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	Encyclopedia: Alto (computer)
		The Alto's CPU was essentially the same as the one used by the Data General Nova.
		The Alto keyboard was lacking the underscore key, which had been appropriated for the left-arrow character used in Mesa for the assignment operator.
		Technically, the Alto was a small minicomputer, but it was a personal computer in the sense of being easier to use than the mainframes and minicomputers of the era.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Alto-(computer) (727 words)

	Xerox Alto - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Alto was first conceptualized in 1972 in an all points memo written by Butler Lampson, and designed primarily by Chuck Thacker.
		The Alto's CPU was a very innovative microcoded processor which used microcode for most of the IO functions rather than hardware.
		Technically, the Alto was a small minicomputer, but it was a personal computer in the sense of being a single user computer sitting at your desk as compared to the mainframes and minicomputers of the era.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alto_(computer) (997 words)

	Xerox Alto -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Alto was first conceptualized in 1972 in an all points memo written by (additional info and facts about Butler Lampson) Butler Lampson, and designed primarily by Chuck Thacker.
		The Alto keyboard was lacking the (A line drawn underneath (especially under written matter)) underscore key, which had been appropriated for the left-arrow character used in Mesa for the (additional info and facts about assignment operator) assignment operator.
		This feature of the Alto keyboard may have been the source for the (additional info and facts about CamelCase) CamelCase style for compound (A symbol that establishes the identity of the one bearing it) identifiers.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/x/xe/xerox_alto.htm (895 words)

	Encyclopedia.it: Computer
		Computer: Tutte le informazioni su Computer su Encyclopedia.it
		Rete di computer: Tutte le informazioni su Rete di computer su Encyclopedia.it
		Alto (computer): Tutte le informazioni su Alto (computer) su Encyclopedia.it
	www.encyclopedia.it /computer/computer (544 words)

	Alto (disambiguation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Alto ("high" or "tall" in Spanish and Italian, and "stop" in Spanish) may refer to:
		a high-register musical instrument, such as the alto viola, alto saxophone (both often shortened to alt), alto horn or other;
		an experimental personal computer by that name designed by Xerox at the Palo Alto Research Center.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alto (123 words)

	DigiBarn: The Xerox Alto Computer
		We recently displayed the Alto II XM as the centerpiece of the Alto 30th Birthday Party which we held at the October 2003 Vintage Computer Festival 6.0.
		xercpted from The Xerox Alto computer by Thomas A Wadlow, from Byte 9/1981.
		rom a lecture referencing the Alto by Butler Lampson at the CS department at the University of Washington.
	www.digibarn.com /collections/systems/xerox-alto (800 words)

	Kyocera North America: Kyoto Prize
		His notion of the ideal computer took shape as a portable tool/medium that could be used by anyone, even a child, and could be connected via a wireless network.
		This image is so close to today's laptop computer that it's hard to imagine it was done in the heyday of large mainframes - the larger the better - and is testimony to the debt today's personal computer owes to his vision.
		The Alto was the first computer to achieve WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) using a GUI, and the combination of the Alto and an Ethernet (ARPAnet) later became the nucleus around which the Internet was born.
	www.kyotoprize.org /commentary_kay.htm (1476 words)

	GUIdebook > Articles > “The Xerox Alto Computer”
		The Alto was the result of a joint effort by Ed McCreight, Chuck Thacker, Butler Lampson, Bob Sproull, and Dave Boggs, who were attempting to make a device that was small enough to fit in an office comfortably, but powerful enough to support a reliable, high-quality operating system and graphics display.
		An Alto can also be disconnected, moved to another port in the coaxial cable, and reconnected without affecting either the performance of the network or the Alto.
		And the Alto is one of the first personal computers that satisfies the needs of the computer scientist as well as the secretary or businessman.
	www.guidebookgallery.org /articles/thexeroxaltocomputer (3596 words)

	Computer History Museum - Lectures - The Xerox Alto: A Personal Retrospective
		Many of the technologies that make today's personal computers attractive, including high-quality graphical user interfaces, window systems, networked distributed computing, and laser printing, were mature technologies at PARC by the end of the '70s.
		Alto Designer and Turing Award Winner Butler Lampson is an architect at Microsoft Corporation and an adjunct professor of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering at MIT.
		He was one of the designers of the SDS 940 time-sharing system, the Alto personal distributed computing system, the Xerox 9700 laser printer, two-phase commit protocols, the Autonet LAN, and several programming languages.
	www.computerhistory.org /events/lectures/alto_06042001 (330 words)

	Xerox Mice ~ o l d m o u s e .c o m ~
		The Alto I mouse registers movement by its large steel ball at its cord end.
		Bill English managed the development of the mouse for the first Alto computer [Comuter History Museum].
		The Alto I mouse's motherboard is embossed with "M-3" and "HAWLEY-XEROX MOUSE," along with the circuit board wire outlines marked with plus (+) and minus (-) poles.
	www.oldmouse.com /mouse/xerox/alto.shtml (350 words)

	Bringing Design to Software Profile 2 - STAR
		The progenitor of the modern personal computer, the Alto, was developed in 1972 by Kay's Learning Research Group (LRG) and a number of researchers in PARC's Computer Systems Laboratory (CSL), under the direction of Robert Taylor.
		Although the Alto's cost at the time was high (at standard industry markup, it would have sold for more than $75,000), the PARC strategy was to act as though the Alto was a personal computer—to put one on every desk and to see what people would do with it.
		The core concept that distinguished Star (and other Alto programs) from the conventional computer interfaces of their time was the use of a bitmapped screen to present the user with direct visual representations of objects.
	hci.stanford.edu /bds/2p-star.html (1074 words)

	Xerox Alto Computer with Mouse, GUI, and Ethernet Introduced in 1973
		The revolutionary Xerox Alto computer was introduced internally at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in 1973.
		Steve Jobs of Apple Computer toured the Xerox PARC facilities in 1979 and immediately recognized the utility of the GUI on the Alto.
		Xerox also developed a GUI machine called the Star for the mass market, but both the Lisa and Star were flops due to their high price tags.
	www.cedmagic.com /history/xerox-alto.html (212 words)

	BYTE.com
		Their goal was to provide each user with a personal computing facility capable of meeting all individual needs and a communications facility that would allow users to sh are information easily.
		The Alto consists of four major parts: the graphics display, the keyboard, the graphics mouse, and the disk storage/processor box.
		The Alto Operating System (OS), a program which provides a set of basic facilities for control and communication with the Alto, is written in BCPL, a language very similar to C. Most programs, BCPL or otherwise, run under the direction of the Alto OS.
	www.byte.com /art/9609/sec4/art3.htm (3478 words)

	PARC History
		The term "ubiquitous computing," coined at PARC to describe this work, will become industry-standard terminology to refer to an environment in which portable, connected computational tools are pervasive.
		The system allows users to create complex documents by combining computing, text editing and graphics, and to access file servers and printers around the world through simple point-and-click actions, a functionality that has yet to be matched by today's computing systems.
		The computer command enables the quick manipulation of the pixels of an image and will make possible the development of such computer interfaces as overlapping screen windows and pop-up menus.
	www.parc.xerox.com /about/history (4298 words)

	February 127 2004, Hour One: Computers, Personally Speaking
		Computers and the Internet provides a comprehensive understanding of computers, including their history, their parts, how they work, and what can be done with them.
		Computer History Museum has a good timeline with a year-by-year presentation of computer-related developments as well as discussions of the computer within the context of popular culture.
		Computer Technology lesson plan from Discovery School has thoughtful discussion questions and projects that focus on how invention and technology have shaped history and culture.
	www.sciencefriday.com /kids/sfkc20040227-1.html (1589 words)

	Alto (disambiguation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		an experimental personal computer designed by Xerox at the Palo Alto Research Center: see Alto (computer).
		a high-register musical instrument, such as the alto horn or alto saxophone.
		a city in the State of Michigan: see Alto, Michigan.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Alto (118 words)

	Box 4.3: Roots of the Personal Computer \| 4: The Organization of Federal Support: A Historical Review \| Funding a ...
		The Alto was designed for users including "children from age 5 or 6 and 'noncomputer adults' such as secretaries, librarians, architects, musicians, housewives, doctors and so on" (ACM, 1993, p.
		The Alto also drew upon the ideas described in Alan Kay's doctoral thesis, work that was also supported by ARPA while Kay was at the University of Utah.
		Kay envisioned this computer of the future to be the size of a notebook, one that could handle all of an individual's personal information management and manipulation needs.
	www.nap.edu /html/far/ch4_b3.html (845 words)

	Palo Alto computer scientist helps develop "public" voting system (April 28, 2004)
		Keller, 47, a computer scientist who holds a doctorate from Stanford University, hopes to put a chunk of California's multimillion-dollar election industry into the public domain -- at a fraction of the cost of corporate systems and with full safeguards against fraud or tampering.
		The system could even use refurbished "recycled" computers from among the many thousands that are retired each year by companies.
		Computers are great for standardizing voter responses, Keller said.
	paloaltoonline.com /weekly/morgue/2004/2004_04_28.keller28jtmb.shtml (1328 words)

	CNN - 1972: Xerox Parc and the Alto - July 8, 1999
		Taylor was associate manager of the Computer Science Lab at Xerox Corp.'s Palo Alto Research Center (Parc) in Palo Alto, Calif. He headed up the group of brilliant, iconoclastic computer scientists who were developing the Alto, generally credited as the first PC.
		Taylor says he thought computers should be devices for communicating with others, not engines for making calculations; that everyone should have one; and that all computers should be networked to one another.
		That system, dubbed the Maxc (Multiple Access Xerox Computer), was a continuation of work started by Berkeley Computer Corp. Berkeley had run out of capital, and its founders, including Peter Deutsch, had all agreed to join Parc to finish their project.
	www.bootstrap.org /chronicle/press/990708/1972_idg.html (1051 words)

	Xerox PARC - jason wu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The computing business was growing with the development of semiconductor memory and integrated circuits, and management was looking to expand the company’s horizons (Hiltzik p.
		With the ability for interactive computing, the concept of WYSIWYG was born.
		PARC is known as the company who had the future of personal computing in their hands, but a better description would be that they held the entire future of almost all computing.
	www.quad4x.net /cswebpage/parc.html (2952 words)

	Apple Lisa computer
		Prior to the Lisa, all computers were text based - you typed commands on the keyboard to make the system respond.
		This 'Alto' computer was never sold to the public, and in 1981 the 'Star', which cost $17,000, was far too expensive and sold poorly.
		By this time, the popular (and cheaper) Macintosh line of computers was available, of which Apple sold 70,000 in the first 3 months.
	oldcomputers.net /lisa.html (1383 words)

	eBlue, Sacra Blue News-Magazine Online, Tech Talk
		The second meeting of Fred Moore/Gordon French's computer hobbyists group is held at the Stanford AI lab.
		The 4th meeting of the Homebrew Computer Club is held at the Peninsula School in Menlo Park.
		The tradename "Microsoft" is registered with the Office of the Secretary of the State of New Mexico "to identify computer programs for use in automatic data processing systems; pre-programming processing systems; and data processing services including computer programming services." The application says that the name has been in continuous use since November 12, 1975.
	www.sacpcug.org /archives/0010/techb1000.html (2653 words)

	Chronology of Personal Computers
		Computer Terminal Corporation visits Intel, asking them to integrate about 100 TTL components of their Datapoint 2200 terminal's 8-bit CPU into a few chips.
		The fourth meeting of the Homebrew Computer Club is held at the Peninsula School in Menlo Park.
		A patent on Ethernet computer networking is applied for by David Boggs, Butler Lampson, Bob Metcalfe, and Charles Thacker of Xerox PARC.
	www.islandnet.com /~kpolsson/comphist (6676 words)

	High-tech, high-paying jobs within reach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Students seeking industry standard computer skills for college credit are in luck thanks to a partnership between Palo Alto and The Texas Engineering Extension Service.
		Students who are not eligible for admission to Palo Alto or who choose not to enroll can still participate in training through the standard TEEX admissions process.
		The Computer Technician program gives the student a great understanding of computer hardware and is a prerequisite for the second program.
	www.accd.edu /pac/pulse/April2001/computer.html (899 words)

	Xerox Alto computer
		Each Alto is housed in a beautifully formed, textured beige metal cabinet that hints at its $32,000 price tag (1979US money).
		The concept of using a visual interface originated in the mid 1970s at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) where a graphical interface was developed for the Xerox Star computer system introduced in April 1981.
		The Xerox Star did not experience any commercial success, but its ideas were copied by Apple Computer, first in the innovative Lisa in 1983 and then in the Apple Macintosh introduced in January 1984.
	members.fortunecity.com /pcmuseum/alto.html (319 words)

	Chronology of Workstation Computers
		I do not have a good definition of what a 'Workstation Computer' is (or is not), nor do I believe I will find one that everyone can agree on.
		IBM scientist John Cocke produces the 801 computer, a RISC prototype named after the laboratory building it was built in.
		The term RISC (reduced instruction set computer) is coined by Professor David Patterson of the University of California in Berkeley.
	www.islandnet.com /~kpolsson/workstat (1068 words)

	City of Palo Alto: HR - Job Description (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The employee in this position operates and monitors computer equipment to assure optimum equipment utilization.
		- Operates advanced models of complex computers, and peripheral equipment, including, but not limited to, laser printers, tape drives, decollating machine, burster, printers, terminals, and consoles, etc.
		Work in a controlled computer room environment; sustained posture in a seated position and prolonged periods of computer operation; light to moderate lifting.
	www.city.palo-alto.ca.us /hr/JOBS/JD234.html (354 words)

	Alto Computer Systems, Inc. - About Us (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Alto Computer Systems, Inc. - About Us Alto Computer Systems, Inc.
		Alto Computer Systems, Inc. designs software solutions to allow you to extend your current employees and infrastructure.
		Allow your staff to accomplish more and think higher by automating data related tasks, whether it's billing, tracking prospects and clients, or tracking routine maintenance.
	www.altocompsys.com /about.html (53 words)

	Computer - Palo Alto Live
		Just about any computer that you buy for your home or office today comes with one or more Universal Serial Bus connectors on the back.
		The operating system supports USB as well, so the installation of the device drivers is quick and easy too.
		Compared to other ways of connecting devices to your computer (including parallel ports, serial ports and special cards that you install inside the computer's case), USB devices are incredibly simple!
	www.paloaltolive.com /shop-computer.html (276 words)

	Network Consultant Palo Alto CA, Redwood City, Mountain View
		Progent's founder and chief technologist, Les Kent, was the architect for a Windows network application that won Microsoft's “Best Application of the Year Award.” Mr.
		Kent is a 25-year computer industry veteran and has been responsible for the design and implementation of hundreds of innovative business solutions using Microsoft technologies.
		If your small business is in Palo Alto or anywhere in the area and you need computer help, IT outsourcing, or computer consulting services from a Progent technician or IT consultant:
	www.progent.com /expert_network_support_palo_alto.htm (1025 words)

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