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Topic: Alveolar duct

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	[No title]
		Alveolar Ducts: These are simply the distal extensions of the respiratory bronchioles where the alveoli are so dense that the wall consists almost entirely of these sacs, and the lining has been reduced to small knobs of smooth muscle covered by cilia-free simple cuboidal cells.
		The alveolar duct can thus be likened to a long hallway with so many doorways leading to small rooms (alveoli) that the hallway (the alveolar duct) appears almost to lack walls.
		Atria and Alveolar Sacs: Atria are the distal terminations of alveolar ducts.
	www.loyno.edu /~chood/histnotesresp.html (4258 words)

	XI. Splanchnology. 1e. The Lungs. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		The primary lobule consists of an alveolar duct, the air spaces connected with it and their bloodvessels, lymphatics and nerves.
		Each alveolar duct is connected with a variable number of irregularly spherical spaces, which also possess alveoli, the atria.
		With each atrium a variable number (2–5) of alveolar sacs are connected which bear on all parts of their circumference alveoli or air sacs.
	www.bartleby.com /107/240.html (2952 words)

	RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE AND GAS EXCHANGE
		Protruding from the thin walls of the alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles are numerous cup-shaped alveoli, each measuring about 0.2 to 0.5 mm in diameter.
		Along the distal end of an alveolar duct, the alveoli are arranged into grape-like clusters.
		About 95% of the alveolar surface consists of simple squamous epithelial type I cells, and the remaining 5% is occupied by type II cells (or septal cells).
	www.getbodysmart.com /ap/respiratorysystem/lungs/respiratorymembrane/tutorial.html (243 words)

	16. Respiratory System
		Alveolar ducts (longitudinal, transverse) are particularly difficult to comprehend, yet they are a most important structural entity.
		To pick out alveolar ducts it is necessary to realize that the alveoli themselves are not parts of the walls of the ducts but outpocketings from the walls.
		Alveolar sacs are merely the somewhat expanded tip ends of alveolar ducts.
	neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu /campbell/respiratory/wp.htm (3159 words)

	[No title]
		Alveolar duct- elongate airways with almost no walls, except for scattered rings of smooth muscle and the openings of alveoli.
		Alveolar sac- spaces into which clusters of alveoli open Alveoli- site of gas exchange Alveolar septa- walls of tissue found between adjacent alveoli.
		C is correct because alveolar ducts, and thus alveoli, come off of respiratory bronchioles.
	cpmcnet.columbia.edu /student/ssn/histology/lung05.doc (874 words)

	Histology - Respiratory System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		All of the respiratory portion is, of course, intrapulmonary (transitional regions where there are alveoli in the walls of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs).
		The walls of alveolar ducts [Mac] [WinHome] are so interrupted by alveoli and alveolar sacs (clusters of alveoli) that all that can be seen of the wall proper is small knobs [Mac] [WinHome] composed of smooth muscle, collagen and elastic fibers.
		Alveolar macrophages characteristic of this condition (also known as "heart failure" cells) become laden with brownish-fl hemosiderin pigment resulting from the breakdown of erythrocytes leaking from the engorged capillaries.
	www.umich.edu /~mededlrc/histology/resp/resp_system.html (2114 words)

	Blue Histology - Respiratory System
		Alveolar type I cells (small alveolar cells or type I pneumocytes) are extremely flattened (the cell may be as thin as 0.05 µm) and form the bulk (95%) of the surface of the alveolar walls.
		The late alveolar period is marked by the development of mature alveoli from the terminal sacs.
		Alveolar sacs continue to be formed during early childhood (up to year 8) and mature into alveoli.
	www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au /mb140/CorePages/Respiratory/respir.htm (2582 words)

	Pathology Review Carousel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Within each lobule, the expanded respiratory bronchiole and alveolar ducts are lined by eosinophilic hyaline membranes and are surrounded by collapsed air spaces.
		Central alveolar duct lined by hyaline membrane and surrounded by collapsed alveolar spaces.
		Alveolar spaces expanded, but septa thickened by edema, mononuclear inflammatory cells and fibroblasts.
	medic.med.uth.tmc.edu /edprog/Path/Pedi-a.htm (367 words)

	Anatomy Atlases: Atlas of Microscopic Anatomy: Section 1 - Cells
		Refer to Figure 11A which can be used in conjunction with this plate in order to follow the structural changes that occur from the respiratory bronchiole to alveolar ducts to alveolar sacs where gaseous exchange takes place.
		Alveolar duct: A branch of the respiratory bronchiole.
		The duct is composed of alveolar sacs and alveoli.
	www.anatomyatlases.org /MicroscopicAnatomy/Section11/Plate11229.shtml (304 words)

	Translated by WordPort from Nota Bene ver. 4 document LAB#6NB.206
		As one proceeds distally in the respiratory bronchioles, the alveolar outpocketings become so numerous that the bronchiole characteristics are restricted to small knobs about the openings of adjacent alveoli.
		The bulbous knobs of tissue in the alveolar ducts are covered by non-ciliated low cuboidal or squamous epithelial cells, beneath which lie bundles of smooth muscle, elastic and some reticular fibers.
		The alveolar ducts terminate in a variable number of alveolar sacs which consist of a common atrium for several adjacent alveoli.
	www.urmc.rochester.edu /smded/Path505/Labs/lab6.html (410 words)

	Electron Microscopy/ Imaging (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Alveolar macrophages clean the alveoli of particulate matter and are seen filled with debris.
		On the right edge of the image is a portion of a respiratory bronchiole with its simple cuboidal epithelium leading into an alveolar duct, which is an open channel bounded on all sides by alveoli.
		The alveolar duct is leading into two alveolar sacs (one is shown), a collection of alveoli.
	www.wv-hsta.org /Nanatomy/Electron.htm (203 words)

	Histology-World! Histology Test Bank-Respiratory 3a
		The alveoli duct is analogous to a thoroughfare with many cul-du-sacs branching off of it.
		At the end of the alveoli duct is an alveoli sac.
		Brush cells are occasionally, but rarely, seen in the alveolar epithelium.
	www.histology-world.com /testbank/resp3a.htm (735 words)

	Quantitation and Localization of Pulmonary Manganese Superoxide Dismutase and Tumor Necrosis Factor {alpha} following ...
		Alveolar macrophages (arrowhead) and epithelial cells (arrow) labeled for MnSOD are detailed at higher magnification in the insert (Bar = 10 µm).
		in proximal alveolar ducts from animals exposed to filtered air (solid bars) or to ozone and nitrogen dioxide (hatched bars) normalized to the epithelial basement membrane length.
		in proximal alveolar ducts from animals exposed to filtered air (solid bars) or the oxidants (hatched bars) normalized to the epithelial basement membrane length.
	toxsci.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/54/2/452 (4396 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Alveolar duct
		Alveolar ducts are the tiny end tubules of the branching airways that fill the lungs.
		The tubules divide into alveolar sacs at the distal end.
		In human anatomy, prior to the alveolar ducts exists the terminal bronchioles.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Alveolar_duct (110 words)

	REBPIRATQRY SYSTEM
		A respiratory bronchiole gives rise to several alveolar ducts, each characterized in sections by having many alveoli, which arise from both sides of its wall.
		These are small apertures (5-15 mm in diameter), which occur in the alveolar wall and usually vary in number from 1-6 per septum.
		from the alveolar capillaries and from the visceral pleura and return it to the left atrium.
	www.mc.vanderbilt.edu /histology/labmanual2002/labsection2/Respiratory03.htm (3689 words)

	Temporal Expression of Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin and Drebrin in Septal Interstitial Cells during Alveolar Maturation -- ...
		During the maturation of alveolar septa (A–C), the alpha-SMA-positive slender cells in the primitive septa as well as the alpha-SMA-positive round cells at the tips of developing secondary septa are totally dissociated from desmin-positive cells (arrowheads).
		Drebrin is not expressed in the interstitial cells in alveoli and alveolar ducts of adult rat lung (G–I).
		ducts are distinct from the septal myofibroblast-like cells.
	www.jhc.org /cgi/content/full/53/6/735 (3911 words)

	The Respiratory System
		It consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs.
		The ducts of the glands pass through the lamina propria and epithelium to empty into the lumen.
		When you look at the alveolar septa, you will be able to identify (some of the) type II cells, capillaries if well-sectioned, and (if they are filled with carbon particles or some other material) dust cells.
	courseweb.edteched.uottawa.ca /medicine-histology/English/Respiratory/Default.htm (4511 words)

	Abstracts \| Asbestos Mechanisms of Toxicity Workshop \| Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) \| US EPA
		Fibers inhaled past the mucociliary escalator accumulate primarily at alveolar duct bifurcations (ADB), thus explaining the pattern of developing asbestosis as the lesions begin near the bronchioles and spread peripherally along the alveolar ducts over time, demonstrating a localized dose response.
		Inhaled fibers that deposit on the Type I alveolar epithelial surfaces are rapidly translocated by these cells to the interstitial vascular and lymphatic spaces from where they can reach the pleura and other anatomic compartments.
		All of the fiber types activate the fifth component of complement in the alveolar lining layer, thus producing C5a, which is a potent chemotactic factor for inflammatory cells.
	www.epa.gov /swerrims/asbestos_ws/abstract.htm (2832 words)

	Laboratory Ten: Respiratory System
		Understand the structure and function of the alveolar wall, (as seen in the light and electron microscopes), with special emphasis on the air-blood barrier, surfactant producing cells, and distribution of connective tissue fibers.
		Identify the respiratory portion of the bronchial tree (formed by respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli).
		This is a good slide for observing the distribution of collagen near the visceral pleura, alveolar wall, and branches of the bronchial tree.
	medinfo.ufl.edu /year1/histo/review/lab10.html (1494 words)

	info: Alveolar_duct (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Slide # 59 - Alveolar Duct and SacSlide # 59 - Alveolar Duct and Sac.
		Slide Supplemental: LungThis medium magnification view of the lung shows an alveolar duct, a passageway through the lung with alveoli extending off to the sides.
		Alveolar duct (partial) 1: The most distal portion of the conduction tree in the lung.
	www.napoli-pizza.net /Alveolar_duct.html (486 words)

	eMedicine - Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema : Article Excerpt by: Beverly P Wood, MD, MS Ed, PhD
		The ventilatory pressure used to keep the alveolar ducts open also may cause rupture of the alveolar duct (usually at the junction of the bronchiole and alveolar duct) and consequent escape of air into the pulmonary interstitium, lymphatics, and venous circulation.
		Pathophysiology: Immature lungs are underdeveloped and lack adequate surfactant to keep the alveolar ducts and early alveoli open on inspiration and expiration.
		It is observed less frequently now because of treatment of immature babies with exogenous surfactant, which improves compliance of the lung (thus less ventilatory pressure is needed) and keeps the alveolar ducts open during both inspiration and expiration.
	www.emedicine.com /radio/byname/pulmonary-interstitial-emphysema.htm (596 words)

	THE PULMONARY VENTILATION AND PERFUSION PAGE
		AS = alveolar sacs - gas exchange occurs readily because of the very small distances between the alveolar space and the capillary lumen; in addition, an overwhelming amount of the surface area available for gas exchange is found within the alveolar sacs
		The alveolar blood supply originates from the pulmonary artery leaving the right ventricle, such that deoxygenated blood can be delivered to the lungs for oxygenation and to reduce CO and H
		The total amount of interstitial tissue under the alveolar epithelium is ordinarily very small in a healthy lung; this means the interstitial tissue occupies very little space such that the vast bulk of the lung may be occupied by parenchyma which is dedicated to gas exchange.
	faculty.etsu.edu /currie/pulmperfusion.htm (1015 words)

	CT-Pathology Correlations
		An adjacent alveolus shows alveolitis, which consists of a thickened, edematous wall with chronic inflammatory cells, type II cell hyperplasia, and a collection of alveolar macrophages.
		This lesion progresses to alveolar collapse and fibrosis.
		A characteristic feature of the fibrosing stage is the presence of recent bluish granulation tissue next to an area of old pink scar, indicating temporal heterogeneity of the disease.
	pathhsw5m54.ucsf.edu /ctpath/ctpath31a.html (353 words)

	The Lungs
		Try to identify septal cells, alveolar phagocytes containing dust and soot particles, pulmonary arteries or arterioles, veins or venules, alveolar capillaries, lymphatics and lymphoid tissue.
		Two types of cells in the alveolar epithelium are type I pneumocytes (squamous epithelial cells) and type II (cuboidal cells that synthesize surfactant that is secreted onto the alveolar luminal surface to reduce surface tension).
		Starting off with what is called the Alveolar Duct, (green arrow) which connects the Respiratory Bronchiole to the Alveolar Sacs (blue arrows) which are the ends of the airways.
	www3.umdnj.edu /histsweb/lab10/lab10lung.html (863 words)

	Pathology Education: Respiratory
		This apparent thickening is caused by alveolar septa collapsed against one another; the residual airspaces are mostly alveolar ducts and some proximal alveoli, while most of the peripheral alveoli are unexpanded.
		This view shows a respiratory bronchiole opening into an alveolar duct that is lined by a hyaline membrane.
		The apparent cellularity of the adjacent alveolar parenchyma is caused by the marked atelectasis and immaturity of the lung tissue.
	www.pathology.vcu.edu /education/resp/lab3.a.html (118 words)

	Reduced Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha} and Transforming Growth Factor-ß1 Expression in the Lungs of Inbred Mice that ...
		alveolar duct bifurcations and in adjacent terminal bronchioles was
		Macrophage numbers at first alveolar duct bifurcations in lung sections from exposed and control C57BL/6 and 129 animals at 48 hours after exposure.
		C: TGF-ß protein expression is up-regulated at first alveolar duct bifurcations (enlarged in inset) 48 hours after exposure in a pattern similar to that seen in A.
	ajp.amjpathol.org /cgi/content/full/154/3/853 (5036 words)

	Postnatal alveolar development of the rabbit -- Kovar et al. 93 (2): 629 -- Journal of Applied Physiology
		Alveolar wall thickness was estimated as volume per unit area of alveolar surface according to the formula TF/S
		Between 28 dg and birth, there was an increase in the percentage of lung made up of alveolar ducts from 30 to ~50%.
		The rate of change in alveolar number with age (as described by the derivative of the above equation) is shown in Fig.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/93/2/629 (3649 words)

	Untitled Document
		The bronchi lead to the respiratory zone, collectively referred to as the paired lungs: alveoli, alveolar duct and alveolar sac.
		The alveolar partial pressure of O2 is 104 mmHg, and blood PO2 is 40 mmHg, therefore there is a net diffusion of O2 into the blood, increasing blood PO2 to 104 mmHg.
		The alveolar PCO2 is 40 mmHg and the blood PCO2 is 45 mmHg, therefore there is a net diffusion of CO2 into the alveoli, decreasing blood PCO2 to 40 mmHg.
	sorrel.humboldt.edu /~mlt15/lab18.html (617 words)

	Case 18--Image 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Within the lobule, an inflammatory infiltrate is present in and around the distal airways and here and there in the alveolar parenchyma.
		At higher magnification (B), a cellular bronchiolitis and patchy alveolitis with mild widening of alveolar walls and alveolar filling are present.
		In COP the interstitial lymphocytic/plasma cellular infiltrate is minor, and granulation tissue in bronchiolar lumens and surrounding alveolar spaces is more prominent.
	pathhsw5m54.ucsf.edu /case18/image181.html (162 words)

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