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	Ama divers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ama divers (Japanese: 海士(for Men) / 海女(for Women)) are Japanese female divers famous for diving for pearls.
		Depending on the region, ama may dive with masks, fins and torso-covering wetsuits at the most.
		Ama are famous for pearl diving but originally they dived for food like seaweed, shellfish, lobsters, octopus and sea urchins - and oysters which sometimes have pearls.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ama_divers (175 words)

	Ama divers -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Ama divers (Japanese:海士(for Men)/海女(for Women)) are (A constitutional monarchy occupying the Japanese Archipelago; a world leader in electronics and automobile manufacture and ship building) Japanese female (Someone who works underwater) divers famous for diving for (A smooth lustrous round structure inside the shell of a clam or oyster; much valued as a jewel) pearls.
		Even in modern times, Ama dive without (A device (trade name Aqua-Lung) that lets divers breathe under water; scuba is an acronym for self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) scuba gear or air tanks, making them a traditional sort of (additional info and facts about free-diver) free-diver.
		Depending on the region, ama may dive with (A covering to disguise or conceal the face) masks, (Organ of locomotion and balance in fishes and some other aquatic animals) fins and torso-covering (additional info and facts about wetsuit) wetsuits at the most.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/am/ama_divers.htm (214 words)

	Pearl hunting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For thousands of years, most seawater pearls were retrieved by divers working in the Indian Ocean, in areas like the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and in the Gulf of Mannar (between Sri Lanka and India).
		Pearl divers near the Philippines were also successful at harvesting large pearls, especially in the Sulu Archipelago.
		Today, some, like the Ama divers of Japan, continue pearl hunting, but their numbers are few because of the new methods of pearl farming developed by Japanese scientist Kokichi Mikimoto, which allowed for more predictable production.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pearl_hunting (303 words)

	Japan's Ama Women Divers -- ThingsAsian Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In the past she shared her amagoya or divers' hut with four or five other women during the season for collecting abalone, which fetch 4,400 yen (37 dollars) a kilogram or 17 dollars a pound in the nearby Shirahama cooperative, but cost double that on a Tokyo restaurant table.
		Shirahama's ama still earn at least 100,000 yen in the May to September season, with the best divers making around three million yen, a substantial extra income for these women whose main livelihood these days is farming rice, soya, broad beans and flowers.
		However, the ama do not just continue to dive for the money which allowed some of them such as Motohashi to raise two children alone after separating from her husband when she was 29.
	www.thingsasian.com /goto_article/article.2368.html (969 words)

	Shallow Water Blackout
		Hyperventilation is used by free divers to reduce the concentration of CO2 and extend the length of breath-holding.
		The oxygen concentration in the lungs of a descending diver increases because of the increasing water pressure.
		This might account for the increased performance trained free divers notice after their first half-hour of diving, and also may be one of the causes of unexplained heart failure in the diver with a border line heart condition.
	www.scuba-doc.com /latenthypoxia.html (2009 words)

	OCEANS ENTERPRISES - PEARL DIVING - UNDERWATER BOOKS, DIVING BOOKS.
		It concerns a study of the Ama divers who live in about 50 villages n the coastline of Japan on the islands of Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu and smaller offshore islands.
		There was an appalling death rate among the early divers where ignorance of the hazards of deep and prolonged diving resulted in a painful death or at best, incapacitation, through what became known as decompression sickness.
		In 1912, twelve British Royal Navy- trained divers were sent to the predominantly Asian town of Broome in Australia’s remote north-west to master the art of pearl-shell diving.
	www.oceans.com.au /oe-pearldiving.html (946 words)

	New Page 2
		In ancient Greece breath-hold divers are known to have hunted for sponges and engaged in military exploits.
		The breath-hold diver's compressible air spaces are squeezed by the increased water pressure throughout the dive.
		With this apparatus the diver is tethered to the surface by a hose that pumps fresh air into the low pressure tank, but he is able to disconnect the tether and dive with just the tank on his back for a few minutes.
	www.paralos.net /english/topics/other.htm (10286 words)

	Diving Doctor - Diver Magazine
		I was recently asked by several divers who had suffered from decompression illness whether they could dive again and if so, what restrictions they should place on their diving.
		Therefore, because of the difficulty in determining what happened to the diver and because the treatment is now the same, the term decompression illness was developed to include all of the problems that divers can experience that are due to decompression.
		Several divers have subsequently reached breath-hold depths in the same range and in 1991 the record was set at 361 fsw (110 meters).
	divermag.com /archives/feb97/divedoctor_feb97.html (1348 words)

	Summer 1998 Michigan Today---Women Divers of Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Divers search for seaweed, various shellfish, lobster, sea urchins, octopus and, in certain waters, pearls, which occasionally were a nice bonus inside the oysters the ama caught for food.
		The divers, proud of their strength and skills, have legislated that it is the limits of endurance of each individual, unassisted with any but the most rudimentary of equipment, that determine how long each person stays in the water, how successful each diver becomes.
		Ama say that a love of the sea is necessary for all divers, otherwise the difficult, frequently frightening work is too unpleasant to endure.
	www.umich.edu /~newsinfo/MT/98/Sum98/mt1sm98.html (2983 words)

	CDNN :: Biomechanics of Marine Mammals Offer Lessons for Divers
		The shallow-water Japanese cachido (or unassisted) ama swim to depths of 15 feet of salt water (FSW) (4.6 meters of salt water) to harvest their foodstuffs on the bottom and then swim back to the surface.1 Bottom times average 30 seconds; total dive times, one minute; and surface interval rest and recovery periods, one minute.
		Channels and grooves incorporated into the blade or at the junction of the foot portion and the blade, or both, are supposed to decrease turbulence at the critical points of the fin, which are at the junction of the rigid foot portion and the mobile blade portion.
		If the diver dons fins before entering the water, the extended length of the blade makes walking through the water very challenging, especially if waves and surge are present and the diver is carrying a full complement of gear.
	www.cdnn.info /news/industry/i050208.html (2454 words)

	Freediving - BreathHold Diving
		The original inhabitants of the Bahamas were accomplished spearfishers and pearl divers.
		The Cretan civilization were also skilled free divers, collecting murex shells for their imperial purple dye.
		Modern female divers from Korea and Japan, called Ama divers, harvest shellfish and edible seaweed from the ocean floor.
	freediving.dyndns.org /breathholddiving.html (520 words)

	CLASSIC DIVING BOOKS - Pearl Diving
		These old-time divers play their part in many thrilling incidents, wgether in the clear sunlit waters of Torres Straits or the uncanny tree-shadowed passages of the Solomons, in which sharks, head- hupters, and cannibals are involved.
		Diver's Luck is a book for all who are interested in the development of our pearling a.
		Study of the Ama divers who live in about 50 villages n the coastline of Japan on the islands of Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu and smaller offshore islands.
	classicdivebooks.customer.netspace.net.au /oeclassics-pearling.html (1434 words)

	10DD DIVING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Diving patterns of ama divers of Hegura Island, Japan. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine.
		Richardson, J. Abstract of the case of a diver employed on the wreck of the Royal George, who was injured by the bursting of the air-pipe of the diving apparatus.
		Mucous membrane of the nose and paranasal sinuses in professional divers.
	www-nutrition.ucdavis.edu /olympics/Sports/divin2.htm (1603 words)

	Scuba Diving - MarineBio.org
		This earliest form of diving is still practiced for both sport and commercial purposes (e.g., ama divers of Japan and Korea, pearl divers of the Tuamoto Archipelago).
		In 1880 Fleuss's apparatus is used by the famous English diver Alexander Lambert to enter a flooded tunnel and seal a hatchway door; the hatchway is 60 ft down and 1000 ft back into the tunnel.
		Many divers already are but with the amount of accidents that hit the press, it is not widely accepted as of yet.
	marinebio.org /Oceans/S_C_U_B_A (5858 words)

	Divers International \| Diving Red Sea \| Liveaboard diving Red Sea
		Divers International is an operation of six dive centers situated on the shores of the Red Sea.
		Whether you are a first timer, a recently certified diver, or an experienced diver, we believe that Egypt has something for everyone.
		Divers International - Hilton Plaza Diving Center is a PIRA Gold Palm Resort and also registered as a (HEPCA) member.
	www.infohub.com /outfitters/2.html (1342 words)

	Board Preparation: Problems With Gases
		A breath-holding diver may hyperventilate beforehand to extend time underwater; this blows off CO2 but adds little to stores of O2, and may then cause unconsciousness from hypoxia without warning before PCO2 rises enough to become an effective stimulus.
		A diver who has "pushed the limits" under those circumstances may lose consciousness when alveolar PO2 falls to a low level on ascent.
		Hyperventilation is used by divers to reduce the concentration of CO2 and extend the length of breath-holding.
	www.scuba-doc.com /Brdprpgases.html (3429 words)

	Blue Water Aquatics Dive Center, Sunnyvale,Santa Clara, Scuba Equipment, padi scuba instruction
		While it is certain that some very influential early divers owned and used this first few Aqua-Lungs imported it is a sad fact that more individuals claim to have bought them from Rene than he had stock to fulfill.
		Chuck and Jim were both avid divers and put much of the magazine's profits toward improving the sport.
		Many famous divers were brought in to both teach and become certified.
	www.bluewater-aquatics.com /divehistory.htm (2039 words)

	Japan's Legendary Ama Divers Harvest Abalone Just as in Ancient Times by Cliff Etzel on DeeperBlue.net - Fanatical ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		She is the oldest shellfish diver in Shirahama's Nojimazaki district on the tip of the Boso Peninsula, 100 kilometers southeast of Tokyo.
		When she began her work as an ama diver she originally harvested "tengusa," a type of red seaweed, and sazae sea snails which are delicacies in Japan.
		To read the full story about the fascinating history and the amazing skills of these ama women divers who still dive for abalone in Japan today, you can visit their website at http://www.japantoday.com/.
	www.deeperblue.net /newsfull.php/586 (239 words)

	Shallow-Water Blackout, from the book BlueWater Hunting and Freediving by Terry Maas
		The reexpanding lungs of the ascending diver increase in volume as the water pressure decreases, and this results in a rapid decrease of oxygen in the lungs to critical levels.
		Rescuing a diver at this stage might require yanking his snorkel from his clenched jaw muscles and administering forceful mouth-to-mouth breathing pressure to overcome the spasmed vocal cords.
		Oxygen is administered in a decompression chamber identical to the one used to rescue scuba divers from the bends.
	www.freedive.net /chapters/SWB3.html (3835 words)

	History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Cretans believed in Glaucus, the diver God who symbolized both the lure of the deep and the songs of the waves.
		Modern freediving began with the Ama divers of Japan.
		In early 1913 Greek Diver Stotti Georgios retrieved an anchor from a REMARKABLE depth of 200 feet.
	website.lineone.net /~subhunter/history.html (324 words)

	UJNR Diving Physiology Panel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The scientists have investigated physiological and medical problems associated with prolonged hyperbaric exposure; the use of various breathing gear; the development of diving tables; the effects of temperature and cold water immersion; diving equipment development; diver work capabilities and potentials; and safety as well as operational protocols.
		The panel has conducted joint projects investigating the physiology of ama divers; diving-related illnesses; long-term saturation research; and the effects of diving in hazardous and polluted waters.
		Results regarding advances in minimizing and handling diving-related accidents and illnesses, procedures for diving in unique and hazardous environments, extending diver bottom time and depth, and new diving equipment and technologies have been made available to the United States and Japan, as well as other countries.
	www.lib.noaa.gov /japan/ujnr/diving_physiology.htm (271 words)

	History of diving, brief (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A modern extension of the one-atmosphere vessel is the self- contained armored diving suit, flexible yet able to withstand pressures at depth: in effect, the diver becomes almost like a small submarine.
		In 1828 Charles and his brother John Deane market the helmet with a "diving suit." The suit is not attached to the helmet but only secured with straps; thus the diver cannot bend over without risking drowning.
		Despite the technical success of the aqua lung, it has yet to catch on in the U.S. So far only 10 aqua lung units have been shipped to the U.S. because, the distributor tells Cousteau, "the market is saturated." 1951 (breath-hold; scuba).
	hem1.passagen.se /mathrim/dykning/history.html (4394 words)

	10 cents
		They were the talk of the time (back in the 1920's).Outside they had an exhibition of the famous Ama divers.
		I walked under the stands that were erected for watching the divers.
		When the divers came out and everyone was watching them I carefully and furtively slid the umbrella down my right coat sleeve.
	www.geocities.com /dlev1953/mm.html (1668 words)

	ABC of oxygen: Diving and oxygen -- Wilmshurst 317 (7164): 996 -- BMJ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A dive to 30 m for 20 minutes puts the scuba diver at risk of nitrogen narcosis and decompression illness.
		Ama divers do repeated breath hold dives with little time in between for recovery
		Divers breathing pure oxygen need to carry much smaller amounts of gas and produce no bubbles, but there are problems, some
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/317/7164/996 (2100 words)

	Toba - Destination Guide - Hotel Near (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The unsung heroines of all this are the women divers (ama) who stoically come out every hour or so in all weathers to demonstrate their skills.
		Though ama are no longer employed in the pearl industry, some 2000 local women still earn their living this way, collecting abalone, sea urchins and seaweed from the rocky coast.
		On average they'll spend three to four hours a day in the water, going down to a depth of 10-15m, and some are still diving at the age of 60.
	www.hotelnear.com /619/736/Japan-Toba.html (334 words)

	The Spleen in the Spotlight by Erik Seedhouse on DeeperBlue.net - Fanatical About FreeDiving, Scuba Diving, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Because of the huge volumes of blood that circulate through it, the spleen serves as a blood reservoir that plays an integral part of the human diving response, and may help freedivers extend their breath-holds and time at depth.
		According to William E. Hurford M.D., writing in The Journal of Applied Physiology, the spleens of the Japanese Ama divers (professional female shellfish freedivers) decreased in size by 20 percent when they performed freedives to depths of between 20 and 30m.
		However, in some of these studies, untrained subjects demonstrated a smaller contraction and a less pronounced increase in hematocrit and hemoglobin than the Ama, suggesting that splenic contraction may be subject to a training effect.
	www.deeperblue.net /article.php/292 (472 words)

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