 18 Search/Archive
		In what might be a breakthrough in achieving a civilian alternative to military service, currently unavailable in Serbia and Montenegro, a military judge in Nis in south eastern Serbia has decided not to sentence Jehovah's Witness conscientious objector Milan Gligoric.
		He instead allowed him to apply for civilian service under the terms of newly-adopted Constitutional Agreement of Serbia and Montenegro, which recognises the right to conscientious objection to military service, though he remains in custody in a military barracks.
		Milenkovic declared that many more young people are now interested in choosing alternative civilian service, which they insist must be completely separate from unarmed military service, which usually consists of work in army-owned factories or farms.
	www.forum18.org /Archive.php?article_id=25 (1280 words)

	Greece presides over the violations of conscientious objectors' rights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Amnesty International welcomes recent reports that the length of alternative civilian service will be reduced in future (following a parallel reduction in the length of military service from 14 to 12 months which was implemented on 1 January 2003).
		Amnesty International is concerned, however, that although the provisions relating to the length of alternative civilian service may be amended, this form of service remains punitive in length, lasting twice as long as military service.
		He is unable to apply for alternative civilian service because Law 2510/1997 deprives those who have once entered the armed forces of the right to claim conscientious objector's status.
	www.amnestyusa.org /regions/europe/document.do?id=80256AB9000584F680256CE8004174F1 (940 words)

	Alternative Service - Johnson's Russia List 11-6-02 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		[Alternative Civilian Service in Russia: To Be Or Not To Be?].
		On April 17 a draft law on alternative civilian service (ACS) finally passed its first reading in the Duma.
		ACS would cater to a small minority of highly motivated individuals with deeply held objections of principle to military service, but not to the much larger numbers concerned mainly for their own comfort and advantage.
	www.cdi.org /russia/Johnson/6535-7.cfm (511 words)

	Amnesty International 1999 Annual Report on Finland
		The length of alternative civilian service for conscientious objectors to military service remained 395 days, more than double the 180 days served by approximately 50 per cent of army conscripts under the new legislation.
		Amnesty International stated that it would consider anyone imprisoned for refusing to carry out civilian alternative service of a length considered punitive to be a prisoner of conscience and would call for their immediate release.
		In December the government wrote to Amnesty International arguing that the longer period of alternative service was justified because “the leave and leisure time of conscripts serving the shortest period were reduced substantially” and that they would also have to perform between 40 and 100 days' reservist service.
	www.amnesty.org /ailib/aireport/ar99/eur20.htm (436 words)

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