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Topic: Amanita phalloides

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Amanita muscaria

Amanita virosa

Amanita phalloides

Amanita regalis

Amanita ocreata

Amanita pantherina

Amanita Pestilens

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	Bibliography of articles concerning taxonomy of Amanita - Tulloss Bas Yang
		The genus Amanita in the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana.
		Amanita -- distribution in the Americas with comparison to eastern and southern Asia and notes on spore character variation with latitude and ecology.
		Type studies of Amanita morenoi and Amanita pseudospreta and a reinterpretation of crassospores in Amanita.
	pluto.njcc.com /~ret/amanita/bibliogr.html (2102 words)

	Amanita phalloides
		The Death Cap, Amanita phalloides, was known by the ancient Greeks and Romans to be a deadly poison.
		There is, however, an all-white form of Amanita phalloides that is very similar in appearance to the Destroying Angel, Amanita virosa.
		Amanita phalloides usually retain their fragile, pendant ring through to maturity.
	www.first-nature.com /fungi/id_guide/amanitaceae/amanita_phalloides.htm (419 words)

	Farlow Library of Cryptogamic Botany exhibit on Amanita phalloides
		Amanita phalloides, commonly known as the death cap, is a recent addition to our shores.
		The gills are white or cream and the spores are white.
		phalloides is not indigenous to the United States.
	www.huh.harvard.edu /libraries/Amanita_exhibit/intro.htm (393 words)

	» Amanita Muscaria (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Amanita muscaria is a member of the Amanitaceae family, a family of mushrooms that includes some of the most wonderful edibles, and some of the most deadly.
		Amanita phalloides and Amanita ocreata are poisonous in the skull and cross bones rat poison sense of poisonous —; they are deadly — and furthermore no amount of cooking, and no cooking method, will alter that fact.
		Amanita muscaria is tainted by the cultural fear of poisonous mushrooms, especially of poisonous Amanitas, and also by the American, at least official, rejection of most intoxicants.
	www.williamrubel.com /mushrooms/amanita-muscaria (1948 words)

	Erowid Psychoactive Vaults
		This report describes four cases of A. phalloides poisoning in p atients admitted to a regional referral hospital in northern California during January 1997 and underscores that wild mushrooms should not be eaten unless identified as nonpoisonous by a mushroom expert.
		Editorial Note: Ingestion of A. phalloides may account for approximately 90% of deaths attributable to mushroom ingestion worldwide (1-5); the proportion of cases of mushroom poisoning attributable to A. phalloides in the United States is unknown.
		phalloides, like most mushroom species, is not unique in appearance and can be mistaken for nonpoisonou s species; it has no distinct taste or smell, and the toxins are not destroyed by cooking or drying (3,5,6).
	www.erowid.org /plants/amanitas/amanitas_a_phalloides_info1.shtml (1556 words)

	AMANITA MUSCARIA
		Although the Amanita muscaria has been used as a hallucinogen for more than six thousand years, it is today rapidly dropping in popularity because of significant dangers.
		Amanita muscaria picked up the nickname "fly agaric" because the poison in the mushroom was, at one time; used by Europeans on flypaper.
		The most distinguishing characteristic of Amanita phalloides is the mushroom's bulbous base, or vulva, called the "death's cup." Other members of the species, such as Amanita pantherina and Amanita verna, are equally dangerous.
	www.drugtext.org /library/books/recreationaldrugs/amanita.htm (882 words)

	Amanitaceae (Amanita Family)
		Amanitas are medium to large, terrestrial and usually found in woods.
		Some have a partial veil that usually leaves a ring on the stalk, and all have a universal veil that completely envelopes the young mushroom, resulting in a vulva at the base of the stem.
		Most Amanita are mycorrhizal, and most commonly found amid or near trees with whose roots they form a symbiotic nutritional arrangement.
	plants.montara.com /mushrooms/MListPages/MFamPages/amanita.html (700 words)

	eMJA: Trim et al, Poisoning by Amanita phalloides ("deathcap") mushrooms in the Australian Capital Territory
		Amanita phalloides ("deathcap") mushrooms are widespread in south-eastern Australia.
		Amanita phalloides mushrooms growing under an oak tree on the western shores of Lake Burley Griffin, Canberra.
		phalloides is a mycorrhizal fungus (ie, it grows in a symbiotic association with the roots of trees, primarily oak trees).
	www.mja.com.au /public/issues/171_5_060999/trim/trim.html (1826 words)

	Amanita phalloides: The Death Cap (MushroomExpert.Com)
		The toxins in Amanita phalloides are particularly sinister; see Mushroom Toxins for further information.
		The Death Cap's defining features are: the sack-like white volva around its base; the white ring; the white gills; the white spore print; and the smooth (rather than lined) cap margin.
		A miniature version of Amanita phalloides is recorded by Michael Wood in California.
	www.mushroomexpert.com /amanita_phalloides.html (414 words)

	AMANITA (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The young, unexpanded fruitbody is initially enclosed by a universal veil, but this breaks and fragments as the fruitbody expands, leaving patches on the cap, and a cup-like bulb at the base.
		This is one of the commonest Amanita species, with a reddish-brown coloured cap, pure white gills, and white or rose-coloured patches on the cap.
		As noted in Chapter 3, some of these toxins, such as phalloin (derived from toadstools of the ‘death cap’ Amanita phalloides) have become important tools in cytological research because of their ability to bind to specific cellular components such as actin.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/amanita.htm (614 words)

	Amanita phalloides Mushroom Poisoning -- Northern California, January 1997
		This report describes four cases of A. phalloides poisoning in patients admitted to a regional referral hospital in northern California during January 1997 and underscores that wild mushrooms should not be eaten unless identified as nonpoisonous by a mushroom expert.
		phalloides, like most mushroom species, is not unique in appearance and can be mistaken for nonpoisonous species; it has no distinct taste or smell, and the toxins are not destroyed by cooking or drying (3,5,6).
		The fatality rate among persons treated for A. phalloides poisoning is 20%-30% (1,2,4), and the median lethal dose is 0.1 mg to 0.3 mg of the toxin per kg of body weight (1,5).
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00047808.htm (1636 words)

	Mail Tribune News - A deadly newcomer
		One of the most lethal mushrooms, the death cap (Amanita phalloides) is a European native that has been found in scattered locations on the Pacific Coast over the years.
		Larum said phalloides spores may have hitched a ride into Medford in the root balls of nursery stock because he found the mushroom growing beside a non-native birch tree.
		Lindgren said phalloides appears to be expanding its range, but it's hard to say with certainty because scientists know so little about how mushrooms grow.
	www.mailtribune.com /archive/98/nov98/11298n2.htm (641 words)

	the Puffball, Poisonous Mushrooms
		Amanita ocreata (in fact, the last Portland Mycological meeting had several specimens that had been found in nearby Washington), Amanita phalloides, and the Galerina species are known to grow in the Pacific Northwest.
		Isun Pak had mistaken the deadly Amanita phalloides with what she thought were edible Paddy Straw mushrooms (Volvariella volvacea).
		Amanita muscaria and Amanita pantherina were previously mistakenly thought to have contained primarily muscarine as its poison, but it is now known to contain physiologically insignificant amounts.
	www.mv.com /ipusers/dhabolt/dad/mushroom/puffball/puffball4/poisonous.html (1564 words)

	Amanita Information
		This genus is responsible for 95% of the fatalities resulting from mushroom poisoning, with the death cap accounting for 50% on its own.
		Samples of this are Amanita zambiana and other fleshy species in central Africa, A.
		A study suggests amanita muscaria dislikes a pH of 3-4 and a copper concentration of 5-25 mg l-1.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Amanita (220 words)

	Amanita (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A sort of slime-covered Amanita, these rare mushrooms turn up only during very wet years, from western Colorado to western Montana.
		phalloides imported from Europe to California in the last century, but I'm yet to encounter it in Montana.
		Amanita gemmata is still a species, and we still see it, more often on the east side by Helena, where it likes the Ponderosas.
	www.fungaljungal.org /family_pages/Amanita.htm (338 words)

	eMedicine - Toxicity, Mushrooms - Amatoxin : Article Excerpt by: Douglas S Lee, MD (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Amanita species are reputed to be responsible for 90% of fatal mushroom poisonings worldwide; however, Amanita poisonings are uncommon in North America and were responsible for 2 of 6 deaths caused by mushroom poisoning in a 5-year period in the United States.
		Pathophysiology: The clinical manifestations of an A phalloides ingestion are the result of the cyclopeptide toxins, phalloidin and amatoxin.
		The toxins of A phalloides are stable to cooking and remain active in dried mushrooms.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/byname/toxicity-mushrooms---amatoxin.htm (612 words)

	Histological Criteria for Diagnosis of Amanita Phalloides Poisoning
		The typical liver and kidney alterations of Amanita phalloides poisoning, consisting of massive hepatic central lobular cell necrosis and acute tubular necrosis of the kidney are described.
		Five fatal cases of poisoning from ingestion of Amanita phalloides, a very common mushroom in central Italy, are reported.
		Although poisoning by Amanita phalloides is rare, these cases confirm the requirement for as complete a comparison as possible between circumstantial histopathological and toxicological data for the purposes of forensic diagnosis.
	www.astm.org /DIGITAL_LIBRARY/JOURNALS/FORENSIC/PAGES/1248.htm (298 words)

	Information Internet: Biology, The Fungus Kingdom: Amanitas
		Amanitas can be delicious or deadly, but they are arguably the prettiest of all gilled mushrooms.
		The amanita family is however, more notorious for its deadly species, such as the Death Cap (Amanita phalloides) pictured to the right.
		Finally, rounding out the family portrait, is the Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria, left), known both from its use in fairy-tale illustrations as well as for its hallucinogenic and toxic properties.
	library.thinkquest.org /10679/biology/amanitas.html (171 words)

	Red Angels - Secrets of Soma, the Amanita Muscaria mushroom
		As nature lovers, we've spent a lot of time outdoors and have always tended our Amanita patches with reverence and care, selectively picking those that are ready, and not over-picking an area to encourage the mushrooms to reproduce fruitfully each year.
		We "know" Amanita muscaria is the original Soma because we HAVE drank the juice--for 30 years, so naturally the divine secrets of Soma have been revealed to us, Hawk and Venus, The High Priest and High Priestess of Soma.
		There are many varieties and colors of Amanita and though I've taken every color, white, green, yellow, orange, red and brown, I would only recommend using red and orange (positively identified Amanita muscaria and formosa) to the initiate for all others must be chosen and prepared carefully in order to ensure a pleasant, safe experience.
	somashamans.com /index.html (3329 words)

	Amanita Poisoning Amanita phalloides
		This is the EXACT reason that the infamous Amanita muscaria mushroom, which is an edible mushroom in countless cultures, has been labeled as a poison by the FDA.
		The Death Cap (Amanita phalloides): A Simple Mushroom to Identify
		The most seriously ill were felled by the "death cap'' mushroom, known technically as Amanita phalloides, which can destroy the liver.
	www.amanitashop.com /amanita-poisoning/deathcap.htm (2503 words)

	California Fungi: Amanita phalloides
		Important field characters are the smooth, yellowish-green to yellowish-brown cap, sometimes with a thin, appressed white universal veil patch, usually non-striate cap margin, free, cream-colored gills, normally solid, not hollow stipe, pendulous annulus, and thin, white, membranous, sac-like volva.
		Beverly Hackett: Amanita phalloides (I) Mushroom Observer: Amanita phalloides (CP)
		Informationszentrale gegen Vergiftungen der Universiteat Bonn: Amanita phalloides (CP)
	www.mykoweb.com /CAF/species/Amanita_phalloides.html (409 words)

	Amanita phalloides (muchomor zielonawy) (Death Cap)
		Muchomor zielonawy (sromotnikowy) ma też swoją białą odmianę (albinotyczną) (Amanita phalloides var.
		Inne białe, silnie trujące białe gatunki muchomorów to: muchomor wiosenny (Amanita verna) i muchomor jadowity (Amanita virosa).
		Amanita phalloides has albinotic form Amanita phalloides var.
	www.grzyby.pl /gatunki/Amanita_phalloides.htm (1424 words)

	Amanita caesarea, Caerer's mushroom, Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for March 2002
		Amanita caesarea and its American relatives Amanita hemibapha and Amanita jacksonii are among the relatively few widely-consumed edible Amanita species.
		The genus Amanita is better known for its poisonous members the death angels (Amanita virosa, A.
		Amanita is a well-defined genus of mycorrhizal Agaricales (gill forming mushrooms) that have a white spore print, gills (lamellae) that are free from the stipe (stalk) and a universal veil covering the young mushroom buttons.
	botit.botany.wisc.edu /toms_fungi/mar2002.html (939 words)

	Mushroom Poisonings Reported in 2004
		There was one death reported from ingestion of Amanita bisporigera, one from Amanita virosa and one death reported from Amanita phalloides.
		Amanita phalloides: Case 1: Oregon, 7 individuals, male and female, 24-40, who speak little English were poisoned.
		Amanita pantherina was fruiting in unprecedented numbers in the area.
	www.sph.umich.edu /~kwcee/mpcr/2004Case.htm (5703 words)

	AmericanMushrooms.com - The Death Cap Mushroom (Amanita phalloides)
		Ecologically, it is a beneficial mycorrhizal fungus—like Amanitas in general, it lives on the roots of live trees, providing phosphorus, magnesium, and other nutrients to the tree in exchange for carbohydrates.
		In California, it occurs under live oak and cork trees (it apparently was brought in with cork tree seedlings, and has since adapted to native oaks).
		The Destroying Angel mushrooms (Amanita virosa, see photo, right) and other closely related white Amanitas have been consumed by ignorant collectors, both as food and, in at least one case, under the mistaken notion that they might be hallucinogenic.
	americanmushrooms.com /deathcap.htm (2295 words)

	Attractive, but deadly - a look at some of the more poisonous fungi
		In Europe, Amanita phalloides, the Death Cap, is responsible for probably more than 90% of the fatal mushroom poisonings.
		Because the liver is responsible for a major portion of protein synthesis in the body, the failure of the liver is the most prominent feature of a poisoning by the Death Cap.
		Apart from Amanita's, there are other deadly poisonous mushrooms that are not so easy to recognize.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artjun00/jpfungi.html (407 words)

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