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	Amal Movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Amal grew strong through its close ties with the Islamic regime of Iran, and the 300,000 Shi'i internal refugees from southern Lebanon after the Israeli bombings in the early 1980s.
		Amal's historical objectives are to achieve greater respect for Lebanon's Shi'ite population and to get a larger percentage of resources allocated to the Shi'ite-dominated southern part of the country than that of the present.
		On April 15, 1985, Amal and PSP attacked Al-Murabitun, the main Lebanese Sunni militia and the closest ally of PLO in Lebanon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amal_Movement (1108 words)

	Amal Movement
		Since Amal seeks to change the terms of power in Lebanon in favor of the Shi_a by setting aside the 1946 "national covenant" between Lebanon's Christians and Sunnite Muslims it may be considered a revolutionary actor.
		While Amal is indigenous to Lebanon it was founded by an Iranian clergyman, Musa Sadr, who arrived in Lebanon in 1957 and established the "Movement of the Deprived" in 1974 to help the Lebanese Shi_a gain political power.
		Amal's role in assuming custody of the hostages taken in the hijacking of TWA flight 847 in 1985 likewise was secondary to that of Hezbollah in planning and carrying out the original hijacking.
	www.angelfire.com /il2/redline/doc44.html (663 words)

	Lebanonwire.com \| Lebanon Political Parties: Amal Movement
		In 1974, the Iran born Imam Musa Sadr founded the Movement of the Dispossessed, an organization for the emancipation of the Shiite population.
		After Amal was led for two years by Hussein Husseini, who became the speaker of Lebanon's parliament between 1985 and 1992, Nabih Berri, who succeeded Husseini at the head of the legislature and still holds the post, became the new leader.
		Amal leaders insisted that other resistance groups coordinate their actions with them, but the claim was ignored by a number of militias, including Hizbullah, the Communist Party and radical Palestinian groups.
	www.lebanonwire.com /0409/04091507LW.asp (1115 words)

	Hizballah:
		The formation of the movement and its expansion were the direct results of the continuation of the chaotic situation in the internal and regional systems, the successes of the movement's violent activities and the availability of resources for its operations.
		The decision was a result of the understandings reached by the movement during the two year war of survival it waged against the Amal movement and after a rigorous examination of the pros and cons expected from this move.
		Therefore, the movement's moves within the Lebanese political arena were intended, in many cases, to serve its goals within the internal community and consolidate its position as a popular patriotic movement acting to advance and improve the situation of the deprived within the Shiite community while conducting a war against Israel.
	www.ict.org.il /articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=563 (8120 words)

	Lebanon - Amal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Amal movement was established in 1975 by Imam Musa as Sadr, an Iranian-born Shia cleric of Lebanon Ancestry who had founded the Higher Shia Islamic Council in 1969.
		Amal, which means hope in Arabic, is the acronym for Afwaj al Muqawamah al Lubnaniyyah (Lebanese Resistance Detachments), and was initially the name given to the military arm of the Movement of the Disinherited.
		In the mid1980s, the Amal militia laid siege to Palestinian refugee camps in Beirut, in retribution for years of abuses at the hands of Palestinian liberation groups that operated in southern Lebanon.
	countrystudies.us /lebanon/88.htm (570 words)

	AMAL MOVEMENT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In 1974 the in Iran born Imam Musa as Sadr founded the Movement of Disinherited an organization for the emancipation of the Shia population.
		Amal means hope in Arabic and it is the acronym for Afwaj al Muquwamah al Lubnaiyyah which means Lebanese Resistance Detachment.
		The first members of the Amal were trained by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) of Jasser Arafat, because Sadr refused to support the Palestinians and he did not disagree with the Syrian intervention the Amal was not very popular in the first stage of the war.
	www.veteranen.info /~cedarsouthlebanon/shia/amaleng.htm (810 words)

	Hizballah Rising
		Amal is battling to stay level with Hizballah, whose members are meticulous about maintaining a public reputation for financial probity and an active opposition stance within government.
		One of the consequences of this fall in popularity of the Amal movement is the emergence of internal disputes within the party.
		Both Amal and Hizballah have as one of their major aims to cease the sectarian basis of parliamentary representation that guarantees a political over-representation of the non-Shi'a population.
	meria.idc.ac.il /journal/2005/issue1/jv9no1a1.html (3519 words)

	Sacrifice and "Self-Martyrdom" in Shi'ite Lebanon by Martin Kramer
		Credit for the operation was immediately claimed by the Amal movement, which identified the "self-martyr" as Bilal Fahs, a seventeen-year-old from the town of Jibshit, near Nabatiyya in south Lebanon.
		Thus, for the Amal movement which sent Bilal Fahs to his death, the fact that he killed no one did not detract from the value of his sacrifice as a counter-point to the sacrifice of Ahmad Qasir.
		The monument which Amal erected to Bilal served the double function of commemorating the "self-martyr" and reminding the community that his sponsors commanded the resolve and resources to sacrifice him for the good of all.
	www.geocities.com /martinkramerorg/Sacrifice.htm (5173 words)

	Hizballah Leader Nasrallah Details Life History, Political Career
		In 1987, the Amal movement appointed me as its political representative in the Biqa region; this was how I became one of the political members of the central office.
		Amal leader Nabih Birri showed a lot of interest in joining the Amal movement with that front, but the religious principle-ists (osulgarans) of the Amal movement were opposed to this.
		Following the escalation of the differences with the Amal movement and the outbreak of armed conflicts in the Biqa region, I considered it my duty to return to Lebanon.
	www.fas.org /irp/news/2006/08/nasrallah.html (2825 words)

	Hizbullah - Lebanon - Al Mashriq
		Thus, as the movement acknowledges itself as a part of a larger upheaval in the region, spearheaded by Ayatollah Khomeini and his regime in Teheran, I regard it as important to take a closer look at the ideological discourse of the Iranian revolution which must be relevant for Hizballah in Lebanon.
		Amal therefore - in its origin, as I have described, a reaction against the anarchy of the south - acted viligantly and determined not to let any party return that might threaten the southern security, be it Palestinians or anyone else.
		Amal, on the other hand, regarded UNIFIL as an ally and a friend which was giving assistance to the local population and functioned as an international witness to any excesses conducted by Israel or its SLA-ally.
	almashriq.hiof.no /lebanon/300.social_sciences/320.political_science/324/324.2/hizballah/warn/hizballah.html (8830 words)

	Nabih Berri Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		The movement that he had created, the Movement of the Deprived, was reinvigorated as the Amal movement ("Amal" means hope in Arabic, and it is also the acronym for the Detachments of the Lebanese Resistance).
		It should be emphasized, however, that the Lebanese Shi'ite of the Amal movement did not desire to create an Islamic republic in Lebanon, but instead wanted to gain greater power in a multi-confessional state (confessionalism is the policy under which senior government jobs are distributed along religious lines).
		Amal was not responsible for the hijacking, but Berri quickly assumed control of the hostages, not only to assure their safety, but to deny a full-blown media victory to the perpetrators and the views they represented.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/nabih-berri (1606 words)

	Lebanese Political Parties: The Amal Movement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Amal, meaning "hope," is the popular name of the Shiite political party otherwise known as "The Movement of the Disinherited." The party was founded in 1973 by Shiite cleric Mousa El-Sadr, drawing its initial political strength through its close ties with Iran.
		Amal evolved into a militia during the Lebanese Civil War, achieving national credibility during the reconciliation conferences in Geneva and Lausanne.
		The Amal Movement now holds a significant number of parliamentary seats, due largely to the number of people it represents and its successful resistance to the Israeli occupation of the south.
	www.arabfilm.com /item_print.html?itemID=292 (107 words)

	Welcome to Bliss Street Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		However, Amal's secular-leaning quasi-socialist wing of representation was overshadowed by the National Movement of the Leninist-inclined Kamal Jumblatt.
		Further disrupting Amal's political project in Lebanon were the end of hostilities between Egypt and Israel and the signing of the Camp David Accords, a series of events which effectively empowered Israel in its desire to consolidate its security posture toward Lebanon.
		Second, the decline of the Amal party and its inability to define its political objectives in terms that appealed to the majority of Lebanon's Shiites further led to conditions favorable to Hizbullah's rise to prominence.
	www.blissstreetjournal.com /Hizbullah_portrait.htm (3272 words)

	"Hezbollah, Amal Compete for Supremacy" (July 2000)
		n the aftermath of the Israeli withdrawal from south Lebanon, Hezbollah and the Amal movement are competing feverishly for leadership of the Lebanese Shi'ite community and the patronage of Syria's new leadership.
		On the surface, relations between Hezbollah Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah and Nabih Berri, the head of Amal and Speaker of the Lebanese parliament, appear to be quite cordial.
		Amal has always been plagued by corruption and a lack of broad-based support within the Shi'ite community.
	www.meib.org /articles/0007_l2.htm (644 words)

	Dossier: Nabih Berri (December 2000)
		Between 1979 and 1982, the Amal movement was involved in fierce fighting with the PLO groups.
		Following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982, the Amal movement, along with the other Syrian-controlled Lebanese groups, were used by Damascus to drive U.S.-led multinational forces out of the country, weaken the Lebanese state and force it to abrogate the May 17 Agreement between Lebanon and Israel.
		Within five days, the headquarters of Amal in the Murr Tower were overrun, the PSP captured the Hamra district, and two detachments of Amal militiamen were cut off and surrounded.
	www.meib.org /articles/0012_ld1.htm (1427 words)

	Lebanese War Website Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Amal movement is short for the Lebanese Resistance Detachments.
		Amal's historical objectives are to achieve respect for Lebanon's long-alienated Shiite population and a fairer distribution of resources for the South.
		After the War of the Camps Amal fought a bloody battle against its fellow Shi'a group Hizbullah for Beirut.
	www.lebwar.org /political_parties/political_parties_id=3.htm (121 words)

	Hizbullah in Lebanon by Martin Kramer
		Hizbullah also emerged as the major rival of the established Amal movement for the loyalty of Lebanonï¿½s Shiï¿½is. Hizbullahï¿½s declared objective has been the transformation of Lebanon (and the region) into an Islamic state, a goal it has pursued by diversified means, ranging from acts of violence to participation in parliamentary elections.
		Similarly, a faction of the Amal militia led by a former schoolteacher, Husayn al-Musawi, went over to the Revolutionary Guards, accusing the Amal movement of failing to resist Israelï¿½s invasion.
		The leadership of the Amal movement, based upon the Shiï¿½i professional and commercial classes, made insufficient room for this emerging counter-elite of the Bekaa Valley.
	www.geocities.com /martinkramerorg/Hizbullah.htm (2660 words)

	[No title]
		Amal is a Lebanese Shia Muslim organization that was established in 1975 by Imam Musa al Sadr, an Iranian-born Shia cleric of Lebanese ancestry who had founded the Higher Shia Islamic Council in 1969.
		The name "Amal," which means "Hope" in Arabic, is also the acronym for Afwaj al Muqawamah al Lubnaniyyah (Lebanese Resistance Detachments), and was the original name given to the military arm of the Movement of the Disinherited, an organization founded by Sadr in 1974 to promote the Shia cause in Lebanon.
		When Amal's growing strength prompted the PLO in southern Lebanon to keep the former in check by means of military force, Shias flocked in droves to Amal's assistance, making it the most powerful organization within the Shia community, and perhaps the largest organization in the country, by the early 1980s.
	www.discoverthenetwork.org /groupProfile.asp?grpid=6941 (369 words)

	The Factions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Amal's sources of income were through contrabanding of goods and taxes imposed on its port of entry in al-Ouzai and Sour, in addition to taxation, extortion, drug, and foreign financial support (chiefly from Syria).
		The movement came to public prominence when government troops tried to crack down on the movement's headquarters, which led to popular sympathy with Qulaylat on the part of the Muslim and leftist masses.
		The movement emerged as a major militia in the 1975-76 phase of the civil war, not so much because its fighters made up the backbone of the Lebanese anti-Phalangist fighting force, but because Qulaylat knew how to promote his movement in the press, sometimes pressuring local newspapers and magazines to run favorable stories.
	www.cedarland.org /teams.html (10791 words)

	Hizbullah - Lebanon - Al Mashriq
		Hence, the Israeli invasion of 1982 and Amal's accomodating posture towards a regime in which Israel's allies, Bashir Gemayel and his Phalange party, formed an integral part, were unacceptable for certain elements of those radicalized Shiites.
		Instead, the second half of the eighties was distinguished by hostage crisis, conflicts with Amal, a continued resistance against the Israelis and SLA in the south, alongside an overhelming atmosphere of the "wild-west" in Lebanon as a whole.
		In the chapters dealing with the armed struggle of the Islamist guerillas and the social services the movement is distributing, I have also shown that liberation through battle is imperative for Hizballah and that the movement is working hard in not letting this issue exhaust the civilian population of the south.
	almashriq.hiof.no /lebanon/300/320/324/324.2/hizballah/warn/summary.html (2466 words)

	Naharnet Newsdesk - Berri's Amal Sacks Another Prominent Official from its Ranks
		Speaker Berri's Amal Movement has fired from its ranks former director-general of the information ministry Mohammed Obeid for writing an 'unlicensed' article in An Nahar about the 1978 mysterious disappearance of Imam Mousa al Sadr during an official visit to Libya, the newspaper reported on Saturday.
		Obeid, who also headed Amal's central information bureau and then the foreign relations bureau during his 22-year active service in the organization, was accused of "breaking regulations and harming the reputation of the Movement," He told An Nahar.
		When he asked officials of the Movement about the substance of these charges, Obeid said he was told that it was mainly an article he wrote in An Nahar in January suggesting that Shiite leaders linked to Berri had struck relationships with the Gadhafi regime despite Sadr's disappearance tragedy.
	www.naharnet.com /domino/tn/Newsdesk.nsf/Story/EDBD26845F62464E42256E3A0034751E?OpenDocument&PRINT (203 words)

	VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE AMAL MOVEMENT AYOUB HMAYED: NO RETURN TO THE LANGUAGE OF WAR AND DIVISIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The president of the Republic is the authority empowered to promote the national dialogue and we cannot hold him responsible for the judicial decision to close down MTV and two radio stations”, in the view of MP Ayoub Hmayed, vice-president of the Amal Movement and chairman of its political council.
		The Amal Movement does not consider that this agreement meets its aspirations and hopes.
		We of Amal continue to call for calm dialogue, to a return to our conscience in order to deal with all issues in dispute.
	www.mmorning.com /article.asp?Article=4529&CategoryID=2 (1140 words)

	Lebanon.com Newswire - Local News August 29 1997
		AMAL resistance dedicated the operation to Imam Mussa Sadre in the 19th anniversary of his disappearance.
		AMAL announced today names and identity of the four fatalities who were from the south villages of Mahrouneh, Zibdine and Qanarit.
		The General Labor Confederation GLC, in which the AMAL movement loyal to the speaker has a major say, threatened to stage three consecutive days strike in case the increase of gasoline price is adopted.
	www.lebanon.com /news/local/1997/8/29.htm (1785 words)

	ISLAMISM IN LEBANON
		Sadr launched the Movement of the Deprived (Harakat al-Mahrumin) in 1974, and the next year founded Amal as the Movement of the Deprived's military wing.
		Amal resisted its goal of establishing an Islamic state and its moves to dominate the south.
		Lebanon's Islamic movements enjoyed tremendous growth due to crisis conditions that beset the region in recent years: Arab defeats by Israel, the failure to achieve balanced socioeconomic development, political oppression, gross maldistribution of wealth, and the disorienting impact of Westernization.
	meria.idc.ac.il /journal/1997/issue3/jv1n3a2.html (3187 words)

	HIZBALLAH: NEW COURSE OR CONTINUED WARFARE
		Amal is indeed emerging as a serious rival of the Hizballah in the battle over the control of the Shi'ite street.
		Amal has a certain advantage over Hizballah in that it is a more deeply entrenched organization headed by a pragmatic, moderate leadership.
		The power balance and Amal's advantages over Hizballah may be seen in the parliamentary elections of the 1990s, and in the 1998 municipal elections in which Amal's candidates gained control over many Sh'ite strongholds in south Lebanon and the Biqa'.
	www.biu.ac.il /SOC/besa/meria/journal/2000/issue3/jv4n3a3.html (6068 words)

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