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	Statistics Glossary - hypothesis testing
		A hypothesis might also be a statement about the distributional form of a characteristic of interest, for example that the height of ten year old boys is normally distributed within the Scottish population.
		If we do not reject the null hypothesis, it may still be false (a type II error) as the sample may not be big enough to identify the falseness of the null hypothesis (especially if the truth is very close to hypothesis).
		The critical value(s) for a hypothesis test is a threshold to which the value of the test statistic in a sample is compared to determine whether or not the null hypothesis is rejected.
	www.stats.gla.ac.uk /steps/glossary/hypothesis_testing.html (2225 words)

	Null hypothesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is a hypothesis that is presumed true until statistical evidence in the form of a hypothesis test indicates otherwise.
		For example, if the null hypothesis is that sample A is drawn from a population with the same mean as sample B, the alternative hypothesis is that they come from populations with different means (and we shall proceed to a two-tailed test of significance).
		However, accepting the alternative hypothesis only commits us to a difference in observed parameters; it does not prove that the theory or principles that predicted such a difference is true, since it is always possible that the difference could be due to additional factors not recognised by the theory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Null_hypothesis (594 words)

	PlanetMath: hypothesis testing
		Hypothesis testing is a statistical inferencial procedure in which a statement based on some experimental or observational study is formulated, tested, then put through a decision process.
		When a statement (whether it is null hypothesis or the alternative hypothesis) is accepted, it merely says that, statistically, there is not enough evidence to reject the statement.
		This is version 2 of hypothesis testing, born on 2004-10-07, modified 2005-02-28.
	planetmath.org /encyclopedia/AlternativeHypothesis.html (359 words)

	Statistical hypothesis testing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		From the Bayesian point of view, it is appropriate to treat hypothesis testing as a special case of normative decision theory (specifically a model selection problem) and it is possible to accumulate evidence in favor of (or against) a hypothesis using concepts such as likelihood ratios known as Bayes factors.
		The hypothesis must be stated in mathematical/statistical terms that make it possible to calculate the probability of possible samples assuming the hypothesis is correct.
		The hypothesis is incorrect, therefore reject the null hypothesis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing (607 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Quite commonly, the null hypothesis is that a parameter µ; equals some particular value a (the null value), and the alternative hypothesis is that µ is greater than a, less than a, or simply not equal to a.
		That is a two-sided alternative hypothesis: it asserts that µ is not equal to a.
		However, because the null hypothesis does not specify what value p the two population percentages are equal to, and the SE of the difference of sample percentages depends on p, we cannot calculate the SE of the test statistic under the null hypotheses---we have to estimate it from the data.
	www.stat.berkeley.edu /~stark/SticiGui/Text/ch20.2.htm (2572 words)

	Hypothesis Testing
		Problem: Should the null hypothesis be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis or should we fail to reject the null hypothesis?
		Because the alternative hypothesis specifies that the mean is greater than 937, this is a one tailed test with the rejection region located in the right tail.
		=5.30 falls in the rejection region, our decision is to reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis and state that the mean time between failures is greater than 937 hours.
	web.fccj.org /~wradulov/sta2023hypothtest.htm (582 words)

	Hypothesis Testing
		Hypothesis testing is a form of statistical inference that uses data from a sample to draw conclusions about a population
		Conceptually, a value of the sample mean that is "close" to 30 is consistent with the null hypothesis, while a value of the sample mean that is "not close" to 30 provides support for the alternative hypothesis.
		In the case of hypothesis testing the hypothesis may never be proven; rather, it is decided that the model of no effects is unlikely enough that the opposite hypothesis, that of real effects, must be true.
	www.eng.morgan.edu /~slh/hypo.html (2298 words)

	Notes #6 on hypothesis testing
		This is also called hypothesis testing since you are using a sample to test a hypothesis in hopes of inferring the conclusions about the hypothesis to the population.
		This is easier with non-directional hypothesis since it is normally accomplished through the addition of the word "not" to the null hypothesis.
		Alternatively, if your sample has the 30 most intelligent people from the population it will almost always look like the drug worked since the sample mean will be above the population mean.
	reach.ucf.edu /~psy3214a/notes/notes6hypothesis.html (1162 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		the hypothesis that depression is associated with deficiency of biogenic amines (catecholamines and serotonin), especially norepinephrine, at functionally important receptor sites in the brain and that elation is associated with excess of such amines.
		the hypothesis that diabetes mellitus is due to disordered function of the pancreatic islets.
		a hypothesis explaining atherogenesis as initiating with some injury to the endothelial cells lining the artery walls, which causes a variety of forms of endothelial dysfunction and leads to abnormal cellular interactions and initiation and progression of atherogenesis.
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_h_23zPzhtm (3524 words)

	7.1.3. What are statistical tests?
		This translates into the alternative hypothesis that the mean linewidths are not equal to 500 micrometers.
		The complement or alternative hypothesis that is being guarded against is that the mean lifetime is less than 500 hours.
		The risk of failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is in fact false is not chosen by the user but is determined, as one might expect, by the magnitude of the real discrepancy.
	www.itl.nist.gov /div898/handbook/prc/section1/prc13.htm (645 words)

	Hypothesis Test
		A composite hypothesis is a hypothesis that does not specify the population distribution completely.
		Presumably, we would want to test the null hypothesis against the first alternative hypothesis since it would be useful to know if there is likely to be less than 50 matches, on average, in a box (no one would complain if they get the correct number of matches in a box or more).
		The null hypothesis for the two-sample t-test is:
	www.eng.morgan.edu /~dswann/IEGR410/hypte.htm (2248 words)

	Hypothesis Testing
		Hypothesis testing and estimation are used to reach conclusions about a population by examining a sample of that population.
		Hypothesis testing is widely used in medicine, dentistry, health care, biology and other fields as a means to draw conclusions about the nature of populations.
		The decision rule says to reject the null hypothesis if the value of the test statistic is in the rejection region and not to reject the null hypothesis if it falls in the nonrejection region.
	www.kean.edu /~fosborne/bstat/07hyp.html (1103 words)

	NEDARC - Hypothesis Testing
		To evaluate whether these protocols were successful in improving intubation rates, you could measure the intubation rate over time in one group randomly assigned to training in the new protocols, and compare this to the intubation rate over time in another control group that did not receive training in the new protocols.
		Hypothesis testing is not set up so that you can absolutely prove a null hypothesis.
		Reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis.
	www.nedarc.org /nedarc/analyzingData/advancedStatistics/hypothesisTesting.html (1124 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		This chapter presents two common tests of the hypothesis that a population mean equals a particular value and of the hypothesis that two population means are equal: the z test and the t test.
		However, in contrast to the hypothesis that the population percentage equals a given value, the null hypothesis that a more general population mean equals a given value does not specify the SD of the population, which poses difficulties that are surmountable (by approximation and estimation) if the sample size is large.
		=$0, this null hypothesis is that the average annual payment to doctors under the proposed revision would be the same as the average payment under the current contract, and the alternative is that on average doctors would be paid less under the new contract than under the current contract.
	www.stat.berkeley.edu /users/stark/SticiGui/Text/ch22.htm (6470 words)

	Inferring The Alternative Hypothesis: Risky Business
		A first distinction that is paramount to understanding the alternative hypothesis is the existence of both a “statistical”; and a “conceptual,” also known as “substantive” (or again, “scientific”) alternative hypothesis.
		This hypothesized result is termed in the alternative hypothesis, and upon rejecting the null, we confidently assume the alternative to be correct.
		The alternative hypothesis is that the disease is caused by breathing in noxious swamp air.
	theoryandscience.icaap.org /content/vol002.001/03denis.html (4409 words)

	Topic2-HYPOTHESIS
		The null hypothesis is often the reverse of what the researcher actually believes; it is put forward to allow the data to contradict it.
		For a null hypothesis to be accepted, the difference between the two means need not be equal to zero since sampling may account for the departure from zero.
		Rejecting the null hypothesis then, suggests that the alternative hypothesis may be true.
	www.homestead.com /peoplelearn/Topic2-HYPOTHESIS.html (612 words)

	[No title]
		That is, a hypothesis test could tell us that there is a difference between two parameters, but evaluation of the point estimates could tell us that the difference is too small to be of interest.
		Identify the rejection region, which is the range of values for the test statistic that would lead to rejecting the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis.
		Often, the alternative hypothesis is a new choice that the researcher suspects might be true.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~bobwolfe/503/lectures/9ztest.doc (1271 words)

	[No title]
		The alternative hypothesis (H1): describes the expected result if there is an effect of the independent variable, or makes an assertion about the expected value of a population parameter.
		The null hypothesis (H0): the logical counterpart to the alternative hypothesis — if the null hypothesis is false, the alternative hypothesis is true.
		The null and alternative hypotheses are mutually exclusive: if one is true, then the other must be false exhaustive: taken together, the two hypotheses describe all possible outcomes 2.
	www.cog.brown.edu /courses/9/OH9_95.doc (1670 words)

	Sacramento Peak: Alternative Applicable Hypotheses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The outcome of an experiment may be exactly as the hypothesis predicted even when the hypothesis is wrong (i.e., not correct in all cases it claims to predict), because of alternative applicable hypotheses, because of chance and because of invalid induction.
		For example, we can explain the observation that all things fall down with the hypothesis of gravity (due to the planet's mass), or by assuming that there are undetectable beings that move the "falling" objects to the ground at just the right speed and make it appear as if there is gravity.
		The next reason why a hypothesis may be wrong even though it correctly predicted the outcome of an experiment is chance.
	www.sunspot.noao.edu /sunspot/pr/science-9.html (522 words)

	Test of hypothesis (one-tail)
		Sometimes the null hypothesis is that the mean is at least (or at most) a specified value.
		The null hypothesis (H0) for a one tailed test is that the mean is greater (or less) than or equal to µ, and the alternative hypothesis is that the mean is < (or >, respectively) µ.
		Because 4.998 is consistent with the null hypothesis (µ is less than or equal to 5 ppm), hence inconsistent with the alternative hypothesis (µ > 5 ppm); you do not reject the null hypothesis.
	cns2.uni.edu /~campbell/stat/inf4.html (368 words)

	Hypothesis testing
		For example, one alternative hypothesis would be that male chickens have a different average foot size than female chickens; another would be that the sex ratio is different from 1:1.
		If your null hypothesis is "The proportion of males is 0.5 or more" and your alternative hypothesis is "The proportion of males is less than 0.5," then you would use the P=0.03 value found by adding the probabilities of getting 17 or fewer males.
		However, if your null hypothesis is "The proportion of males is 0.5" and your alternative hypothesis is "The proportion of males is different from 0.5," you should add the probability of getting 17 or fewer females to the probability of getting 17 or fewer males.
	udel.edu /~mcdonald/stathyptesting.html (1668 words)

	Formulation and Predictions of the ETH - UFO Evidence
		After rejecting the null in favor of the alternative, which is that the objects exist, a rank-order series of hypotheses are formulated to hypothesize the origin of the objects.
		The misidentification hypothesis is an utter failure in both logical process and in explanatory appeal, as detailed in the page on skeptical logical trickery and as judged by the inability to explain the most challenging cases, but the ETH is scientifically valid and superior to the alternative.
		The misidentification hypothesis has a gaping flaw in its ability to explain the observations, and the ETH is a scientifically valid hypothesis that is the simplest available to explain globally repeating, highly reliable observations by eminently qualified observers of solid objects under intelligent control with propulsion technology irreproducible by human knowledge.
	www.ufoevidence.org /documents/doc281.htm (1321 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		SOLUTION: The null and alternative hypotheses are as follows: Ô ‘7° ÔHo: uÃÃxÄÄ = 50 Ô ‘7x ÔHa: uÃÃxÄÄ ÀcÀ 50 Noting the statement of the alternative hypothesis, this is a twoªtailed test.
		Note that the.05 is a probability that is the area that is evenly split in both tails of the sampling distribution of X©Bar.
		The alternative hypothesis (Ha) asserts that the mean is an interval.Æ(#Æ Ô ‘7° Ô3.ÂXÂNote that the researcher does not know the mean of the underlying population.
	www.spelman.edu /~jstone/e203/wp5.1/HYTSTNTS.doc (1389 words)

	Statistics Tutorial: Hypothesis Tests
		The alternative hypothesis might be that the number of Heads and Tails would be very different.
		A test of a statistical hypothesis, where the region of rejection is on only one side of the sampling distribution, is called a one-tailed test.
		The alternative hypothesis would be that the mean is less than 10 or greater than 10.
	stattrek.com /Lesson5/HypothesisTesting.aspx (841 words)

	Type I and Type II Errors
		In statistics the alternative hypothesis is the hypothesis the researchers wish to evaluate.
		The null is the logical opposite of the the alternative.
		Like any analysis of this type it assumes that the distribution for the null hypothesis is the same shape as the distribution of the alternative hypothesis.
	www.intuitor.com /statistics/T1T2Errors.html (1524 words)

	3(f). Hypothesis Testing
		The null hypothesis is the assumption that will be maintained by the researcher unless the analysis of data provides significant evidence to disprove it.
		For a given null hypothesis, the calculated value of the test statistic is compared with tables of critical values at specified significance levels based on probability.
		For example, when an alternative hypothesis predicts that the mean of one sample would be greater (but not less) than another, then a directional alternative would be used.
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/3f.html (691 words)

	Notes on Hypothesis Testing
		The null hypothesis is held to be true unless it can be shown to be untenable, in which case the alternative hypothesis is accepted.
		The probability is calculated on the assumption that the null hypothesis is true and involves evaluating the area in the tails of a probability distribution.
		The alternative hypothesis in our example is called a two sided alternative because it merely asserted that the average packet weight was different from the 1 kg - either more or less.
	www.maths.murdoch.edu.au /units/statsnotes/inference/hypothesistesting.html (1397 words)

	Significance Tests / Hypothesis Testing
		If t were -3.7 or 2.6, we would reject the hypothesis that the population mean difference is 0 because we've observed a value of t that is unusual if the hypothesis were true.
		The null hypothesis is usually stated as the absence of a difference or an effect.
		To illustrate this, suppose we are testing the hypothesis that two population means are equal at the 0.05 level of significance by selecting equal sample sizes from the two populations.
	www.tufts.edu /~gdallal/sigtest.htm (1741 words)

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