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	AllRefer.com - Alvan Clark (Astronomy, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Alvan Clark 1804–87, American astronomer and maker of astronomical lenses, b.
		In 1846 the firm of Alvan Clark and Sons was established at Cambridgeport, Mass.; it became famous as the manufacturer of the largest and finest telescope lenses.
		The younger Clark discovered a number of double stars as well as the companion star of Sirius.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/Clark-Al.html (228 words)

	Alvin Clark Sons: Artists In Optics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Alvan Clark and his two sons, George Bassett and Alvan Graham, figured importantly in the great expansion of astronomical facilities which occurred during the second half of the 19th century.
		Five times the Clarks made the objectives for the largest refracting telescopes in the world; and the fifth of their efforts, their 40-inch lens at the Yerkes Observatory, remains to this day the largest working refractor in the world.
		Since Alvan Clark was a successful portrait and miniature painter his known works are also described and catalogued here.
	www.willbell.com /tm/AlvinClark.htm (382 words)

	Today in Technology History - Jul 10
		Clark was born in Massachusetts on July 10, 1832.
		Although most of Clark's life was spent working on the technology of astronomy, he also made one scientific discovery of significance: while testing a telescope he was making for a client, he looked at the star Sirius and caught the first glimpse of its companion star, a discovery which earned Clark a medal.
		In 1897, Clark produced 40-inch lenses for use in a gigantic telescope at the Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin.
	www.tecsoc.org /pubs/history/2002/jul10.htm (285 words)

	Telescope - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		The next successful manufacturer of telescope lenses was the American lens-maker and astronomer Alvan Clark, who gradually achieved the highest rank as a maker of telescope lenses.
		With his son, Alvan Graham Clark, he constructed lenses not only for the leading American observatories, but also for the Imperial Russian Observatory in Pulkovo, and for other European institutions.
		Early in the 17th century, an Italian Jesuit, Niccolo Zucchi, was the first to use an eye lens to view the image produced by a concave mirror, but it was the Scottish mathematician James Gregory who first described a telescope with a reflecting mirror in 1663.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761557777___2/Telescope.html (725 words)

	Clark, Alvan - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Clark, Alvan
		He was the founder of Alvan Clark & Sons, makers of optical lenses for telescopes, some of unsurpassed quality.
		In 1862, Alvan Graham won the Lalande Prize for discovering the companion of Sirius.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Clark,+Alvan (141 words)

	Clark, Alvan (1804-1887)
		Together with his sons, George Bassett Clark (1827-1891) and Alvan Graham Clark (1832-1897), he founded Alvan Clark & Sons at Cambridgeport, Massachusetts, in 1846, and proceeded five times to make the objectives for the largest refracting telescopes in the world.
		The optical work of Clark & Sons was recognized as unsurpassed anywhere and represented the first significant American contribution to astronomical instrument-making; prior to this, American telescopes had never compared with those of European manufacture.
		Alvan Graham Clark is also remembered particularly for his discovery of the (white dwarf) companion of Sirius in 1862.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/C/Clark.html (222 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Alvan Clark
		Alvan Clark (March 8, 1804 – August 19, 1887), born in Ashfield, Massachusetts, was an American astronomer and telescope maker.
		One of Clark's sons, Alvan Graham Clark, discovered the dim companion of Sirius.
		His other son was George Bassett Clark; both sons were partners in the firm.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Alvan_Clark (149 words)

	Alvan Clark - Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Remembered widely for his pioneering work in optics and astronomy, Alvan Clark is less well known as an artist, although he is thought to have executed some 500 oil portraits and miniatures during his lifetime.
		Clark was born in in 1804 in Ashfield, Massachusetts, where he spent his early years on his father's farm, working at the family mill.
		Working outside of established scientific communities, he and his two sons, George Bassett and Alvan Graham Clark, gradually improved their understanding of optics and refined their technique until they became the preeminent manufacturers of telescope lenses in the world.
	www.bonus.com /contour/national_gallery/http@@/www.nga.gov/cgi-bin/pbio?5750 (577 words)

	Dearborn Telescope
		Five times the Clarks made the objectives for the largest refracting telescopes in the world; and the fifth of their efforts, their 40-inch lens at the modern University of Chicago’s Yerkes Observatory, has never been surpassed.
		Alvan watched his son’s experiment with growing enthusiasm and, like any father, could not refrain from giving him the “benefit” of his “maturer judgement”; he then promptly became involved with the construction of telescopes.
		Alvan Clark Senior stayed nearly one month to see his work completed, and then left the instrument in the hands of the new Observatory.
	deller.com /newpage6.htm (3590 words)

	CLARK, ALVAN. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In 1846 the firm of Alvan Clark and Sons was established at Cambridgeport, Mass.; it became famous as the manufacturer of the largest and finest telescope lenses.
		The first achromatic lenses made in the United States were produced there.
		The younger Clark discovered a number of double stars as well as the companion star of Sirius.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/cl/Clark-Al.html (115 words)

	Clark (lunar crater) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Clark is a lunar crater that lies in the southern hemisphere of the Moon's far side.
		It is located midway between the larger Van der Waals walled plain to the south and the similar-sized Pizzetti crater to the north.
		By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater mid-point that is closest to Clark crater.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Clark_(Lunar_crater).htm (168 words)

	Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics » Clark, Alvan (1804–87), Clark, George Bassett (1827–91), and ...
		Clark, Alvan (1804–87), Clark, George Bassett (1827–91), and Clark, Alvan Graham (1832–97)
		Alvan was an astronomer, telescope maker, born in Ashfield, MA.
		Founded, with his sons George (born in Lowell, MA) and Alvan Graham (born in Fall River, MA), Alvan Clark andamp; Sons, makers of optical lenses for telescopes, first significant American contribution to astronomical instrument-making.
	dx.doi.org /10.1888/0333750888/5390 (108 words)

	Divulgación - Los caminos inescrutables - La familia Clark y las enanas blancas
		Alvan Clark se sentía sumamente orgulloso del gran lente biconvexo de casi 45 cm de diámetro que había tallado y pulido: él mismo lo había probado y se había convencido de la notable calidad de la pieza.
		Alvan Graham (risueño): "Tu perfecto instrumento tiene una aberración, padre".
		Alvan y Alvan Graham Clark viajaron inmediatamente para supervisar la instalación de su "bebé", y el padre se quedó aún más de un mes calibrando y ajustando el telescopio antes de regresar a su casa y dejarlo en manos de sus orgullosos nuevos propietarios.
	axxon.com.ar /rev/154/c-154divulgacion.htm (5255 words)

	Adler Planetarium, Chicago, IL
		In 1860 the firm of Alvan Clark and Sons in Cambridgeport, Massachusetts, received an order from the University of Mississippi for a lens 18 1/2 inches in diameter, larger than any lens in the world at that time.
		Soon the lens, properly installed in a walnut-veneered tube and poised on an equatorial mount (both by Alvan Graham Clark), adorned the Dearborn Observatory of an institution known as the University of Chicago.
		Attempts to protect it resulted in the addition of many layers of varnish, which eventually flened so that the original walnut burl veneer, applied at the Alvan Clark workshop in the 1860s, was completely obscured.
	www.adlerplanetarium.org /research/collections/instruments/dearborn.shtml (477 words)

	Stars in Their Eyes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		But the elder Clark was soon hooked on a new hobby, one at which the established portrait painter apparently excelled.
		His two sons, George Bassett Clark and Alvan Graham Clark, joined their father's growing business, and together they founded the firm of Alvan Clark and Sons, makers of the finest—and largest—refractor telescopes of their time.
		Alvan Clark and Sons: Artists in Optics by Deborah Jean Warner and Robert B. Ariail, William-Bell (Richmond, Virginia), in association with the National Museum of American History, 1995
	www.smithsonianmagazine.com /issues/2001/october/refractors.php (292 words)

	Stars
		He theorized that the wobbling was caused by the gravitational tug of an invisible companion star in orbit around Sirius.
		Bessel's theory was shown to be correct in 1862 when Sirius' companion star was found by telescope-maker Alvan Graham Clark.
		Clark observed a bright, small, dense star known as a white dwarf.
	library.thinkquest.org /C004701/star.htm (2988 words)

	Telescope: Naval Observatory 26-inch Refractor
		The observatory director turned to Alvan Clark and his son, Alvan Graham Clark, of Massachusetts.
		The Clarks were the first Americans to grind lenses of the same quality as telescope-makers in Europe, becoming famous for their work after noted British astronomer William Rutter Dawes began using their instruments.
		The Clarks built the Naval Observatory an achromatic refractor with a 26-inch (66-centimeter) lens doublet in 1873.
	amazing-space.stsci.edu /resources/explorations/groundup/lesson/scopes/naval (245 words)

	Space: Did You Know?- The first white dwarf ever discovered was blamed on a faulty telescope. Siriusly. Find out why ...
		When Alvan Graham Clark, the son of great 19th century telescope maker Alvan Clark tried out his father's new telescope in 1862, he used it to look at Sirius, the brightest star in the sky.
		At first, Clark thought there was a problem with the lens, since he saw a faint object near the bright image of Sirius.
		The younger Clark went on to supervise the construction of what is still the largest lens in the world, at the Yerkes Observatory not far from Chicago.
	reference.aol.com /mf_space/_a/the-first-white-dwarf-ever-discovered/20050126182309990005 (315 words)

	UFO.Whipnet.org \| Aliens \| Creation \| Dogon People
		In 1862, the American astronomer Alvan Graham Clark actually spotted the star when testing a new telescope, and called it Sirius B. However, it was to take another half-century from the first observation of Sirius' peculiarities for a mathematical and physical explanation to be found for such a small object exerting such massive force.
		Sirius B was discovered in 1862 (not 1962) by Alvan Clark as he was testing the new lens he'd made for Dearborn Observatory's 18 1/2 inch refracting telescope.
		As for a third star, Phillip Fox reported in 1920 that the image of Sirius B had appeared to be double, using the same 18 1/2 inch refractor with which Clark discovered B. R.T.Innes in S.Africa and van den Bos, a renowned double-star observer, also reported the 3rd star.
	ufo.whipnet.org /creation/dogon/index.html (2996 words)

	Wikinfo \| White dwarf
		Alvan Graham Clark in 1862 discovered a dark companion of the brightest star Sirius (Alpha Canis Majoris).
		The companion, called Sirius B or the Pup, had a surface temperature of about 25,000 kelvins, so it was classified as a hot star.
		Sirius B is much dimmer and appears so close to the brilliant Sirius A that it was not actually sighted until 1862, during Alvan Clark's testing of a telescope.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=White_dwarf (1300 words)

	Universe Today » 2006 » January
		While watching Sirius, Clark uncovered the intense star's faint companion while testing an 18" refractor for Dearborn Observatory.
		The scope itself was built by Clark, his father and his brother.
		Imagine his excitement when it turned up the white dwarf - Sirius B! Based on the strange way Sirius A wobbles in the sky, Friedrich Bessel proposed its B's existence back in 1844, but this is the first time it was confirmed visually.
	www.universetoday.com /2006/01 (7664 words)

	July 10 - Today In Science History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Carrying on the family business, after the deaths of his father and brother, Clark made the 40" lenses of the Yerkes telescope (still the largest refractor in the world).
		In 1866, the first U.S. patent for an indelible pencil was issued to Edson P Clark of Northampton, Mass.
		Clark held an earlier patent for an indelible composition, but described without the wood jacket (No. 24,195 on 31 May 1859).
	www.todayinsci.com /7/7_10.htm (1946 words)

	National Park Service: Astronomy and Astrophysics NHL Theme Study
		The lens for the 20-inch refractor was made by Alvan Graham Clark.
		The observatory contains an 8-1/4-inch refracting telescope built by the firm of Alvan Clark and Sons of Cambridge, Massachusetts and a 16-inch refractor telescope made by John Brashear.
		Barnard ordered a large 19-inch lens from the firm of Alvan Clark in Cambridge, Massachusetts for his telescope, but the outbreak of the Civil War prevented the delivery of the lens.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/butowsky5/astro5a.htm (959 words)

	Telescope
		The best known maker of refracting telescope objectives in the second halaf of the nineteenth century was Alvan Clark 1804-1887), who worked with his sons Alvan Graham Clark and George Bassett Clark.
		This instrument, with a nine-inch achromatic objective, was manufactured in 1905 by Alvan Clark and Sons, Inc. of Cambridge, Massachusetts and was acquired in 1939 by the University of Vermont.
		The primary reference for Clark Telescopes is: Deborah Jean Warner and Robert B. Arail, Alvan Clark and Sons: Artists in Optics, secnodn edition (Willman-Bell, Inc, in association with the National Museum of American History of the Smithsonian Institution, 1995).
	physics.kenyon.edu /EarlyApparatus/Optics/Telescope/Telescope.html (818 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		The next successful manufacturer of telescope lenses was the American lens maker and astronomer Alvan Clark (1804–87), who gradually achieved the highest rank as a maker of telescope lenses.
		With his son, Alvan Graham Clark (1832–97), he constructed the lenses not only for the leading American observatories, but also for the Imperial Russian Observatory in Pulkovo and for other European institutions.
		A concave mirror is used to form an image in the reflecting telescope.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/space/telescope.html (1180 words)

	Sirius 2
		After analyzing the motions of Sirius from 1833 to 1844, Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (1784-1846) concluded that it had an unseen companion.
		However, Sirius B was not actually observed until January 31, 1862 by Alvan Graham Clark (1832-1897), who was testing a new 18-inch telescope built for Dearborn Observatory by the famous company founded by his father (Alvan Clark) and later run by his brother and himself.
		Clark was soon honored with the Lalande prize of the French Academy for his discovery.
	www.solstation.com /stars/sirius2.htm (1633 words)

	Mars at Lowell
		The Lowell telescope is the last large Clark objective that Alvan Graham Clark made, later Clark objectives being figured by Carl Lundin of the Clark firm.
		Strapped to the back end of the Clark are at least three other Clark telescopes, including a 12", a smaller refractor, and a finderscope.
		The Lowell Clark is no slouch when it comes to the planets, and we're looking forward to a repeat performance during 2003.
	www.medkeff.com /jeff/astro/lowell (1957 words)

	Night Skies- Sandoval Signpost
		At a distance of 8.7 light years, it is not the closest star system; the Alpha Centauri system holds this position.
		A smaller companion star, Sirius B, was discovered in 1862, by Alvan Graham Clark.
		In 1915, astronomers at the Mount Wilson Observatory determined that Sirius B was a white-dwarf star, the first ever to be discovered.
	www.sandovalsignpost.com /mar06/html/night_skies.html (1265 words)

	Alvan Clark \| THG Lexikon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Clark gründete die Firma Alvan Clark and Sons, welche sich auf die Herstellung von Linsen für den Bau von Refraktionsteleskopen spezialisiert hatte.
		Insgesamt baute Clarks Firma fünfmal den jeweils größten Refraktor der Welt
		Einer seiner Söhne, Alvan Graham Clark, entdeckte einen Begleiter des Sirius, sein anderer Sohn, George Bassett Clark, war Teilhaber der Firma.
	www.tomshardware.de /lexikon/Alvan_Clark (171 words)

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