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Topic: Alveus of the hippocampus

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	IX. Neurology. 4e. Composition and Central Connections of the Spinal Nerves. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human ...
		The dentate gyrus which may be considered as a modified part of the hippocampus is partially separated from the gyrus hippocampus by the hippocampal fissure and from the fimbria by the fimbrio-dentate sulcus; it is intimately connected with the hippocampal gyrus and the hippocampus.
		The white matter of the indusium known as the medial longitudinal striæ (nerves of Lancisi) and the lateral longitudinal striæ, are related to the indusium somewhat as the cingulum is to the gyrus cinguli.
		The olfactory projection fibers which arise from the pyramid cells of the uncus and hippocampus and from the polymorphic cells of the dentate gyrus form a dense stratum on the ventricular surface, especially on the hippocampus, called the alveus.
	www.bartleby.com /107/191.html (8263 words)

	IX. Neurology. 4c. The Fore-brain or Prosencephalon. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		—The rhinencephalon comprises the olfactory lobe, the uncus, the subcallosal and supracallosal gyri, the fascia dentata hippocampi, the septum pellucidum, the fornix, and the hippocampus.
		Here it lies along the concavity of the hippocampus, on the surface of which some of its fibers are spread out to form the alveus, while the remainder are continued as a narrow white band, the fimbria hippocampi, which is prolonged into the uncus of the hippocampal gyrus.
		The portion in relation to the inferior cornu lies in the concavity of the hippocampus and overlaps the fimbria hippocampi: from the lateral edge of the fimbria the epithelium is reflected over the plexus on to the roof of the cornu (Fig.
	www.bartleby.com /107/189.html (13322 words)

	Fimbria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		With regard to the brain, fimbria is a prominent band of white matter along the medial edge of the hippocampus.
		The fimbria is an accumulation of myelinated axons (mostly efferent) that first collect on the ventricular surface of the hippocampus as the alveus (a thin layer resembling an inverted trough).
		Near the splenium the fimbria separates from the hippocampus as the crus of the fornix.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fimbria (200 words)

	Hippocampus & Amygdala Protocol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Images are first reoriented to the long axis of the hippocampus by selecting the most anterior and posterior limits of the hippocampus and reorienting the images such that the anterior and posterior limits of the hippocampus are in parallel along the long axis.
		Following the identification of the crus of the fornix, the hippocampus is traced using the alveus as the superior boundary and the white matter of the parahippocampal gyrus as the inferior boundary.
		The shape of the hippocampus in posterior sections is one of a ball of gray matter that comprises the head and a straight segment of gray matter that is the subiculum (B, C).
	www.loni.ucla.edu /NCRR/Protocols/Segmentation_3.html (565 words)

	[No title]
		The alveus and fimbria are the major efferent fibers tracts of the hippocampus.
		The gray matter of the hippocampus is an extension of the subiculum of the parahippocampal gyrus.
		The alveus and fimbria, white matter tracts along the superior surface of the hippocampus, continue posteriorly as the fornix and serve as the major efferent pathways to the rest of the brain.
	spinwarp.ucsd.edu /NeuroWeb/Text/br-800epi.htm (2758 words)

	Limbic System
		The hippocampus is found on the lateral boarder of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle.
		The indusium griseum is a reminant of the hippocampus on the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum.
		Early changes in Alzheimer’s include atrophy of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex with can be seen on an MRI up to two years before the onset of clinical symptoms.
	rossmed.drbuschman.com /notes/semestertwo/limbic.htm (1796 words)

	Transsulcal approach to mesiotemporal lesions
		Although several approaches to the amygdala and hippocampus have been described in the literature on surgery for epilepsy, they all require sacrifice of normal structures, manipulation of arteries, or excessive temporal lobe retraction.
		The hippocampus bulges into the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle and arches around the mesencephalon with a seahorse shape.
		The lateral aspect of the hippocampus is demarcated by an unnamed groove within the ventricle that separates it from the collateral eminence.
	www.c3.hu /%7Emavideg/jns/1-5-4.html (2843 words)

	Selective inhibition of local excitatory synaptic transmission by serotonin through an unconventional receptor in the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The alveus was stimulated by placing the electrode on its outer half, on the subicular side of the slice.
		This mode of alveus stimulation was chosen as there is evidence that CA1 pyramidal neurone efferents are denser towards the subicular side (Knowles and Schwartzkroin, 1981; Finch and Babb, 1981) and hence more likely to elicit excitation at a given stimulus strength.
		Besides effectively identifying the synaptic connection modulated by 5-HT, the experiments with alveus stimulation provide additional confirmation that changes in the excitability of neurones in the local network are not the mechanism underlying the observed inhibition of polysynaptic responses.
	www.jphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/534/1/141 (10646 words)

	Hippocampus and Trauma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the medial frontal cortex.
		The hallmark symptoms of PTSD, including exaggerated startle response and flashbacks, may be related to a failure of higher brain regions (i.e., the hippocampus and the medial frontal cortex) to dampen the exaggerated symptoms of arousal and distress that are mediated through the amygdala in response to reminders of the traumatic event.
		Animal model studies have shown that the hippocampus is a particularly sensitive/vulnerable brain region that responds to stress/stress hormones.
	www.lifecyclejourneys.com /Atlantis/hippocampusAndTrauma.htm (4114 words)

	NEURAL TRANSPLANTATION AND RECOVERY OF COGNITIVE FUNCTION
		Axotomy of the septohippocampal cholinergic pathway probably results in accumulation of NGF in the hippocampus, the effect of which is to enhance growth of, and fibre outgrowth from, cholinergic fetal grafts (Eriksdotter-Nilsson et al.
		To address this question we injected into the neocortex and hippocampus of alcohol-treated rats cell suspensions derived from the cholinergic-rich fetal mesencephalic fissure: this source of transplant material was as effective as the basal forebrain in restoring radial-maze performance.
		In the experiments from our laboratory described so far the hippocampus was one of the denervated regions; the damaged cells were distant from the hippocampus; and hippocampal fetal tissue provided a control for the effective, cholinergic transplant.
	www.bbsonline.org /documents/a/00/00/04/80/bbs00000480-00/bbs.sinden.html (18062 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		lacuno´sum the fibrous layer situated between the stratum radiatum and the stratum moleculare of the hippocampus, consisting chiefly of a dense fiber layer in association with Schaffer collaterals, axons ascending from the alveus, and axons and collaterals ascending from neurons of the stratum oriens.
		lu´cidum hippocam´pi the cellular (as opposed to dendritic) segment of the stratum pyramidalis of the hippocampus; cf.
		o´riens hippocam´pi [TA] oriens layer of hippocampus: one of the layers of the hippocampus, lying between the alveus and the stratum pyramidalis; it is composed of neurons with ascending axons (basket cells), the ramifications of the basal dendrites of the pyramidal cells, and their axon collaterals.
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_s_25zPzhtm (3951 words)

	hippocampus-1999.html
		In the present study, we demonstrated that both inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis and selective lesions of 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons are associated with decreases in the number of newly generated cells in the dentate gyrus, as well as in the subventricular zone.
		The aim of the present study was to determine whether (i) recurrent seizures develop in mice after intrahippocampal injection of kainate, and (ii) the electroencephalographic, histopathological and behavioural changes in such mice are similar to those in human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.
		However, patients with lesions either to the right or to the left hippocampus were unimpaired on several memory tasks, including a spatial one, with a 30 min delay, designed to be analogous to the Morris water maze.
	www.indiana.edu /~pietsch/hippocampus-1999.html (5206 words)

	Psychosomatic Medicine -- Mega et al. 64 (3): 487 Figure IG1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The alveus demarcates the superior boarder of the hippocampus rostrally with the amygdala above (B).
		The posterior limit of the hippocampal head is defined as the first oblique coronal slice in which both cerebral peduncles are present (C).
		The posterior limit of the hippocampal body is defined as the first oblique coronal slice in which all four colliculi are present (D).
	www.psychosomaticmedicine.org /cgi/content-nw/full/64/3/487/FIG1 (76 words)

	[No title]
		In the current study, we have focused on the limbic system, which extends from the hippocampal formation of the temporal lobes, the fornix and mammillary bodies, to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus, cingula, septal area and the orbital surface of the frontal lobes.
		The limbic system comprises the hippocampus and dentate gyroseptal areas and amygdala, which are associated with olfaction but are of greater importance in other autonomic functions such as emotion and behaviour.
		The hippocampus is 5 cm long and is an elevation of the floor of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle.
	www.cfids-cab.org /cfs-inform/Brainscans/richardson.costa98.txt (3408 words)

	Classics in the History of Psychology -- Baldwin (1901) "Brain"
		The fibrous layer of the ventricular surface of the gyrus hippocampus.
		A protuberance into the caudal cornu of the lateral ventricle due to the invagination of the cortex in the region of the fissura calcarina; the hippocampus minor.
		Fibres which connect the hippocampus with the lobus olfactorius by way of the dorsal surface of the callosum.
	psychclassics.asu.edu /Baldwin/Dictionary/B3defs.htm (9520 words)

	Division of Neuroscience
		The hippocampus is a part of the cortex.
		It is and older structure than the neocortex, and a bit simpler, for instance it has 3 rather than 6 layers.
		Cross sections through the hippocampus (in the plane indicated on the drawing above) reveals a relatively stereotyped structure.
	www.neuroscience.bham.ac.uk /neurophysiology/research/hippocampus.htm (133 words)

	Amygdala volume in schizophrenia: post-mortem study and review of magnetic resonance imaging findings -- CHANCE et al. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The amygdala lies superior to and overlaps the hippocampus.
		hippocampus, along the temporal lobe axis, was 56% (s.d.
		The approximate positions of the amygdala (horizontal stripes) and hippocampus (vertical stripes) are shown.
	bjp.rcpsych.org /cgi/content/full/180/4/331 (4464 words)

	Mesial Temporal Sclerosis and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: MR Imaging Deformation-based Segmentation of the Hippocampus in ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The alveus (arrows) is visible, especially in the mesial aspect of the hippocampal-amygdaloid complex.
		The mesial aspect of the uncinate gyrus of the hippocampus lies adjacent to the superior margin of the uncal cleft in this plane.
		In the near hippocampus, the head (open arrow), body (solid straight arrow), and tail (curved arrow) of the hippocampus are depicted.
	radiology.rsnajnls.org /cgi/content/full/216/1/291 (4009 words)

	The Hippocampus
		The hippocampus is one of a group of structures forming the limbic system and is a part of the hippocampal formation, which also includes the dentate gyrus, subiculum, and entorhinal cortex.
		The main input to the hippocampus (perforant pathway) arises from the entorhinal cortex and passes through to the dentate gyrus.
		From the granule cells of dentate gyrus connections are made to area CA3 of the hippocampus proper via mossy fibers.
	www.angelfire.com /yt/yas709neuroscience/hippocampus.htm (1898 words)

	Childhood Trauma Associated With Smaller Hippocampal Volume in Women With Major Depression -- Vythilingam et al. 159 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The parahippocampal gyrus, tail of the caudate, fornix, amygdala,
		Structures included in the hippocampal volume were the gray matter of the hippocampus proper, the dentate gyrus, the subicular complex, the alveus, and the fimbria.
		For the whole left hippocampus volume, significant difference among groups (F=5.45, df=2, 36, p=0.009), between depressed women with and without a history of abuse (p=0.007, Tukey), and between depressed women with a history of abuse and healthy women (p=0.06, Tukey).
	ajp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/159/12/2072 (5299 words)

	Zolpidem binding sites on the GABA(A) receptor in brain from human cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic alcoholics. Chronic ...
		Discrete brain regions, such as frontal cortex, striatum, hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, colliculi, medulla, and cerebellum, were sampled and the temporal distribution of radioactivity analysed.
		For both radioligands, a maximal tissue:cerebellum ratio of 1.5 was seen in hippocampus at 10 min after injection.
		This inhibition was expressed as suppression of the orthodromically induced population spikes by the preceding antidromic stimulation of the alveus in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices.
	www.hairmillion.com /rx-online-info/ambien-online-rx/ambien-online-rx5.55.html (894 words)

	Hippocampal Atrophy in Persons With Age-Associated Memory Impairment: Volumetry Within a Common Space -- Mega et al. 64 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		demarcating the amygdala superiorly from the underlying hippocampus,
		Atrophy of the hippocampus, parietal cortex, and insula in Alzheimer’s disease: a volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study.
		Volumetric MRI analysis of the amygdala and the hippocampus in subjects with age-associated memory impairment.
	www.psychosomaticmedicine.org /cgi/content/full/64/3/487 (3356 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Fimbria: (Literally the "fringe"), a prominent band of white matter along the medial edge of the hippocampus.
		Fornix: A prominent paired fiber bundle, mostly containing hippocampal efferents, that interconnects the hippocampus of each cerebral hemisphere and the ipsilateral septal area and hypothalamus.
		Crus: One of the two origins (legs) of the body, formed by detachment of the fimbria from the hippocampus.
	members.cox.net /limbicsystem/fimbriafornix.htm (184 words)

	Current Projects
		Two main, normally occurring, global hippocampal states are known: the rhythmic slow activity, called the theta rhythm with the associated gamma oscillation, and the irregular sharp waves (SPW) with the associated high frequency (ripple) oscillation.
		In this project we concentrate on the bell curved shape of the place cell activity within the cell's place field, and how this activity profile can be learned from preprocessed sensory input perceived during exploratory motion.
		One important motivation of our work is to find a connection between the different functional roles attributed to hippocampus, namely the (episodic) memory function (mostly referred in context of primate studies) and the "cognitive map" function (observed in rodents).
	www.rmki.kfki.hu /biofiz/cneuro/projects.html (2860 words)

	Jess F. Deegan's Psyc 303L Lab 2: Weeks 2 & 3
		At the back end of the medial surface of the cerebral cortex, gently raise the cortex off the superior colliculus, and detect the continuation of the cingulate gyrus as it curves ventrally and laterally, and then rostrally down into the temporal lobe.
		The hippocampus is a complex infolding of archicortex situated in the lateral ventricle.
		The hippocampus in turn projects to the mammillary body via the fornical columns, and the mammillary body sends a projection to the anterior thalamic nuclei via the mammillo-thalamic tract.
	www.csubak.edu /~jdeegan/p303/Lab_2.html (3508 words)

	The Amygdala Is Enlarged in Children But Not Adolescents with Autism; the Hippocampus Is Enlarged at All Ages -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		the medial extent of the hippocampus on the medial surface of
		surface of the hippocampus, ventral to the alveus, to the temporal
		The consequences of an abnormal amygdala and hippocampus in
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/24/28/6392 (7309 words)

	N-cadherin is regulated by gonadal steroids in the adult hippocampus -- Monks et al. 98 (3): 1312 -- Proceedings of the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		N-cadherin is regulated by gonadal steroids in the adult hippocampus -- Monks et al.
		Arrow in I indicates the immunopositive ependymal glia layer overlying the alveus.
		In summary, we found that gonadal steroids are capable of regulating N-cad in the adult rat hippocampus.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/98/3/1312 (3444 words)

	NEUROSCIENCE: ON MICROCIRCUIT INHIBITION FLOW
		This shift of inhibition is apparently due to sequential activation of inhibitory synaptic conductances onto the soma and dendrite of the pyramidal neurons.
		Andersen, P., Eccles, J.C. and Loyning, Y. Recurrent inhibition in the hippocampus with identification of the inhibitory cell and its synapses.
		The cerebral cortex is a thin surface layering of nerve cells of the brain, the region only several millimeters thick but covering all of the brain surface.
	www.scienceweek.com /2004/sb041203-1.htm (1320 words)

	Development of the hippocampal formation from 2 to 42 years: MRI evidence of smaller area dentata in autism -- Saitoh ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		and hippocampus, the fimbria, the alveus, portions of the perforant
		Mouritzen Dam A. The density of neurons in the human hippocampus.
		Feedforward excitation of the hippocampus by afferents from the entorhinal cortex: redefinition of the role of the trisynaptic pathway.
	brain.oupjournals.org /cgi/content/full/124/7/1317 (4057 words)

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