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Topic: AmaXhosa

	The Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Although today the amaXhosa are increasingly moving into towns, and adopting a western lifestyle, those who remain on the land cling to their old tribal systems and timeless traditions.
		In the early days, the amaXhosa resisted the encroachment of white settlers, and this led to nine Frontier Wars between the colonists and the Xhosa-speaking people of the Eastern Cape between 1779 and 1878.
		A major grievance among the settlers was the amaXhosa practice of cattle raiding.
	www.portstjohns.org.za /node/13/print (469 words)

	Armoria patriæ - Republic of Ciskei
		The ox-head is also a specific reference to the Xhosa prophet Ntsikana (died 1820), who preached an indigenous form of Christianity to the amaXhosa in the first two decades of the 19th century.
		The name amaXhosa belongs, strictly speaking, to the nation which regards itself as being descended from an eponymous ancestor called Xhosa: the amaGcaleka of Transkei, and the amaRharhabe of Ciskei (who are further divided into a number of smaller groups).
		The amaXhosa who live west of the Kei first settled their lands about the time of Jan van Riebeeck’s foundation of the settlement at the Cape.
	www.geocities.com /haigariep/CkeiE.html (2108 words)

	New Page 1
		Witchcraft has been described as a phobia among the amaXhosa, though the belief in the existence of witchcraft and witches is prevalent throughout Africa and is certainly not localised amongst the Xhosa speaking peoples of South Africa.
		The uthikoloshe is the familiar most popularly accused of causing witchcraft amongst the amaXhosa, and it appears as either a male or female, wearing a sheep-skin, and is believed to reside on river banks, under water in mud huts and in dongas.
		The amaXhosa toss a stone into a river or pool before drawing water from it which causes the snake to blink and enables the water carrier to draw water in safety.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Ithaca/4699/africa002.htm (855 words)

	Xhosa(s) - Africa Deluxe Tours' Quickies service - information
		Of these Nguni speaking migrants the population section that was later to be known as the amaXhosa eventually went the furthest south, all the way to the Fish River in present day Eastern Cape.
		This was however only after the amaXhosa and European arrivals in their territory fought long and bloody battles in the so-called Xhosa Frontier Wars in the late 1700's and early 1800's.
		This is mainly a symptom of South Africa's multicultural nature and the fact that many of their fellow South Africans, especially white South Africans, are not able to pronounce or grasp the meaning of the original Xhosa name.
	www.afrilux.co.za /quickies/xhosa.htm (3206 words)

	The Herald Online News
		The argument here is a simple one: neither amaXhosa, nor any of the indigenous African tribes in South Africa at least, are in a position to reverse the situation nor should they be making attempts to change it.
		Regarding the assertion that, evidently, to the extent that amaXhosa still practice their cultural and traditional customs, they therefore still appreciate them, an appropriate and meaningful extension to that would be amaXhosa only still appreciate these practices now solely for self-identity within both the African and global community context.
		In this milieu, amaXhosa families are vigorously positioning their children and future generations for advantageous positions in the new detribalised and denationalised community, by adhering to and following closely the dictates of contemporary global socio-economic trends.
	www.theherald.co.za /herald/2006/06/22/news/n11_22062006.htm (911 words)

	Embedded in History
		Camagu’s link to the past of history and myth is construed in the novel in terms of his confrontation with the legend of Nongqawuse, the parallel historical narrative and the significance attached to the meaning of his name.
		In a later study of the amaXhosa which deals with the cattle killing of the 1850s, The Dead Will Arise (1989), Peires describes the word “Camagu” as the cry made by the crowd at a sacrifice when they heard the great bellow of the slaughtered beast as its windpipe was severed (Dead 105).
		Through these interactions with Peires’s accounts of the amaXhosa, Camagu is historically linked to a past of crisis, is associated with traditional belief in ancestors modified by elements of a syncretic religion and connected to the opposition to colonialism.
	www.uwc.ac.za /arts/auetsa/davidBell.htm (2970 words)

	Welcome to the Makana Municipality Web Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		He led a combined force of amaXhosa from throughout the region in armed resistance against Chief Ngqika, who was seen as selling out his people in return for personal gain as an ally of the British.
		What the amaXhosa longed for, when they listened to him in 1819, was a vision of themselves as a free people in charge of their own destiny.
		Had the amaXhosa maintained their land and their cattle, they would have been self-sufficient, and would not have been required to become farm workers and servants, to work under very harsh conditions and for minimal wages.
	www.makana.gov.za /makana.asp?sType=History (5901 words)

	Rharhabe Kingdom - experience the traditions the AmaXhosa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Ubukhosi Village is set at the foothills of the Amatola Mountains less than a 20 minute drive north of King William’s Town in the Eastern Cape.
		Stay overnight and live amongst royalty - experience the traditions and culture of the AmaXhosa and encounter a living heritage on a short tour with Ilifa Trails.
		Zanesizwe) and Queen Noyoliso Zulu, daughter of King Cyprian, invite you to stay a while, be a part of authentic Africa and discover the noble spirit of the Rharhabe Kingdom.
	www.rharhabekingdom.co.za (135 words)

	The Herald Online News
		This was referring to the stubborn resistant of AmaXhosa chiefs to be subjugated and to be made his salaried servants.
		The cornerstone of his policy to “civilise” the amaXhosa was to pauperise them by putting them to work on roads — “cheap labour upon very advantageous terms”, as he explained to frontier municipalities.
		He commented after the tragedy of Nongqawuse’s vision, which resulted in some AmaXhosa killing their cattle and destroying their lands: “We can draw very great permanent advantages from the circumstances which may be made a stepping stone for the future settlement of the country” (quoted in Frontiers by Noel Mostert).
	www.theherald.co.za /herald/2005/02/01/news/n30_01022005.htm (793 words)

	South African Hotels.com \| History \| Before 1900
		This area is regarded as particularly strategic in the struggle between the AmaXhosa and the colonial government for the land of the AmaXhosa.
		AmaXhosa chiefdoms invade the Cape Colony in an attempt to regain the land that the Cape government had appropriated from them in previous wars.
		Hintsa, the Paramount Chief of the AmaXhosa, is illegally captured under a flag of truce and the pretext of peace negotiations by the military troops of the Cape Governor, Sir Benjamin D’Urban.
	www.south-african-hotels.com /historytext.php (13549 words)

	let2
		Ntambule should note that the 1976 riots were not against mother-tongue instruction, but the enforcement of Afrikaans as the medium of instruction in fl schools.
		Being taught in English makes amaXhosa children lose their identity because they think that English is better than isiXhosa.
		I call upon amaXhosa to support the development and promotion of their language, instead of criticising the efforts that are made by the people who are committed to it.
	www.dispatch.co.za /2001/11/22/editoria/LET2.HTM (220 words)

	Nongqawuse - Africa Deluxe Tours' Quickies service - information
		The arrival of the 1820 British Settlers, deposited by ship from England, was one strategy to create a buffer zone between the Colony and amaXhosa and consolidate land ownership in the process.
		While oppressed the amaXhosa were never before fully conquered by military means, but the great cattle-killing episode broke their backs.
		Whichever way one view this dark chapter in history, the fact remains that large sections of the amaXhosa is still suffering from its legacy and a long way from making peace with Nongqawuse or those ancestors who blindly followed her vision.
	www.afrilux.co.za /quickies/Nongqawuse.htm (888 words)

	About government - New National Orders 2002: Appendix A - Indigenous systems of awards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Khoisan, AmaXhosa, AmaZulu, AmaNdebele, AbeSotho, A Vha Venda and other groups, as indigenous people of this country, represented a particular civilisation with distinct systems of awards which reflected the values of African society, during pre-and colonial times.
		In May 1799, the Khoikhoi, the Zuurveld AmaXhosa and the aggrieved ImiDange of Agter Bruintjies Hoogte, led a determined campaign to drive the Boers from the eastern district.
		The AmaXhosa occupied the area that became known as the Eastern Frontier.
	www.info.gov.za /aboutgovt/orders/new2002a.htm (9388 words)

	Lesotho From U to Z
		The amaXhosa are a southern African ethnic group who are mostly known as cattle herders.
		She was to tell her tribesmen that they must destroy all their cattle and plantations, and that fatter herds and stronger crops would spring from the earth to replace their temporary losses.
		As a result, the Amaxhosa died in their tens of thousands while many others fled to white-owned farms seeking food and work.
	premiumwanadoo.com /sotho/a2z/u_z.html (1139 words)

	Heiliges & Jaargetye - Profete onder die amaXhosa (Ntsikana en Nxele)
		Maar onder die amaXhosa, vir wie hy Christelike gesange geleer het wat hy self gekomponeer het (al was hy ongeletterd), word hy tot vandag toe vereer.
		Ngqika was nie opperhoof of koning van al die amaXhosa nie – hierdie status het aan die kaptein van die amaGcaleka behoort.
		Met die uitsondering van die kapteins van die Gqunukhwebe, is al die tradisionele kapteins van die amaXhosa afstammelinge (of word dit beweer dat hulle dit is) van die koningshuis, die amaTshawe.
	www.geocities.com /saintsnseasons/NtsikanaA.html (1461 words)

	art template (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The proverb means that once an action has been taken, the one who is shot at the mercy of the one who did the shooting.
		I show an isiXhosa warrior going into battle while the British man on the other side would look at the warrior and thinks that he is an animal.
		Many Xhosa warriors were killed at this batte and I think that for many years afterwards the British continued to see the amaXhosa like animals.
	journ.ru.ac.za /rjr/pic-laville.html (128 words)

	“Our Land…Our Life…Our Future…” - A Land Dispossession History
		The conquest of indigenous people (in particular the Khoisan and the amaXhosa), and the dispossession of their land, was largely complete in this region.
		During the 17th, 18th and most of the 19th century there was ongoing conflict between settlers and indigenous people – initially between settlers and the Khoisan, but with expansion eastward, increasingly with the amaXhosa.
		This uprising differed from previous resistance in that it involved Khoisan who had by that time lost their access to land and were already labourers on settler farms.
	home.intekom.com /southafricanhistoryonline/pages/specialprojects/land/02_conquest.htm (836 words)

	Anglo-German Legion German Military Settlers
		Sir George Grey (High Commissioner for Southern Africa, 1854-60) wished to establish a policy whereby the amaXhosa of British Kaffraria would be acculturated, i.e.
		As married men, with wives and families, they would have responsibility and would therefore be more likely to lead responsible lives.
		They nevertheless had a lasting impact on East London because, although few would remain as settlers, their plots would soon be taken over by the German peasant settlers of 1858.
	www.knowledge4africa.co.za /eastlondon/german201.htm (642 words)

	Armoria civica - King William’s Town
		The seal is a landscape of the countryside around the town as it would have appeared in the 1820s, with the Amatola mountain range in the background.
		The name Amatola (or, as it is written in modern isiXhosa, Amathole) means “bullocks”, and refers to the jumbled appearance of the mountains in the eyes of the cattle-loving amaXhosa, who see them as leaping like bullocks.
		The beehive-shaped huts are typical of the type of houses built by the amaXhosa at the time the town was founded.
	uk.geocities.com /muurkroon/KWTe.html (1302 words)

	AmaXhosa free access newsgroups AmaXhosa
		Shop and compare great deals on amaxhosa and millions of other related products at MonsterMarketplace.
		They refer to themselves as the amaXhosa and their language is known as isiXhosa — another prefix-oriented Bantu language.
		As their Bantu-speaking ancestors moved south, they may have absorbed some local Khoisan and Griqua populations, with a consequent impact on the language.
	www.find-ask.com /Encyclopedia/AmaXhosa/AmaXhosa.html (457 words)

	The Xhosa Cattle-Killing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In April 1856, a young girl prophesied that the amaXhosa should kill all their cattle and not cultivate their fields so that a new, great nation would arise from the sea.
		The outcome of the realized prophecy broke the back of the amaXhosa and ushered in a new era of colonial expansion and domination.
		The research on this website is conducted by Andrew Offenburger, a visiting researcher at the University of Cape Town from August 2006 to May 2007.
	www.cattlekilling.net (150 words)

	Redness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The characters who live in the present carry the names of their ancestors and carry, as well, the conflicts of the past into the present.
		The Unbelievers accuse the Believers of having foolishly carried out the command of the prophetess, dooming the amaXhosa to starvation and destruction in the past and of rejecting "progress" and "civilization," condemning the culture to "backwardness" in the present.
		His magnanimous wish was to convert the amaXhosa from their barbarous ways.
	webs.wofford.edu /mandlovenb/SAfrica/content/redness.html (1605 words)

	let5
		The Department of Education should bear in mind that these initiation practices happen only in June, and no other month, in the amaXhosa community.
		It has a meaning to the amaXhosa men: Inyanga yeSilimela iyinyanga yokubala ubudoda (the month of June is the month by which amaXhosa men count their years of manhood, that is years after initiation).
		It is therefore inappropriate for a Education Minister to preach cultural regression of amaXhosa by undermining the cultural practices of amaXhosa.
	www.dispatch.co.za /2001/10/30/editoria/LET5.HTM (151 words)

	PATH : Publications : Becoming a Man During AmaXhosa Ceremonial Rites of Initiation: A Manual for Teaching Traditional ...
		Becoming a Man During AmaXhosa Ceremonial Rites of Initiation: A Manual for Teaching Traditional Surgeons and Attendants About Safe Circumcision and Social and Sexual Responsibility
		This manual is designed for teaching traditional surgeons/circumcisers (ingcibis) and attendants (amakhankatha) about safe male circumcision (MC) practices and how to talk to initiates about social and sexual responsibility during the amaXhosa ceremonial rites of initiation (ulwaluko) into manhood.
		It is used as part of a training program in the Eastern Cape of South Africa that provides extended post-MC education to young initiates during ulwaluko.
	www.path.org /publications/pub.php?id=1085 (269 words)

	Darkie's Place
		Yintoni kanye eyenzekayo ukwenzela amaXhosa namaZulu angafunani kangaka?
		AmaXhosa uyokuwava esithi ukuba amaZulu awanambeko and that bayangxola xa bethetha!
		Njengomxhosa, I feel inclined to side with amaXhosa kodwa leyo into ayizukunceda kuba kufuneka ndizamile ukuba ngumntu wenyaniseko and umntu o-fair.
	darkiesplace.blogspot.com /2003_10_27_darkiesplace_archive.html (205 words)

	Armoria patriæ - Republic of Transkei
		The colours are unusual – besides the arms of Transkei and of the University of Transkei, I know of only one other instance where ochre is used in heraldry, namely the arms of Australia’s Northern Territory.
		Ochre, known in isiXhosa as ibovu, is the traditional colour of the amaXhosa and is used for marking the face – both for special markings on the face alone or on face and body, and for a general facial cover to protect from the sun.
		Ochre is used especially by newly circumcised young men to mark the fact that they have recently passed from boyhood to the status of amadoda (men).
	www.geocities.com /haigariep/TkeiE.html (2359 words)

	Benn loxo du taccu » Blog Archive » Marimba acrobatics
		The way you get to click your tongue off the top of your mouth on the ‘X’, and the kick I get when I manage to slip it into a sentence without pausing to reorganize my mouth.
		The Xhosa people are actually called the amaXhosa and they speak isiXhosa, a Bantu language.
		Aside from a beautiful language the amaXhosa have a long tradition of dancing and music.
	bennloxo.com /archives/2004/11/03/marimba-acrobatics (317 words)

	Wild Coast South Africa Xhosa Nelson Mandela ship wreck Portuguese Port St. Johns
		The Wild Coast, situated in the far corner of South Africa's Eastern Province, is an undiscovered jewel where natural beauty and cultural heritage come together for a unique travel experience.
		This part of South Africa is also referred to as frontier country on account of the many wars fought by Europeans against the proud amaXhosa that inhabit the region.
		Historically the amaXhosa were cattle herders and subsistence farmers.
	www.sardinerun.net /wildcoast.htm (366 words)

	GreenFacts.org - Facts on Environmental Matters
		The basic needs of the AmaXhosa people in South Africa are met by ecosystem services, including fuelwood, medicinal plants, building materials, cultural species, food supplements, and species of economic value.
		The beliefs and traditions of the AmaXhosa play an important role in guiding resource use and management and encouraging values to be place-centered.
		The ancestors are central to this cosmology, where the very identity of a Xhosa person is based on performing traditions and rituals for ancestors.
	www.greenfacts.org /nl/biodiversiteit/figures/box2-1-social-consequences.htm (300 words)

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