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Topic: Alum

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Alunite

Alumn

Mordant

Sulphuric acid

Salt

Calcium sulphate

Boehmite

Potassium sulfate

Sulfate

Microcline

Ammonia

Sodium carbonate

Acid

NaCl

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	Alum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Knowing that alum cannot be obtained in crystals without the addition of potash, he began to suspect that this alkali constituted an essential ingredient in the salt, and in 1797 he published a dissertation demonstrating that alum is a double salt, composed of sulfuric acid, alumina, and potash.
		As alum and green vitriol were applied to a variety of substances in common, and as both are distinguished by a sweetish and astringent taste, writers, even after the discovery of alum, do not seem to have discriminated the two salts accurately from each other.
		The alum schists employed in the manufacture of alum are mixtures of iron pyrite, aluminium silicate and various bituminous substances, and are found in upper Bavaria, Bohemia, Belgium, and Scotland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alum (1698 words)

	ammonia alum - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about ammonia alum
		Alum, a double sulphate of aluminium and potassium used in papermaking, tanning, and medicine, was first mined in the area during the reign of Elizabeth I. Any double sulphate of a monovalent metal or radical (such as sodium, potassium, or ammonium) and a trivalent metal (such as aluminium, chromium, or iron).
		The raw material of manufacture of common alums is alum rock, composed chiefly of alunite or alum stone.
		Alum is also made from alum shale, which is either allowed to decompose by exposure, or roasted.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /ammonia+alum (330 words)

	Alum
		Knowing that alum cannot be obtained in crystals without the addition of potash, he began to suspect that this alkali constituted an essential ingredient in the salt, and in 1797 he published a dissertation demonstrating that alum is a double salt, composed of sulphuric acid, alumina, and potash.
		The alum schists employed in the manufacture of alum are mixtures of iron pyrites, aluminium silicate and various bituminous substances, and are found in upper Bavaria, Bohemia, Belgium, and Scotland.
		In the preparation of alum from clays or from bauxite, the material is gently calcined, then mixed with sulphuric acid and heated gradually to boiling; it is allowed to stand for some time, the clear solution drawn off and mixed with acid potassium sulfate and allowed to crystallize.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/al/Alum.html (1451 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Treating Poultry Litter with Alum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-07)
		Alum (aluminum sulfate) is an acid that is commonly used as a poultry litter treatment.
		Alum additions to poultry litter results in reduced ammonia levels, reduced pathogen levels, improved bird performance, reduced propane use, higher forage yields, and lower phosphorus runoff.
		Alum is normally applied at a rate of 125 and 250 lbs/1,000 ft2.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=159416&pf=1 (561 words)

	Alum Spring Park: A Walk Through History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-07)
		Alum is any of a group of hydrated double salts, usually consisting of aluminum sulfate, water of hydration, and the sulfate of another metal.
		The narrow pathway between the Alum Spring rock and the mill pond was the Dueling Path.
		Alum Spring is one of the legacies which the retired Germanna Community College professor left Fredericksburg when he returned to his native Kansas several years ago.
	www.historypoint.org /columns2.asp?column_id=1094&column_type=hpfeature (1755 words)

	Seattle Parks and Recreation: Major Maintenance - Green Lake Park Alum Treatment Major Maintenance Project Information
		Treating the lake with alum effectively reduces the algae living in it, but it does not last indefinitely.
		The City hired a contractor to treat the lake with a combination of alum and sodium aluminate, which bind to the phosphorus in the sediments.
		Alum is used in nearly all drinking water treatment plants.
	www.seattle.gov /parks/maintenance/greenlakealum.htm (502 words)

	Alum Creek State Park
		Alum Creek's large reservoir and gently rolling span of fields and woodlands provides a hub of recreational activity just minutes from Ohio's capital city.
		Alum Creek rests in the midst of the fertile agricultural till plains and river valleys of Delaware County.
		Alum Creek Dam is part of the flood control plan for the Ohio River Basin.
	www.dnr.state.oh.us /parks/parks/alum.htm (1135 words)

	Aluminum?
		Potassium alum is soluble in seven times its weight of water at room temperature and is very soluble in hot water.
		When crystalline potassium alum is heated, some of the water of hydration becomes chemically separated, and the partly dehydrated salt dissolves in this water, so that the alum appears to melt at about 90 degrees C (approx.
		Alum's are used for a variety of uses including as a powerful astringent.
	www.ssmartco.com /deo/aluminum.htm (376 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Runoff of Metals from Alum-Treated Horse Manure and Municipal Sludge
		Alum (aluminum sulfate) additions to animal manures have been shown to reduce both heavy metal runoff and phosphorus runoff from fields fertilized with manure.
		Alum was added to three of the manure-treated and three of the sludge-treated plots.
		Alum addition increased runoff of Ca, K, and S, due to its composition and by the addition of lime to counteract the acidity of the alum.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=104819 (371 words)

	Beer's Law
		Alum is an ionic compound, which means its melting and boiling points are likely to be too high to be measured conveniently.
		Alum is a hydrate, which means that it is a compound that has water molecules trapped within the solid.
		The anhydrous alum may be disposed of in the trash or in the sink with plenty of water.
	chemlab.truman.edu /CHEM120Labs/Alum.htm (5030 words)

	Etherington & Roberts. Dictionary--alum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-07)
		Although the excessive use of alum is considered detrimental to the permanence of paper, the papermaker tends to overdose with alum rather than underdose, so as to avoid soft-sizing.
		In addition, alum is considered by some papermakers to be a panacea for other troubles, such as frothing, sticking of the paper web to the wet presses of the papermaking machine, etc. Overdosing with alum leads to excessive acidity and, under certain circumstances, may lead to severe deterioration of the paper.
		Alum is sometimes used in solution to wash the leaves of books; in the past it was added to paste to act as a preservative, or as a hardener to render the dry paste less water soluble.
	palimpsest.stanford.edu /don/dt/dt0090.html (436 words)

	Alum Rock Park History
		Alum Rock Park already had a history before it was designated as a public park by the California State Legislature in 1872.
		Alum Rock Park already boasted a rustic hotel and the health benefits of the mineral springs were well-known when the California Legislature cleared the title to the land and deeded it to the City of San Jose in 1872.
		Curiously, the histories of this era of Alum Rock Park are free of references to swimming accidents except for a brief mention of a little girl who lost the sight of one eye when some unidentified particles flew into her eye while she was negotiating the so-called death defying slide.
	www.nnvesj.org /Archives/ARPHistory.htm (7205 words)

	The Role of Alum in Historical Papermaking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-07)
		Alum was also believed to give additional luster to watercolors, as is noted in a 17th century manual.
		The quality of the alum (as mainly determined by the extent of its contamination by iron) and of the gelatin probably was more important in influencing the aging properties of papers than was the method of application.
		The effect of alum on paper can only be appreciated in context with the many interrelated aspects of paper composition, including the quality of the gelatin used; the pH of the sizing solution; the purity of the alum; and the presence of other pulp constituents.
	palimpsest.stanford.edu /byorg/abbey/an/an17/an17-4/an17-407.html (3301 words)

	The Alum in Alum Bay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-07)
		Alum is a double sulphate of aluminium sulphate with either potassium or ammonium sulphate.
		What is known of alum works elsewhere on the south coast suggests they were quite short lived operations, so it's possible the Island works also had a brief life.
		It seems the most likely layer from which alum was produced is the lower (far right) of the three areas where, in the darker grey clay, pyrites and carbonaceous matter are evident.
	freespace.virgin.net /roger.hewitt/iwias/alum.htm (595 words)

	Alum for Pickling
		Alum is used as an ingredient in baking powder and is used to give crispness to pickles and maraschino cherries and to harden gelatin.
		Alum can be a dangerous substance when not used properly.
		Alum is legal to use in baking powders.
	www.canningpantry.com /alum.html (166 words)

	ALUM - Online Information article about ALUM
		Knowing that alum cannot be obtained in crystals without the addition of potash, he began to suspect that this alkali constituted an essential ingredient in the salt, and in 1797 he published a dissertation demonstrating that alum is a double salt, composed of sulphuric acid, alumina and potash (Annales de chimie, xxii.
		In the ;writings of the alchemists we find the words misy, sory, chalcanthum applied to alum as well as to iron sulphate; and the name at; amentum sutorium, which ought to belong, one would suppose, exclusively to green vitriol, applied indifferently to both.
		" Neutral alum " is obtained by the addition of as much sodium carbonate to a solution of alum as will begin to cause the separation of alumina; it is much used in mordanting.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /ALM_ANC/ALUM.html (1855 words)

	ALUM
		Alum use results in a sludge of precipitated particles that should either be vacuumed out or removed via a bottom drain.
		You stir until the alum is dissolved in a slurry.
		Notwithstanding the dosage levels proposed by the chart immediately above, my recommendation is, should you decide to use alum as a clarifying agent in your watergarden, that you begin with the 1 teaspoon per 1,000 gallon level and increase the dose as needed up to a maximum of 1 cup per 1,000 gallons.
	www.perigee.net /~jrjohns/aluma.html (849 words)

	Metroactive News & Issues \| Alum Rock School District
		ALUM ROCK UNION School District Superintendent Alfonso Anaya is only a month removed from a glowing editorial tribute published in the San Jose Mercury News, an editorial that highlighted the elementary school district's progress in raising standardized test scores.
		The accusation comes from a deposition given by former Alum Rock Superintendent Joseph Carrillo, who is suing the school district for terminating his benefits.
		Jason Rodriguez, an Alum Rock trustee who voted for Anaya May 25, says the investigation into Morales' conduct is closed, and now it's up to the board to decide what course of action to take.
	www.metroactive.com /papers/metro/07.07.04/alum-rock-0428.html (995 words)

	L.L.Bean: Park Search - Alum Creek State Park (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-07)
		Alum Creek's large reservoir and gently rolling fields and woodlands provide a hub of recreational activity just minutes from Ohio's capital city.
		Alum Creek rests in the midst of the fertile plains and river valleys of Delaware County.
		The broad expanse of Alum Creek Reservoir is a boater's paradise with unlimited horsepower and plenty of room for skiers.
	www.llbean.com /parksearch/parks/html/1158lls.htm (360 words)

	alum on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-07)
		ALUM [alum], any one of a series of isomorphous double salts that are hydrated sulfates of a univalent cation (e.g., potassium, sodium, ammonium, cesium, or thallium) and a trivalent cation (e.g., aluminum, chromium, iron, manganese, cobalt, or titanium).
		It is used in water purification, leather tanning, mordant dyeing, as an astringent, and in baking powder; it occurs in nature as the mineral kalunite.
		Maryann Baker and Harvey Sheldon are "Bandstand" alums, having danced on the show from 1952 to 1965.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/a1/alum.asp (958 words)

	Geology of Alum Bay, Isle of Wight - Field Trip Guide . (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-07)
		Alum Bay provides fine views of the Chalk Cliffs which extend out to the Needles.
		Alum Bay is unusual in that the sands are yellow or pink and are oxidised and generally without marine fossils.
		The Alum Bay section is interesting in the winter when it has to some extent been cleanly washed by storms.
	www.soton.ac.uk /~imw/Alum-Bay.htm (4970 words)

	Alum Quarrying
		Alum is the double sulphate of Aluminium and either Potassium or Ammonia.
		In 1607 alum shale were discovered in Britain at Belman Bank, Guisborough in Cleveland and alum manufacturing began there as a Royal monopoly.
		In the mid-nineteenth century it was discovered that alum could be extracted from shales produced as colliery waste and the alum shale quarrying industry collapsed.
	www.fortunecity.com /greenfield/ecolodge/25/alum.htm (737 words)

	Alum Rock - Historic Photographs
		It had a 500 gallon tank and for some reason was purchased with a larger, 600 gpm pump.
		Reportedly the only one of its kind in the country, it is a combination pumper-tanker, especially designed for use in areas without fire hydrants or with low water pressure.
		Squad 12 was a 1962 GMC/Van Pelt, with a 190 gallon tank and a 250gpm pump.
	www.sccfd.org /alumrock_historical.html (535 words)

	Alum in products?
		Alternatives to aluminum-based deodorants are made of Potassium Alum, as a solid potassium alum "rock" or dissolved in water as a spray.
		Alum (in its acidic liquid form) is used to form 'flocs' when clarifying water.
		This is the same alum that used to be used in pickles, and it is a powerful astringent.
	www.chemicalforums.com /index.php?board=9;action=display;threadid=3080 (1842 words)

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