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	Louis Althusser
		Louis Althusser was born in Birmandries, near Algiers, Algeria, as the son of Charles Althusser and Lucienne Berger.
		Althusser was educated at Algiers, Marseilles, and Lyons.
		Althusser avoided prison - for the fustration of the media and Althusser himself, he was denied the whole procedure of a public court appearance.
	www.kirjasto.sci.fi /althusse.htm (1532 words)

	Louis Althusser - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Althusser was born in French Algeria in the town of Birmendreïs, near Algiers, to a pied-noirs family.
		Althusser believed that underlying Marx's discovery was a ground-breaking epistemology centred on the rejection of the dichotomy between subject and object, which makes his work incompatible with its antecedents.
		Although Althusser's theories were born of an attempt to defend Communist orthodoxy, his manner of presenting Marxism reflected a move away from the intellectual isolation of the Stalinist era, and furthermore was symptomatic both of Marxism's growing academic respectability and of a push towards emphasising Marx's legacy as a philosopher rather than as an economist.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Louis_Althusser (3465 words)

	althusse
		Althusser mentions two major mechanisms for insuring that people within a State behave according to the rules of that State, even when it's not in their best interests (in regards to their class positions) to do so.
		So, what Althusser does to assert that ideology is material is to say that ideology always exists in two places--in an apparatus or practice (such as a ritual, or other forms of behavior dictated by the specific ideology) and in a subject, in a person--who is, by definition, material.
		Althusser was enchanted by Freud, and even more enchanted by Lacan; the ideas of the imaginary, the mirror, the specular, and the subject/Subject are all gotten from or parallel to Lacanian notions.
	www.colorado.edu /English/courses/ENGL2012Klages/1997althusser.html (2095 words)

	Marxist Media Theory
		Althusser rejected two kinds of Marxist essentialism: economism (economic determinism) and humanism (in which social developments were seen as expressive of a pre-given human nature).
		Althusser's influence has been held responsible by some critics for leading some of his followers into purely formalist readings of the signifying systems of mass media forms, neglecting their modes of production and reception.
		However, Althusser is 'the central conduit through which developments in structuralism and semiotics have both entered into and lastingly altered Marxist approaches to the media' (Bennett 1982: 53).
	www.aber.ac.uk /media/Documents/marxism/marxism09.html (339 words)

	Reading the Maps: The Return of Althusser
		Althusser tried to draw lessons from the disaster of 1968, and incorporate them into his theoretical work and political activism, but he could never quite break with some of the more unfortunate habits a long apprenticeship in the PCF had given him.
		Althusser's 'tradition' of aleatory materialism may seem a little ramshackle at times, but it does allow him to shine a light on a range of important thinkers, and on their affinities with aspects of Marxist thought.
		Althusser's unexpected praise for Wittgenstein is a striking anticipation of the greatly increased attention this figure has received from Marxist thinkers in the last few years.
	readingthemaps.blogspot.com /2006/06/return-of-althusser.html (3472 words)

	Ideological State Apparatuses [Rick Wolff]
		Althusser believed that the RSA was more unified and controlled in seeing and performing the functions capitalists wanted, whereas the ISA was a more diverse, open, and contested terrain where capitalists had greater difficulties in securing their agendas as opposed to others’.
		Althusser attacks the dominant interpellation of individuals in modern capitalism –; as “free subjects” – for ignoring/denying the social constitution and social effects (i.e., supporting capitalist exploitation) of that particular interpellation.
		Althusser was, in effect, urging Marxists to correct the imbalance, to devote serious and sustained attention to the workings of ISAs as a central component of Marxist research and politics: a Marxist cultural studies program.
	dogma.free.fr /txt/RW_IdeologicalApparatuses.htm (3782 words)

	NMEDIAC : Althusser, Ideology, and Theoretical Foundations: Theory and Communication
		Althusser's theories of ideology and interpellation may be readily applied to the study of mass communication, in the context of perpetuation of hegemonic ideology via the mass media.
		Louis Althusser, a soldier, philosopher, professor, writer, and ideological and political critic, was born in France in 1918.
		Althusser (1998) states that there are no practices “except by and in an ideology”; (299), and individuals, believing they are "acting according to their beliefs," (299) insert their actions into practices governed by the rituals of particular ISAs.
	www.ibiblio.org /nmediac/winter2004/gray.html (6112 words)

	Multitudes Web - Althusser and Machiavelli : Politics After the Critique of Marx (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Althusser breaks with this tradition to the extent that for him it is impossible to totalize social antagonism, and thereby to resolve it in a synthesis : social antagonism is permanent, there is no « end of history »;.
		Althusser returns to Machiavelli in order to find a way to conceive of history in terms of a materialist theory of events, where these events are thought of as the « encounter » or « conjuncture » of the political with the « real movement » of social antagonism.
		Althusser uses this reading of the constitutional development of the Roman Republic as a template from which to develop an account of how the state, which is itself the form of reproduction of relations of production, reproduces itself.
	multitudes.samizdat.net /Althusser-and-Machiavelli-Politics.html (4179 words)

	Wikinfo \| Louis Althusser (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Althusser is commonly referred to as a structuralist Marxist, although his relationship to other schools of French structuralism is not a simple affiliation.
		Althusser is most widely known as a theorist of ideology, and his best-known essay is Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Some notes toward an investigation (available in several English volumes including Lenin and Ideology).
		Several of Althusser's students became eminent intellectuals in the 1980s and 1990s: Etienne Balibar in philosophy, Jacques Ranciere in history and the philosophy of history, and Pierre Macherey in literary criticism.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Althusser (605 words)

	English 472, Fall 2005
		Althusser's first premise is that "Ideology is a 'representation' of the Imaginary Relationship of Individuals to their Real conditions of existence." He begins his explanation of this pronouncement by looking at why people need this imaginary relation to real conditions of existence.
		Althusser says that ideology is a structure, and as such is "eternal," i.e.
		Althusser makes some final points about ideology working this way to "hail" us as subjects, so that we think these ideas are individually addressed to us, and hence are true.
	www.public.asu.edu /~kheenan/courses/472/f05/althusser.htm (2377 words)

	Althusser - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Althusser, Louis (1918-1990), French philosopher, whose work was widely discussed during the 1960s and 1970s.
		Louis Pierre Althusser (Pronunciation: altuˡseʁ) (October 16, 1918 - October 23, 1990) was a Marxist philosopher.
		Louis Althusser's "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses" Althusser is a structuralist Marxist.
	encarta.msn.com /Althusser.html (133 words)

	Althusser
		Althusser will say that some teachers do attempt to teach us how to break ideology, but he is intellectually skeptical.
		What Althusser suggests in the term “ideological effect” hinges on achieving the awareness that we all have a point of view and that we all see the World or develop “know how” that is ideological and yet we cannot always take the time to examine our assumptions.
		I may be imposing on Althusser, but “institutions” result from ideas, but the reverse also applies, from various points of view or levels of consciousness that we believe we have chosen freely.
	www.boisestate.edu /english/chughes/althusser_notes_393.html (1503 words)

	Necessity and contingency: the return of Althusser (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In a recently-published essay on Althusser's late work, which should be read alongside Philosophy of the Encounter, the Italian philosopher Vittorio Morfino isolates and discusses five key concepts of aleatory materialism: the void, the encounter, the fact, the conjuncture and necessity-contingency.
		Althusser may be retreating from some of his earlier positions in these late works, but he is making a fighting withdrawal: as mentioned above, he strongly rejects the temptation to follow fashion and renounce Marxism.
		Althusser's unexpected praise for Wittgenstein is a striking anticipation of the greatly increased attention this figure has received from Marxist thinkers in the past few years.
	www.labortribune.net /ArticleHolder/200607_Althusser/tabid/102/Default.aspx (3272 words)

	Glossary of People: Al
		Althusser murdered his wife in 1980, and was confined to an asylum till his death in 1990.
		At the time Althusser joined the Communist Party, Jean-Paul Sartre, the former Existentialist who had fought in the Resistance, and his associate in Les Temps Moderne, the former Phenomenologist Maurice Merleau-Ponty, were among a layer of intelligentsia aligning themselves with the USSR.
		Althusser asserts that Essence is not to be found in Appearance, but must be discovered through ’theoretical practice’ - "history features in [Marx’s] Capital as an object of theory, not as a real object, as an ’abstract’ (conceptual) object and not as a real-concrete object".
	www.marxists.org /glossary/people/a/l.htm (924 words)

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