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	Alum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Knowing that alum cannot be obtained in crystals without the addition of potash, he began to suspect that this alkali constituted an essential ingredient in the salt, and in 1797 he published a dissertation demonstrating that alum is a double salt, composed of sulfuric acid, alumina, and potash.
		As alum and green vitriol were applied to a variety of substances in common, and as both are distinguished by a sweetish and astringent taste, writers, even after the discovery of alum, do not seem to have discriminated the two salts accurately from each other.
		The alum schists employed in the manufacture of alum are mixtures of iron pyrite, aluminium silicate and various bituminous substances, and are found in upper Bavaria, Bohemia, Belgium, and Scotland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alum (1910 words)

	Alum
		Knowing that alum cannot be obtained in crystals without the addition of potash, he began to suspect that this alkali constituted an essential ingredient in the salt, and in 1797 he published a dissertation demonstrating that alum is a double salt, composed of sulphuric acid, alumina, and potash.
		In the preparation of alum from clays or from bauxite, the material is gently calcined, then mixed with sulphuric acid and heated gradually to boiling; it is allowed to stand for some time, the clear solution drawn off and mixed with acid potassium sulfate and allowed to crystallize.
		The solubility of the various alums in water varies greatly, sodium alum being readily soluble in water, whilst caesium and rubidium alums are only sparingly soluble.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/al/Alum.html (1451 words)

	Alum - LoveToKnow 1911
		ALUM, in chemistry, a term given to the crystallized double sulphates of the typical formula M 2 SO 4 � MP' �(S04) 324H20, where M. is the sign of an alkali metal (potassium, sodium, rubidium, caesium), silver or ammonium, and M 111 denotes one of the trivalent metals, aluminium, chromium or ferric iron.
		The presence of sulphuric acid in potash alum was known to the alchemists.
		Knowing that alum cannot be obtained in crystals without the addition of potash, he began to suspect that this alkali constituted an essential ingredient in the salt, and in 1797 he published a dissertation demonstrating that alum is a double salt, composed of sulphuric acid, alumina and potash (Annales de chimie, xxii.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Alum (1553 words)

	alum - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		Potash alum is the common alum of commerce, although both soda alum and ammonium alum are manufactured.
		The presence of sulfuric acid in potash alum was known to the alchemists.
		Ammonia alum, NH Al(SO O, a white crystalline double sulfate of aluminum, is used in water purification, in vegetable glues, in porcelain cements, in tanning, dyeing and in fireproofing textiles.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/alum (1552 words)

	Sodium carbonate Information Center - sodium hydrogen carbonate
		Sodium carbonate or soda ash, Na, is a sodium salt of carbonic acid.
		Sodium lye from sodium carbonate can i buy sodium carbonate or soda ash at the grocery store carbonate, also known as cost of sodium carbonate per kg "washing chemical structures sodium carbonate soda," dihydroxy common name for sodium hydrogen carbonate aluminum sodium carbonate is a sodium carbonate manufacture photos water softener used during laundry.
		Deposits of the mineral natron, a combination of sodium sodium carbonate pics carbonate sodium carbonate msds and sodium bicarbonate, have been mined from dry lake bottoms in Egypt since ancient times, when natron was used in the preparation aspirin purified with sodium hydrogen carbonate of mummies.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Chemistry_Topics_S/Sodium_carbonate.html (826 words)

	soda - definition by dict.die.net
		Sodium amalgam, an alloy of sodium and mercury, usually produced as a gray metallic crystalline substance, which is used as a reducing agent, and otherwise.
		Sodium bicarbonate, a white crystalline substance, HNaCO3, with a slight alkaline taste resembling that of sodium carbonate.
		Sodium hydroxide, a white opaque brittle solid, NaOH, having a fibrous structure, produced by the action of quicklime, or of calcium hydrate (milk of lime), on sodium carbonate.
	dict.die.net /soda (521 words)

	Oxygen scavenging and heat-generating compositions, and deoxygenating and heat-generating structures - Patent 4230595
		For example, sodium tetraborate decahydrate (Na.sub.2 B.sub.4 O.sub.7.10H.sub.2 O) is produced by a method which comprises leaching kernite ore by boiling in water, and followed by recrystallization; or by a method which comprises causing sodium carbonate to act directly on ulexite, colemanite or priceite, or neutralizing and crystallizing it after conversion to boric acid.
		Sodium meta-borate tetrahydrate (NaBO.sub.2.4H.sub.2 O) is produced, for example, by heating a mixture of sodium carbonate and an equivalent weight of sodium tetraborate, dissolving the heated mixture in water, and recrystallizing it from hot water.
		Sodium perborate tetrahydrate (Na.sub.3 BO.sub.3.4H.sub.2)) is produced, for example, by the action of sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide on an aqueous solution of sodium tetraborate; or by melting sodium peroxide with boric acid, and dissolving the melt in water.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4230595.html (8158 words)

	Aluminium versus aluminum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Alum was the word primarily used for the naturally occurring materials that contained aluminium for a very long time.
		As early as 2000 BC, the Egyptians and Babylonians used chrome alum, a violet coloured salt, in tanning hides for leather, and as a mordant in dyeing.
		Potash alum is the common alum, the one that is used the most and bought and sold the most.
	www.hgriggs.com /aluminium.html (1305 words)

	ALUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		ALUM, in chemistry, a term given to the crystallized double sulphates of the typical formula M2SO4.M2111.(SO4)324H2O, Where M is the sign of an alkali metal (potassium, sodium, rubidium, caesium), silver or ammonium, and M111 denotes one of the trivalent metals, aluminium, chromium or ferric iron.
		Various minerals are employed in the manufacture of alum, the most important being alunite (q.v.) or alum-stone, alum schist, bauxite and cryolite.
		Sodium alum, Na2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O, occurs in nature as the mineral mendozite.
	simplestartpage.com /2301_ALUM.HTML (1549 words)

	Sodium Benzoate And (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Sodium benzoate, also known as benzoate of sodium, is the sodium salt of benzoic acid.
		sodium benzoate or benzoate of soda,chemical compound, C6H5CO2Na, colorless or white crystalline, aromatic compound; the sodium salt of benzoic acid.
		sodium benzoate, Na(C6H5COO) methyl benzoate, CH3(C6H5COO) potassium benzoate, K(C6H5COO...
	sodiumbenzoate.moatsodium.com /sodiumbenzoateand (807 words)

	Alum in chemistry chemistry is a term given to the crystallized...
		Alum in chemistry chemistry is a term given to the crystallized...
		The alum schists employed in the manufacture of alum are mixtures of iron pyrites, aluminium silicate and various bituminous substances, and are found in upper Bavaria Bavaria, Bohemia Bohemia, Belgium Belgium, and Scotland Scotland.
		The solubility of the various alums in water varies greatly, sodium alum being readily soluble in water, whilst caesium caesium and rubidium rubidium alums are only sparingly soluble.
	www.biodatabase.de /Alum (1525 words)

	sweetwater technology alum and algae control
		ALUM (aluminum sulfate) is a nontoxic material commonly used in water treatment plants to clarify drinking water.
		Alum is used primarily to control this internal loading of phosphorus from the sediments of the lake bottom.
		Alum can also be used to treat water from a nutrient rich inlet before it enters the lake.
	www.teemarkcorp.com /sweetwater/alum.htm (443 words)

	sweetwater technology aluminum dose calculation
		The examples are for the application of aluminum in the form of aluminum hydroxide Al This is done by treating with alum (aluminum sulfate) or a combination of alum and sodium aluminate which might be necessary in lakes with low alkalinity.
		Alum and sodium aluminate form an aluminum hydroxide floc on contact with the lake water.
		The ratio of alum to sodium aluminate to maintain neutral pH is 2 parts alum to 1 part sodium aluminate by volume.
	www.teemarkcorp.com /sweetwater/calcall.htm (1182 words)

	Alum - Alternative medicine - Alternative medicine
		Alum, in chemistry, is a term given to the crystallized double sulfates of the typical formula M⁺₂SO₄andmiddot;M³⁺₂(SO₄)₃andmiddot;24H₂O, where M⁺ is the sign of an alkali metal (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, or caesium), and M³⁺ denotes one of the trivalent metals (typically aluminium, chromium, or ironiron (III)).
		By this means, sodium aluminate is formed; it is then extracted with water and Precipitation (chemistry)precipitated either by sodium bicarbonate or by passing a current of carbon dioxide through the solution.
		Ammonia alum, NH₄Al(SO₄)₂??12H₂O, a white crystalline double sulfate of aluminium, is used in water purification, in vegetable glues, in porcelain cements, in natural deodorants, in tanning, dyeing and in fireproofing textiles.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Alum (1694 words)

	Anhydrous Sodium Carbonate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Sodium Carbonate In Of Sodium Carbonate In Sodium Carbonate As Decomposition Of Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate
		Sodium Carbonate is a white, crystalline compound soluble in water (absorbing moisture...
		sodium carbonate Anhydrous sodium carbonate (soda ash, sal soda) is a white powder, which cakes and aggregates on...
	sodiumcarbonate.moatsodium.com /anhydroussodiumcarbonate (502 words)

	Aluminium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ancient Greeks and Romans used aluminium salts as dyeing mordants and as astringents for dressing wounds; alum is still used as a styptic.
		Friedrich Wöhler is generally credited with isolating aluminium (Latin alumen, alum) in 1827 by mixing anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium.
		Cryolite is a mixture of aluminium, sodium, and calcium fluorides: (Na AlF
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aluminum (4974 words)

	FanFiction.Net : Dictionary & Thesaurus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Sodium bicarbonate is also called baking soda [1913 Webster] 2.
		[1913 Webster] Sodium amalgam, an alloy of sodium and mercury, usually produced as a gray metallic crystalline substance, which is used as a reducing agent, and otherwise.
		Sodium carbonate, a white crystalline substance, Na2CO3.10H2O, having a cooling alkaline taste, found in the ashes of many plants, and produced artifically in large quantities from common salt.
	www.fanfiction.net /dictionary.php?word=Soda (566 words)

	Seattle Parks and Recreation: Major Maintenance - Green Lake Park Alum Treatment Major Maintenance Project Information
		Treating the lake with alum effectively reduces the algae living in it, but it does not last indefinitely.
		The City hired a contractor to treat the lake with a combination of alum and sodium aluminate, which bind to the phosphorus in the sediments.
		Alum is used in nearly all drinking water treatment plants.
	www.cityofseattle.net /parks/maintenance/greenlakealum.htm (502 words)

	SODIUM ALUMINATE LIQUOR
		This is one objection to alum as a precipitant, since the use of alum alone with rosin size makes it difficult to obtain good sizing without lowering the pH to such an extent that the strength of the paper is affected.
		Sodium aluminate used in conjection with alum offers independent control of pH and of the amount of alumina added to the system with a minimum of sulphate addition.
		In addition to mixing sizing possible at a higher pH, sodium alumiante is claimed to have benefits in controlling foam (by coagulating finely dispered colloidal material), improving the closeness or formation of the sheet, and increasing the retentionof filters.
	www.business.u-net.com /~universal/paper.htm (521 words)

	Large Surface Water Treatment Plants in New Hampshire
		Alum, sodium hypochlorite, rapid mix, sedimentation, mixed media gravity filtration, sodium hypochlorite, sodium fluoride, sodium hydroxide, carbon dioxide, ammonium sulfate, waste to sewer.
		Poly aluminum chloride, sodium hydroxide, (powdered activated carbon-seasonally), rapid mix, coag/floc sedimentation, sodium hypochlorite, gravity rapid sand filtration, sodium hypochlorite, sodium hydroxide, orthophosphate-calciquest, hydrofluorosilicic acid, waste to lagoon with recycling.
		Alum or poly aluminum chloride, polymers, contact clarifiers, dual media gravity filtration, sodium hypochlorite, zinc orthophosphate, sodium hydroxide, waste to recycle to sewer.
	www.des.state.nh.us /factsheets/ws/ws-13-2.htm (1020 words)

	Science Project 2004
		The substance that had the biggest difference between temperatures was Alum, which went from the average dissolving time of 21.25 seconds at 79 degrees Celsius to 9.25 seconds at 100 degrees Celsius.
		Alum is the name of a particular group of double salts.
		Alum is the double salt of hydrated potassium and aluminum sulfate.
	www.selah.k12.wa.us /SOAR/SciProj2004/JonathanN.html (1402 words)

	Sodium Alum: Sodium Alum mineral information and data. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Sodium Alum: Sodium Alum mineral information and data.
		The name reflects its sodium content and alum, a hydrous aluminium sulfate.
		There is no specific data on health dangers or toxicity for this mineral, however you should always treat mineral samples as potentially toxic/dangerous and use sensible precautions when handling them.
	www.mindat.org /min-3703.html (144 words)

	Method for bulk polymerization of vinyl chloride - Patent 4098972
		The method of claim 6 wherein said sulfate is selected from the group consisting of lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, copper sulfate, magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate, aluminum sulfate, titanium sulfate, tin sulfate, iron sulfate, nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, chromium sulfate, manganese sulfate, platinum sulfate, sulfates of rare earth elements and zirconium sulfate.
		The method of claim 6 wherein said double salt is selected from the group consisting of Mohr's salt, potassium alum, sodium alum, ammonium alum and ammonium iron alum.
		(d) Alkali metal salts of carbonic acids, phosphoric acid, polymetaphosphoric acids and polyphosphoric acids: lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, sodium metaphosphate, sodium trimetaphosphate, sodium tetrametaphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium triphosphate and sodium tetraphosphate.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4098972.html (4514 words)

	Sodium Thiosulfate
		Previously, it is applied to bleach flax, cotton, fibres, textiles etc. Sodium Chlorite has been expanding its using fields with the running raise of people's concept, especially the further application of the fourth generation disinfectant (ClO2) on medicine and health, food-processing, aquaculture, drinking water disinfection, industry water treatment, dry flower procedure and so on.
		Sodium alginate can be used in different kind of field.
		However, if your diet is too high in sodium it is important to maintain balance by eating a lot of potassium-rich foods.
	sodiumthiosulfate.moatsodium.com (621 words)

	Food & Beverages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Alum and sodium aluminum sulfate leavening agents for cake mixes, breads and cookies.
		Sodium sulfite and metabisulfite reduces energy needed for mixing dough.
		Alum clarifies and remineralizes water for beer and soft drinks.
	www.genchemcorp.com /markets/food.shtml (434 words)

	NTP: USES OF ALUMINUM
		The major use of alum in the pulp and paper industry is to precipitate rosin size on paper fibers.
		In the latter, it is a substitute for aluminum sulfate.
		In the former, it is used to treat potable water and industrial wastewater, serving as a water softener, as a flocculant to trap suspended solids, and to precipitate inorganic phosphates.
	ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov /index.cfm?objectid=03DBC94E-AF52-C4FC-D5AA9BD2A7E6AE7F (713 words)

	alum. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		), any one of a series of isomorphous double salts that are hydrated sulfates of a univalent cation (e.g., potassium, sodium, ammonium, cesium, or thallium) and a trivalent cation (e.g., aluminum, chromium, iron, manganese, cobalt, or titanium).
		The name alum commonly refers to potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate, or potash alum, KAl(SO O, a colorless-to-white, crystalline compound.
		Sodium aluminum sulfate, or soda alum, NaAl(SO O, is also used in baking powder.
	www.bartleby.com /65/al/alum.html (234 words)

	Press Release: King County to clean up Lake Hicks algae with alum
		Alum is a chemical compound often used in wastewater treatment and sometimes as a food additive.
		Because alum on its own would make the lake too acidic to support aquatic life in the lake, about 1,000 gallons of a second chemical, sodium aluminate, will be applied simultaneously to 'buffer' the alum, maintaining near-neutral pH in the lake.
		The addition of alum and sodium aluminate to the lake will pose little risk to humans, aquatic plants, and wildlife.
	dnr.metrokc.gov /dnrp/press/2005/0408LakeHickscleanup.htm (518 words)

	Universal Chemicals - REACTION OF ALUM AND SODIUM ALUMINATE
		With materials in opposition, for example alum v aluminate, a wide range of alumina polymer is achievable provided pH's close to neutral, are maintained.
		In working to a specific pH the ratio of alum to SAL is adjusted so that the pH required is achieved while maintaining the same total dose of in situ polyaluminium floc.
		The reaction between alum (8%) and sodium aluminate liquor (20%) requires an Alum to Aluminate ratio of 1.8 to 1.0 by weight
	www.business.u-net.com /~universal/reaction.htm (538 words)

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