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Topic: Alum, potassium chrome

	Alum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Potassium alum is the common alum of commerce, although both soda alum and ammonium alum are manufactured.
		Knowing that alum cannot be obtained in crystals without the addition of potash, he began to suspect that this alkali constituted an essential ingredient in the salt, and in 1797 he published a dissertation demonstrating that alum is a double salt, composed of sulfuric acid, alumina, and potash.
		The alum schists employed in the manufacture of alum are mixtures of iron pyrite, aluminium silicate and various bituminous substances, and are found in upper Bavaria, Bohemia, Belgium, and Scotland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alum (1921 words)

	Alum - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The presence of sulfuric acid in potassium alum was known to the alchemists.J. Pott and A. Marggraf demonstrated that alumina was another constituent.
		Various minerals are employed in the manufacture of alum, the most important being alunite or alum-stone, alum schist,bauxite and cryolite.
		Alum, Alchemical and later discoveries and uses, Pliny's writings, Alum from alunite, Alum from clays or bauxite, Types of alum, Potassium alum, Soda alum, Chrome alum, Ammonium alum, Alum solubility, Uses, See also, References, 1911 Britannica, Salts, Sulfates and Sulfate minerals.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Alum (1777 words)

	Art Safety Training Guide
		Potassium chrome alum or chrome alum (potassium chromium sulfate) is moderately toxic by skin contact and inhalation, causing dermatitis and allergies.
		Potassium permanganate and ammonium persulfate are strong oxidizers and may cause fires or explosions in contact with solvents and other organic materials.
		Potassium persulfate and other oxidizing agents used as hypo eliminators may cause fires when in contact with easily oxidizable materials, such as many solvents and other combustible materials.
	web.princeton.edu /sites/ehs/artsafety/sec11.htm (2595 words)

	General Notes: Photographic Formulas
		The action of the restrainer is such that an increase in the concentration of potassium bromide in the developer tends to slow down or "restrain" the development of the photographic image.
		The concentration of potassium bromide in the solution is obviously important, for too much may retard development excessively and indicate an apparent loss of speed, while too little may permit development of fog.
		White potassium alum (potassium aluminum sulfate) is usually employed for this purpose, though some photographers prefer potassium chrome alum used with a small amount of sulfuric acid.
	www.jackspcs.com /chemnote.htm (5951 words)

	[No title]
		Often sodium carbonate or borax, sodium sulfite as a preservative and potassium bromide as a restrainer or anti-fogging agent.
		Potassium chrome alum or chrome alum Potassium chrome alum or chrome alum (potassium chromium sulfate) is moderately toxic by skin contact causing dermatitis, allergies, and skin ulcers which might take a long time to heal.
		Potassium or sodium cyanide are highly toxic by inhalation and ingestion.
	www.cariboo.bc.ca /ae/vpa/PHOTOG~1.HTM (1778 words)

	Siegel of California - Wholesale Leather and Supplies
		Alum tanned leather is produced as the result of the action of a combination of aluminum and potassium sulfate on the hide or skin.
		Alum has the disadvantage of being able to be washed out of the leather yielding an “untanned” skin unless the leather has been tanned with additional materials.
		Chrome Re-Tan is leather that is first chrome tanned and then tanned with vegetable extracts.
	www.siegelofca.com /view_reference.asp?rid=5 (879 words)

	[No title]
		Potassium chrome alum, sometimes used as a stop hardener, contains chromium and can cause skin and nasal ulceration, and allergies.
		Potassium alum, a hardener, is a weak sensitizer and may cause some skin irritation or dermatitis.
		The only reducer allowed should be potassium ferricyanide and care should be taken to avoid heating it, mixing with acid or exposing it to ultraviolet radiation.
	www.uic.edu /sph/glakes/harts/HARTS_library/photohaz.txt (1344 words)

	[No title]
		Potassium nitrate could also be obtained from store-bought fl powder, simply by dissolving fl powder in boiling water and filtering out the sulfur and charcoal.
		Soduim or potassium nitrate could also be added; a small quantity is sufficient to stabilize the R.D.X. detonates at a rate of 8550 meters/second when it is compressed to a density of 1.55 g/cubic cm.
		If potassium chlorate is mixed with a small amount of vaseline, or other petroleum jelly, and a shockwave is passed through it, the material will detonate with slightly more power than fl powder.
	www.hfactorx.org /en/archives/texts-guides/anarchy/terror.txt (16994 words)

	University of Victoria Department of Visual Arts Health and Safety Manual
		Potassium chrome alum or chrome alum (potassium chromium sulfate) is moderately toxic by skin contact causing dermatitis, allergies, and skin ulcers which might take a longtime to heal.
		Some fixing baths are hardened with alum (potassium aluminum sulfate) and boric acid (ag a buffer).
		Potassium ferrocyanide, although only slightly toxic by itself, will release hydrogen cyanide gas if heated, if hot acid is added, or if exposed to strong ultra-violet light (e.g.
	palimpsest.stanford.edu /bytopic/health/victoria.html (10872 words)

	Alum Lab
		Potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate (potassium alum), KAl(SO is prepared from an aluminum can and potassium hydroxide.
		Potassium chromium(III) sulfate dodecahydrate (chrome alum), KCr(SO is prepared by reducing the dichromate ion from potassium dichromate, K
		The sulfate ion from sulfuric acid and the potassium ion from the potassium dichromate combine with the chromium(III) ion to form violet to dark green octahedral-shaped crystals when the concentrated solution is cooled.
	cas.bellarmine.edu /chem116a/lab/alum.htm (593 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia â“ Free Online Encyclopedia for Reference, Research, Facts
		ALUM [alum], any one of a series of isomorphous double salts that are hydrated sulfates of a univalent cation (e.g., potassium, sodium, ammonium, cesium, or thallium) and a trivalent cation (e.g., aluminum, chromium, iron, manganese, cobalt, or titanium).
		It is used in water purification, leather tanning, mordant dyeing, as an astringent, and in baking powder; it occurs in nature as the mineral kalunite.
		O, is used as a mordant in dyeing, in tanning, and in photographic fixing baths to harden gelatin films and plates.
	www.encyclopedia.com /printable.aspx?id=1E1:alum (175 words)

	Science Project 2004
		The substance that had the biggest difference between temperatures was Alum, which went from the average dissolving time of 21.25 seconds at 79 degrees Celsius to 9.25 seconds at 100 degrees Celsius.
		Alum is the name of a particular group of double salts.
		Alum is the double salt of hydrated potassium and aluminum sulfate.
	www.selah.k12.wa.us /SOAR/SciProj2004/JonathanN.html (1402 words)

	[No title]
		Fixing baths also may also contain alum (potassium aluminum sulfate) as a hardener and boric acid as a buffer.
		Boric acid is moderately toxic by ingestion or inhalation and slightly toxic by skin contact (unless the skin is abraded or burned, in which case it can be highly toxic).
		Mercuric chloride followed by ammonia or sodium sulfite, Monckhoven's intensifier consisting of a mercuric salt bleach followed by a silver nitrate/potassium cyanide solution, mercuric iodide/sodium sulfite, and uranium nitrate are older, now discarded, intensifiers.
	www.uic.edu /spha/glakes/harts1/HARTS_library/photohazards.txt (3916 words)

	Appendix J: Chemical Preparations:
		O and 6.0 grams of sodium potassium tartrate to 500 ml of water.
		Dissolve 0.5 grams of copper sulfate and 1.0 gram of potassium sodium tartrate to a final volume of 100 ml with water.
		Potassium phosphate, monobasic (KH Dissolve 1.36 grams of monobasic potassium phosphate to a final volume of 1 liter with water.
	homepages.gac.edu /~cellab/appds/appd-j.html (6268 words)

	Reagents - Chromium Potassium Sulfate, Chrome Alum
		CrK(SO Chromium Potassium Sulfate, Granular, Reagent, (Chrome Alum), 100g - Single Unit
		Chromium Potassium Sulfate, Granular, Reagent, (Chrome Alum), 500g - Single Unit
		Chromium Potassium Sulfate, Granular, Lab, (Chrome Alum), 500g - Single Unit
	www.chemassociates.com /shopsite/Chemassoc2/PAS-chromealum.html (67 words)

	[No title]
		Chrome alum is added to the gelatin solution because its oxidative properties prevent the gelatin from supporting bacteria populations.
		Dip slide rack into the gelatin solution three times, allowing a few seconds for the gelatin to dry between immersions (make sure the slides are COMPLETEY covered by the gelatin solution to assure a uniform coat.
		Gelatin solution:.8% gelatin.05% chromium potassium sulfate Slowly add gelatin to cold ddH20 and warm carefully until the gelatin is dissolved and add chrome alum.
	www.utdallas.edu /~tres/protocols/histo.subbing.joanna.doc (250 words)

	DEVELOPERS
		Potassium chrome alum, sometimes used as a stop hardener, contains chromium and can cause skin and nasal irritation, ulceration and allergies.
		It may also contain potassium aluminum sulfate as a hardener and boric acid as a buffer.
		Potassium chlorochromate can release highly toxic chlorine gas, which can be fatal.
	www.ehs.ufl.edu /HMM/photo.htm (2509 words)

	AllRefer.com - alum, Compound & Element (Compounds And Elements) - Encyclopedia
		alum[al´um] Pronunciation Key, any one of a series of isomorphous double salts that are hydrated sulfates of a univalent cation (e.g., potassium, sodium, ammonium, cesium, or thallium) and a trivalent cation (e.g., aluminum, chromium, iron, manganese, cobalt, or titanium).
		Ammonium aluminum sulfate, or ammonia alum, NH Al(SO O, is used in tanning, in dyeing and fireproofing textiles, in vegetable glues and porcelain cements, and in water purification.
		Chromium potassium sulfate, or chrome alum, KCr(SO O, is used as a mordant in dyeing, in tanning, and in photographic fixing baths to harden gelatin films and plates.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/alum.html (287 words)

	ALUM-PREPARATION OF POTASH ALUM -POTASH ALUM-PHITKARI-DEFINITION OF ALUM-PHUL PHITKARI-DANGERS OF ALUM-DANGERS OF ...
		Alum is a series of double sulphate salts of monovalent cations and trivalent cations containing
		Potash alum is prepared by mixing equi-molecular masses of potassium sulphate and aluminum sulphate in water followed by evaporation
		Alum has a large molecular size and it has a property of blood clotting.
	www.citycollegiate.com /alum.htm (169 words)

	Rocky Star Chemistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In a chemical hood, with protection against explosion, bring the potassium alum solution to a boil and add hematoxylin/ethanol mixture.
		Dissolve 80 grams of NaCl, 2.0 grams of KCl, 15.0 grams of Dibasic sodium phosphate and 2.0 grams of Monobasic potassium phosphate in 1 liter of distilled water.
		Potassium phosphate, monobasic (KH - Dissolve 1.36 grams of monobasic potassium phosphate to a final volume of 1 liter with water.
	www.rockystar.com /home/chemistry/chem_prep.htm (7143 words)

	Safety Manual - Section 3.24 Art Studio Safety Policy
		Some of the inorganic pigments, in particular cadmium pigments, chrome yellow and zinc yellow are known or suspect human carcinogens and may cause lung cancer.
		Fixing baths also may contain alum (potassium aluminum sulfate) as a hardener and boric acid as a buffer.
		Potassium chrome alum or chrome alum (potassium chromium sulfate) is moderately toxic through skin contact and inhalation causing dermatitis and allergies.
	safety.uchicago.edu /3_24.html (7851 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Do this to all of the potassium or sodium nitrate, and store the ground powder in one of the plastic bags.
		_________________________________________________________________________ potassium chlorate 75% charcoal dust 15% 6 unstable sulfur 10% _________________________________________________________________________ NOTE: Mixtures that uses substitutions of sodium perchlorate for potassium perchlorate become moisture-absorbent and less stable.
		The chance of failure to ignite the gasoline is less than 2%, and can be reduced to 0%, if there is enough potassium chlorate and sugar to spare.
	www.nehrt.com /FunnyText/boom.txt (16950 words)

	Dye image forming photographic element and processing to produce a viewable image - Patent 5945266
		A process according to claim 16 wherein M is a quaternized ammonium moiety or an alkali metal and M' is aluminum, chromium or zirconium.
		This is an aqueous composition of formaldehyde, sodium metabisulfite, potassium hydroxide, diethylene glycol, 5-chloro-2-methyl4-iso-thiazolin-3-one, the disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1,-diphosphonic acid having a pH of 7.2.
		Potassium carbonate is especially useful as a buffering agent for color developing compositions.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5945266.html (8563 words)

	MFA - CAMEO - Print Page
		Adding alum to gelatin produces a harder gel.
		Potassium chrome alum and formaldehyde (formogelatin) also harden gelatin and make it insoluble.
		Gelatin is used for photographic film emulsions, sizing, adhesives, inks, encapsulation, and food.
	www.mfa.org /_cameo/frontend/material_print.asp?name=gelatin&type=description (153 words)

	Leather.webindia
		Alum tanned leather is produced as the result of the action of a combination of
		vegetable tanned and exported as vegetable crust for chrome re-tannage.
		Chrome Re-Tan is leather which is first chrome tanned and then tanned with
	leather.webindia.com /primertan1.htm (752 words)

	Health & Safety in the Arts: Photography Techniques (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Potassium dichromate and chlorochromate irritating; hydrochloric acid corrosive; mercury moderately toxic; sodium/potassium cyanide moderately toxic
		Potassium dichromate and chlorochromate probable carcinogen; uranium intensifiers radioactive; potassium permanganate, ammonium persulfate may cause fires
		This information set forth herein is furnished free of charge and is based on public domain information that is believed to be reliable.
	www.ci.tucson.az.us /arthazards/photo1.html (1014 words)

	The Citizen Scientist
		Kodak SII Activator is 10% Potassium Hydroxide with various sulfites and bromides in the mixture.
		Clearwater is a solution of approximately 50% potassium permanganate and is used to remove odors and cloudiness from water to be used in aquariums and garden ponds.
		A combination of sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide in solution, this is often sold as a wood bleach for use on decks and outdoor wood furniture.
	www.sas.org /tcs/weeklyIssues_2006/2006-06-16/feature2/index.html (4966 words)

	[No title]
		I got these from an anonymous source, so I haven't tested or know the correct ammounts for mixing or what each chemical's property is. Otherwise, I would suppose each mixture is either approximately 50/50 each ingredient, or something like 90/10, 10/90 for each ingredient, percentilewise.
		In a plastic bowl, knead this liquid into the Potassium Chlorate until intimately mixed.
		Place 2-4 drops of Potassium Permanganate in the jar, close, and throw violently to detonate.
	www.textfiles.com /anarchy/INCENDIARIES/anarchy8.txt (673 words)

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