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Topic: Amanita virosa

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	Amanita virosa
		Commonly referred to as the Destroying Angel, Amanita virosa is a deadly poisonous fungus.
		Amanita citrina var alba usually retains velar fragments on the cap; it has the sharp smell of new potatoes rather than a sweet odour.
		Young caps of Amanita virosa could be collected by accident when gathering edible Agaricus species; gills of Amanita virosa are pure white, whereas the Agaricus species have gills that are initially pink and later brown.
	www.first-nature.com /fungi/id_guide/amanitaceae/amanita_virosa.htm (235 words)

	Biology 221 Field Botany Fall 2001: Team Profile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Among the deadliest of all mushrooms are the large white destroying angels (A. bispongera, A. ocreata, A. verna, and A. virosa), which are found in forests during wet periods in summer and autumn.
		Amanitas are medium to large, terrestrial and usually found in woods.
		Most Amanita are mycorrhizal, and most commonly found amid or near trees with whose roots they form a symbiotic nutritional arrangement.
	www.odu.edu /webroot/instr/sci/lmusselman.nsf/570c3e4914682f2785256acb004cb02a/103683a9f5ff5e0085256adb00589343?OpenDocument (566 words)

	Amanita phalloides
		The Death Cap, Amanita phalloides, was known by the ancient Greeks and Romans to be a deadly poison.
		There is, however, an all-white form of Amanita phalloides that is very similar in appearance to the Destroying Angel, Amanita virosa.
		Amanita citrina (False Death Cap) generally has brownish-cream veil fragments on the cap, and a volval rim around its base rather than an open sack-like volva.
	first-nature.com /fungi/id_guide/amanitaceae/amanita_phalloides.htm (419 words)

	amanita (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		There are about 900 to 1000 species of fungus (mostly mushroom) in the Amanita genus (family Amanitaceae, order Agaricales), which contains some of the most toxic known mushrooms.
		In some cultures, the larger local edible species of Amanita are mainstays of the markets in the local growing season.
		Samples of this are Amanita zambiana and other fleshy species in central Africa, A.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Amanita.html (194 words)

	FungusFun.com — Interactive Mushroom Community - Content (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Amanita ocreata (in fact, the last Portland Mycological meeting had several specimens that had been found in nearby Washington), Amanita phalloides, and the Galerina species are known to grow in the Pacific Northwest.
		Isun Pak had mistaken the deadly Amanita phalloides with what she thought were edible Paddy Straw mushrooms (Volvariella volvacea).
		Amanita muscaria and Amanita pantherina were previously mistakenly thought to have contained primarily muscarine as its poison, but it is now known to contain physiologically insignificant amounts.
	www.fungusfun.com /mushrooms/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=1 (1513 words)

	Edible or toxic? 2 species (pics) - Shroomery Message Board
		The Amanita specimen I took did not have or appear to have lost a “tattered” skirt indicative of the deadly Amanita virosa or “Destroying Angel” mushroom, however three others nearby did in fact have the skirt feature.
		Most Amanitas have a volva and skirt and warts, which are all remnants of the universal veil which covers the whole mushroom when young.
		But with the variability of the amanitas, we may never be able to tell from pictures and that is exactly why one should not eat questionable Amanitas.
	www.shroomery.org /forums/showflat.php/Number/901842 (2556 words)

	Hallucinogenic Mushrooms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Amanita muscaria mushroom is also known as "fly agaric" because of its ability to attract and kill flies.
		The fly agaric is related to other deadly mushrooms: the Amanita virosa (the "Destroying Angel"); Amanita verna and Amanita phalloides (the "Death Cap").
		Amanita muscaria contains muscimol that produces feelings of euphoria, hallucinations, muscle jerks, drowsiness, sweating, pupil dilation, and increased body temperature.
	isdt.iusm.iu.edu /hallucinogenic_mushrooms.htm (355 words)

	ipedia.com: Amanita muscaria Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Amanita muscaria is a basidiomycete mushroom of the genus Amanita.
		Amanita muscaria is widely thought to be the Soma talked about in the Hindu scriptures, and is less often also thought to be the amrita talked about in Buddhist scriptures.
		Garden ornaments, and children's picture books depicting gnomes and fairies very often show fly agaric mushrooms used as seats, or homes; it is rather uncommon for any other mushroom to be shown in this role.
	www.ipedia.com /amanita_muscaria.html (912 words)

	MUSHROOMS! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Amanita muscaria are common in pine, oak, and maple forests.
		Amanita muscaria is poisonous, the symptoms ranging from mild stomach cramps to delerium and profuse sweating.
		Amanita virosa is one of the deadliest mushrooms known to man, hence its common name "Destroying Angel".
	www.wctc.net /~prong/shrooms/shrooms.html (514 words)

	[No title]
		Wieland _et al_ (1953) extracted bufotenine from the poisonous mushrooms _Amanita mappa, Amanita muscaria_, and _Amanita pantherina_.
		Contents: Foreword, 25 essays Excerpt(s): Another variety of the amanita muscaria grows south of the fortieth parallel, with the pine as its host-tree, and is equally hallucinogenic.
		Because the juice of the amanita muscaria mushrooms (which still grow under the pines of Mount Tabor) could be laced with ivy juice or wine to make the raiders completely fearless, and because this variety, when dried, is fox-colored.
	paranoia.lycaeum.org /psychedelics/mushrooms/amanita.info (3003 words)

	Amanita caesarea, Caerer's mushroom, Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for March 2002
		Amanita caesarea and its American relatives Amanita hemibapha and Amanita jacksonii are among the relatively few widely-consumed edible Amanita species.
		The genus Amanita is better known for its poisonous members the death angels (Amanita virosa, A.
		Amanita is a well-defined genus of mycorrhizal Agaricales (gill forming mushrooms) that have a white spore print, gills (lamellae) that are free from the stipe (stalk) and a universal veil covering the young mushroom buttons.
	botit.botany.wisc.edu /toms_fungi/mar2002.html (939 words)

	Amanita muscaria -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Amanita muscaria is a (Any of various fungi of the subdivision Basidiomycota) basidiomycete (Fleshy body of any of numerous edible fungi) mushroom of the genus (Genus of widely distributed agarics that have white spores and are poisonous with few exceptions) Amanita.
		mella and the edible Mexican species Amanita basii (similar to A. caesarea of Europe)).
		Poison control centers in the U.S. and Canada are aware that amarillo is a common name of caesarea-like species in Mexico, not just the Spanish for 'yellow'.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/am/amanita_muscaria.htm (795 words)

	Amanitaceae - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The family, also called commonly, the Amanita Family, is in order Agaricales, gilled mushrooms.
		The family consists primarily of the genus Amanita, but has also included the genus Limacella.
		They emerge from an egg-like structure formed by the universal veil.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amanitaceae (130 words)

	1998 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
		Incorrect identifications of mushroom were cited in 5 cases as follows: Amanita muscaria was believed to be a puffball, 2 cases; Agaricus xanthoderma complex to be Agaricus campestris or other edible Agaricus, 2 cases; Gomphus floccosus, to be Cantharellus cibarius, 1 case.
		Amanita pantherina 3 dogs: disoriented, 3/3; lethargic, 3/3; staggering, 2/3; whining, 2/3; panting, 2/3; agitated, 2/3; muscle pain, 2/3; muscle spasm, 1/3; weakness, 1/3.
		Amanita virosa 2 cases: 1 child, 8 years old and developmentally delayed ate mushroom in his yard.
	www.sph.umich.edu /~kwcee/mpcr/cr98htm.htm (1629 words)

	The Destroying Angel (MushroomExpert.Com)
		The latter two species were defined in part by the fact that their basidia bore four spores, rather than the two spores on Amanita bisporigera basidia; they were further separated on the basis of spore shape, distribution, reaction to KOH, and the texture of the stems (smooth or shaggy).
		Several mycologists, including Amanita expert Rod Tulloss, have suggested that the documentation of Amanita verna and Amanita virosa may be based in part on misidentified collections of a white form of Amanita phalloides.
		However, the western Amanita ocreata is fairly clearly distinct; it is stouter, has somewhat larger spores, is found only on the west coast and in the southwest, and has inflated cells with thin walls in its flesh.
	www.mushroomexpert.com /amanita_bisporigera.html (752 words)

	Mushroom poisoning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In Europe and North America, these include the deadly Amanita phalloides and Amanita virosa, as well as the Amanita pantherina and Amanita muscaria, but this list is not exhaustive.
		Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric) – poisonings rare, possibly because its unique and obvious appearance make it easily identifiable; however, its long history of use as an entheogen and new reports suggesting it is less toxic than once thought may suggest otherwise.
		Amanita pantherina (Panther Mushroom) – Contains similar toxins as Amanita muscaria, but in higher quantities; first signs of distress occur after 8-12 hours; 80-85% of victims survive.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/M/Mushroom-poisoning.htm (773 words)

	Erowid Psychoactive Amanitas Vault : General Info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Now these guys are somewhat toxic, but the other thing to keep in mind is that the Amanita genus has the species that cause 95 percent of all deaths from mushroom poisoning, so you damn well better know what species you're munching on.
		Amanita virosa (Destroying Angel), Amanita phalloides (Death Cap),...
		One funny thing is that about half the books on mushrooms say Amanita muscaria is deadly, but R. Gordon Wasson (who wrote "SOMA: Divine Mushroom of Immortality", arguing that the "soma" of the Rig-Veda was Amanita muscaria) claims that there's not a single firsthand account of lethal poisoning by A. muscaria.
	www.erowid.org /plants/amanitas/amanitas_info4.shtml (749 words)

	the Puffball, Poisonous Mushrooms
		The fingerprint which is a almost sure sign of this poisoning is the first stage; the long latent period.
		Out of five people that had eaten these mushrooms one evening, four received liver transplants and will take medication for the rest of their lives, and one was seriously ill, but recovered fully and didn't have to receive a transplant.
		Many cases have been noted; this does not appear to be a dangerous reaction and no deaths have been noted.
	www.mv.com /ipusers/dhabolt/dad/mushroom/puffball/puffball4/poisonous.html (1564 words)

	Stimulant - What is the difference between Amanita muscaria (Fly agaric) and Psilocybe mush (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Amanita muscaria mushroom is also known as "Fly agaric" because of its (anecdotal) ability to attract and kill flies.
		The fly agaric is related to some deadly mushrooms: the Amanita virosa (the "Destroying Angel"); Amanita verna and Amanita phalloides (the "Death Cap").
		The symptoms may appear 30 to 60 minutes after the mushrooms are eaten and can last about four to six hours with a several hours lasing "afterglow".
	www.stimulant.biz /article4.html (567 words)

	Species of Section PHALLOIDEAE from North America Having Membranous, Limbate to Saccate Volvas
		He states that when Amanita phalloides is completely white, it is properly referred to A.
		Amanita hygroscopica was described as having pinkish lamellae; however, this is not a constant character in other Amanita taxa, and RET has seen numerous shades ranging from white to cream to pink in gills of species of this group.
		Amanita gwyniana was described as having a "chloride of lime" odor.
	pluto.njcc.com /~ret/amanita/key.dir/phallimb.html (1568 words)

	Poisonous Musroom Kills Boston Terrier
		A single specimen of any of these three mushrooms, Amanita bisporigera, Amanita virosa, and Amanita verna, can be deadly.
		All three have a volva, or cup at the base, which is the remnant of the universal veil that surrounded the young fruiting body primordium.
		Like all Amanita species, they are mycorrhizal, which means they have a symbiotic (mutualistic) association with the host tree.
	www.boston-terriers.com /mushroom.htm (565 words)

	Erowid Amanita Vault : Myth Debunking - Liver Damage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Because A. muscaria and A. pantherina belong to the genus Amanita, the same genus that contains two deadly, liver-toxic mushrooms (Amanita phalloides and Amanita virosa), many people believe that the fly agaric mushrooms also contain liver toxins.
		But the amatoxins and phallotoxins that are responsible for the deadly nature of A. phalloides, A. virosa, and several species of Galerina and Lepiota, and that cause a few deaths each year, are not present in A. muscaria or A. pantherina.
		While it is probably good advice for the novice mycologist to avoid Amanita muscaria and Amanita pantherina because of the possibility of misidentification, this recommendation for caution should not be misread as evidence of the presence of liver toxins or a poisonous nature.
	www.erowid.org /plants/amanitas/amanitas_info7.shtml (667 words)

	Amanita Muscara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Our goal is to pass on the knowledge about amanita muscara on to new people.
		amanita muscara were and still are used for religious ceremonies, not for recreation, by many cultures and indigenous peoples.
		Amazing powers of amanita muscara that have been used for centuries and are in fact the science.
	www.shamanic-extracts.com /resources/8/ethnobotanicals77.html (352 words)

	Mushroom picking in Slavic culture - Wikpedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Amanita phalloides (Бледная Поганка [Blednaya Poganka] - Pale Toadstool; The Death Cap)
		The Amanita muscaria's psychotropic properties have been traditionally used by shamans in Siberia in their rituals, however its use for such purposes today is very rare, despite the mushroom's abundance.
		Instead, the Psilocybe semilanceata, being the only psilocybin-containing mushroom common in Slavic countries, is sought after for its hallucinigenic properties, the latter being more desirable with fewer side effects than those of A.
	www.bostoncoop.net /~tpryor/wiki/index.php?title=Mushroom_picking_in_Slavic_culture (1625 words)

	Amanita verna & virosa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Two of the most poisonous local species are the "Destroying Angel" (Amanita virosa) and "Death Angel" (Amanita verna).
		This pictured deadly Amanita has certain characteristics of most mature Amanitas: namely, a white spores an gills, a ring around the stem, and a cuplike structure at the base of the stem.I cannot say for certain which of the poison Amanitas is pictured here.
		It is well known to most students who study fungi that deadly Amanitas are a so-called collective species.
	www.pcs.k12.va.us /vtrail/a26.htm (226 words)

	The Death Cap (Amanita phalloides) in North America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Destroying Angels---Amanita virosa and other closely related white Amanitas---have been consumed by ignorant collectors, both as food and, in at least one case, under the mistaken notion that they might be hallucinogenic.
		Visually, the Destroying Angel is very similar to its more notorious brother; the most notable difference is the lack of green or yellow pigments (though some slight yellowing may be observed on some specimens).
		The most seriously ill were felled by the "death cap'' mushroom, known technically as Amanita phalloides, which can destroy the liver.
	members.aol.com /basidium/deathcap.html (2415 words)

	Sam’s Corner, First Quarter of 2004
		Gilled: Amanita bisporigera-virosa, flavoconia, frostiana, jacksonii, volvata-peckiana, abrupta; Laccaria ochropurpurea, Lepista nuda, Meiorganum curtisii = Paxillus corrugatus, Clitocybe illudens = Omphalotus olearius, Russula compacta, densifolia-dissimulans, Tricholomopsis rutilans, Xerula radicata
		Amanita abrupta has globose base like citrina, very white cap with pointed scales.
		So, on a dry weight basis, it is as toxic as Amanita virosa.
	www.mushroomthejournal.com /mma/SC200401.html (1655 words)

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