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Topic: Amazigh

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	US Defense Intelligence Assessment: The Rise of Amazigh Nationalism
		Amazigh leaders Yusuf ibn Tashfin and Ibn Tumart established the great Amazigh medieval empires of the Almoravids (al-Murabitun, "People of the Ribat") and the Almohades (al-Muwahhidun, the "Unitarians"), which dominated much of North Africa and Spain in the 12th and 13th centuries.
		To maintain their separate identities, the Amazigh peoples would like the various governments that run the states within which they live to recognize their various languages as "state" languages, to provide schools for training Amazigh children in these languages, and to secure media time for news and other broadcasts in their various languages.
		National recognition of the Amazigh contribution to the formulation of the nation was not accorded the Imazighen in Morocco's constitutional referendum of 13 September 1996, although it had been openly requested in a letter signed by many Amazigh leaders in April 1996.
	www.amazighworld.org /history/modernhistory/amazigh.php (3072 words)

	Table of Contents and Excerpt, Becker, Amazigh Arts in Morocco
		Amazigh women recognize that their individual status is reliant on their ability to give birth and incorporate symbols and colors referring to female fertility in their art.
		Amazigh activists angrily complained that the government was reducing Amazigh culture to a folkloric commodity for tourists while marginalizing the Imazighen and preventing them from accessing the country's economic and political resources to the same degree as Arabs (Almasude 1999: 119).
		Ironically, the factors that create the differences between rural Amazigh and political activists are also those that have contributed to the survival of Amazigh cultural and linguistic heritage in Morocco: illiteracy and the association of the Amazigh language and culture with women.
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/excerpts/exbecama.html (4777 words)

	Amazigh Kateb Yassin Discusses Maghreb Blues and Ghanawa Music, a Diffusion of Berber, Arabic Genres
		Amazigh is a Berber term meaning “a free man.” Amazigh Kateb Yassin, as his name suggests, is a free man! The interview with him soon mutated into a trial of everything.
		Amazigh is considered the blues singer of North Africa.
		Then Amazigh Kateb Yassin finally returned to his city after a long time in May 2001, right at the peak of the demonstrations which saw tens of thousands of Berbers in the streets, marching in defense of their rights and cultural uniqueness.
	www.aljadid.com /AmazighKatebYassinDiscussesMaghrebBluesandGhanawaMusicaDiffusionofBerberArabicGenres.html (1949 words)

	The Amazigh Voice, June 1995
		The Amazigh population of Morocco represents at least fifty percent of the total population of this country, and this excludes the Arab-speaking population of Amazigh origin, as well as the bilingual population which has always been considered Arab in all the censuses that have been conducted so far (2).
		Unfortunately, divisions among the Amazigh groups prevented them from achieving their goals by helping the government get back the control of power in the country and purge Imazighen of the middle Atlas from the army where they were very influential.
		With the new generation, largely educated, the Amazigh consciousness is being revived and the revindications of Imazighen consolidated.
	www.ee.umd.edu /~sellami/JUNE95/morocco1.html (940 words)

	MERCATOR :: Dossier 14: The Amazigh language within Morocco’s language policy
		As for the status of Amazigh in Morocco, one of the aspects that have to be stressed out is the role France played in the elimination of the Moroccan national identity, by using the Amazigh people as a tool.
		The most relevant aspect of the rise of the Amazigh movement is the impulse with which it has extended beyond the intellectual and university circles, presenting the Amazigh issue as a responsibility for all Moroccan citizens.
		Amazigh and Moroccan Arabic, and that of minority languages, that is French, classical Arabic and, sometimes, Spanish.
	www.ciemen.org /mercator/butlletins/54-10.htm (4647 words)

	Berber People
		Amazigh history in North Africa is extensive and diverse.
		Contrary to popular romanticism which portrays Amazigh as nomadic peoples crossing the desert on camels, most actually practice sedentary agriculture in the mountains and valleys throughout northern Africa.
		Amazigh society was divided between those who tended the land and those who did not.
	www.uiowa.edu /~africart/toc/people/Berber.html (413 words)

	The Tamazight (Berber) language profile, par Karim Achab.
		By that time, the Amazigh dynasty had many difficulties and Osorkon IV's rule, son of Sheshonq V who succeeded, was restricted to his home city Tanis and the dynasty's capital Bubastis.
		Three millenniums later, the Amazigh presence in Egypt is still maintained by the small Oasis of Siwa where the most eastern variety of the Tamazight language is still in use.
		Neither by the Amazigh kings (Massinissa, Juba, etc.) at the time they were ruling Tamazgha, nor intellectually by the numerous Amazigh philosophers such as St. Augustine, Tertullien, or Apulée to mention but a few whose contribution to the western civilization is erroneously considered as Greek or Roman.
	isegh.tripod.com /the_tamazight_language_profile_karimachab.htm (2973 words)

	Africa Internacional N 19 - La religión entre los Amazigh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Puede decirse que los Amazigh han mantenido su especificidad cultural gracias a una capacidad de adaptación "quasi" camaleónica, que les ha permitido, entre otras cosas, pasar por musulmanes cuando en sentido estricto dicha condición es cuestionable en base a unos criterios que expondremos a continuación.
		Ni que decir que todos estos fenómenos están animados por grupos étnicos amazigh, que se suceden dinásticamente unos a otros, hasta que a mediados del siglo XVI se hace patente la hegemonía turca, fundamentalmente en la costa, mientras el interior se mantuvo genuinamente amazigh.
		Y por eso se acerca a lo amazigh como si se tratase de islas de rusticidad y folklorismo o manifestaciones de un Marruecos anacrónico y primitivo, algo así como una cultura irreal por exangüe.
	www.eurosur.org /ai/19/afr1903.htm (4940 words)

	LIBYA'S FREE VOICE MESSAGE BOARD Forums - View Topic
		Libyan's Amazighs Battle to Keep From Losing Their Culture Arab minority forces majority to abandon native language A war of words over the Amazigh and Arabic languages is heating up in Libyan, threatening to divide the kingdom in much the same way the battle between French and English speakers divides Canada.
		Libyan's Amazighs are "people in their own country who don't exist," complains Mahjoubi Aherdan, the charismatic leader of the National Popular Movement, a political party that represents rural Libyans, many of whom are Amazigh.
		Last March, Amazigh activists drafted and submitted to the government the "Amazigh Manifesto." It called on the state to recognize Tamazight as a national language, teach Tamazight in schools, license a Amazigh television station, allot government money to speed up development in historically neglected areas, and end restrictions on registering Amazigh names for their children.
	www.libyamazigh.org /phpBB/viewtopic.php?topic=390&forum=1&6 (1493 words)

	The Amazigh Voice, December 1995 - March 1996
		The idea of an Amazigh World Congress was born in the Summer of 1994, in Douarnenez (Brittany, France), when Imazighen from all over the world met unexpectedly during the International Festival of Cinema of Douarnenez, dedicated to the Amazigh people.
		Some of the poles of reflection proposed by this commission suggested the consideration of the status of the Amazigh culture and language in the countries of Tamazgha, their evolution and prospects in the different contexts, ideology, religion and democracy.
		There is a devaluation of the Amazigh culture for which Imazighen are responsible and one that is due to a falsification of Amazigh history.
	www.glue.umd.edu /~sellami/DEC95/congress.html (2799 words)

	Helen Hagan - The Importance of International Alliances for the Amazigh
		The Amazigh society distinguishes itself by democratic rule and the traditional social structure of the Assembly of Elders, where counsel is taken for common action in all matters, at the level of the village, then the valley, and thirdly the region.
		Representatives of TAMAYNUT are equally active with the World Amazigh Congress, (C.M.A.) another international NGO organization of the Amazigh Movement, headquartered in France, which has met with Mary Robinson, Human Rights Commissioner, and representatives of the European Parliament, with the support of The Green Party of Europe.
		The foundation of the Movement is the Amazigh individual, enamored of freedom and always ready to struggle for democratic institutions.
	www.tazzla.org /unpres.htm (1943 words)

	Africa Internacional N 19 - Cultura Amazigh e identidad étnica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Precisamente Ibn Jaldun, uno de los grandes amazigh (bereberes) que han pasado a la historia, fue uno de los primeros en definir los rasgos étnicos distintivos de los amazigh y definió a su gente señalando que ellos se rasuran la cabeza, comen cuscús y visten con el albornoz.
		Pero la mujer amazigh tiene otras especificidades culturales, ya que no llevan velo y muchas de ellas todavía mantienen viva la costumbre milenaria de llevar tatuajes en el rostro, las manos o los pies, los cuales tienen su código simbólico referido al status social, a protección de amuleto, etc.
		En cuanto a la cultura amazigh, otro significativo aspecto cultural viene dado por el contexto social de los bailes, las canciones y la música amazigh, que son diferentes de la de tradición árabe; su funcionalidad está desligada de lo religioso y vinculada al placer y la diversión.
	www.eurosur.org /ai/19/afr1904.htm (3670 words)

	[No title]
		Ahmed Arhamoosh, president of the association, told Magharebia that the aim of the initiative was to create a national body for Amazigh language, culture and civilisation that has proper independence and extensive powers in making political decisions, including the authority to have laws promulgated.
		The draft put forward by the association aims at broadening the representation of Amazigh associations within the body, proposing that the body's Executive Council be made up of 44 members.
		Arhamoosh said that 11 Amazigh associations have approved the draft so far and he hopes that the number will reach between 35 and 40 during the national debate it is organising.
	www.magharebia.com /cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/features/2006/04/12/feature-01 (566 words)

	sarean.com » Amazigh herria ezagutzen
		Izan ere, herrialdearen gehiengoak egun arabieraz hitz egiten duen arren, jatorriz berbere edo, euren hizkuntzan dioten moduan amazigh jendeak dira ia marokoar guztiak.
		Azken urteotan Amazigh mundu osoan euren kulturaren defentsa mugimendua sortu da, bazterketa salatuz, nortasuna eta duintasuna aldarrikatuz.
		Egiaztatua da, ordea, Kanariar uharteak berbereak izan zirela eta uharteen amazigh izaera aldarrikatzen duen elguanche.net webgunean horren frogak erakusten dituzte.
	www.sarean.com /sarean/496 (852 words)

	Amazigh-Voice.com - Amazigh History
		The Amazigh Heritage Museum in Agadir is the only heritage institution bearing the name of Amazigh, while all other museums do not have any clue to the mother civilization.
		The Amazigh Flag can be viewed in several variations, but always includes 3 horizontal stripes of green, blue and yellow as well at the Amazigh letter z in red.
		One theory is that the Amazigh are descendants of the Libyan Amazons.
	www.amazigh-voice.com /history.htm (849 words)

	The Amazigh Voice, December 1995 - March 1996
		She adds that because a large number of the population was massacred by their successive invaders, the Amazigh people were reduced to a small community with a few tribes that sought refuge in the mountains and desert.
		She then uses it as a basis to accuse Amazigh activists and the democratic parties of unfounded separatism fanned by foreign powers.
		Curtiss indicated that the Amazigh cultural issue was not important enough for the response to deserve publication in his journal.
	www.glue.umd.edu /~sellami/DEC95/review1.html (599 words)

	Metroactive Music \| Amazigh
		It's Amazigh: The Cultural Council of Santa Cruz is supporting the first Amazigh cultural fest at Kuumbwa on July 23.
		In fact, using the Amazigh tongue, Tamazight, or script, Tifinagh, in education or in any official capacity was strictly outlawed, thus making 10 million Moroccans conduct their public business in their second language, Arabic.
		To draw attention to the plight of the Amazigh and to highlight the beauties of their culture, two local musicians, Fattah Abbou and Mohamed Aoualou.
	www.metroactive.com /papers/cruz/07.13.05/amazigh-0528.html (649 words)

	YWAM Amsterdam
		Amsterdam has the largest Amazigh population of any European city, and as such has considerable influence in the Rif itself (most Amazigh make yearly trips back to the Rif, and "European" Amazigh are often a factor in introducing new ideas).
		There are also cassettes/booklet combinations to help the Amazigh become acquainted with Jesus at the same time they are learning their ancient alphabet.
		The team also has plans to begin a Amazigh neighbourhood’s house to promote their culture and is involved in other forms of evangelism.
	www.jmeo.nl /ministries_urbanfrontiers_amazigh.asp (431 words)

	History of Tamazgha (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Mauritania, Libya, and Egypt) : modern and ancient history, ...
		The Origins of Amazigh Spring, translated for WAAC by Fatma Saddok.
		Tafsut n Imazighen: The Amazigh Spring, A Chronology of Events, compiled by the Revue Tafsut and translated by Hsen Larbi for The Amazigh Voice.
		The Rise of Amazigh Nationalism and National Consciousness in North Africa: U.S. Defense Intelligence Assessment document, unclassified.
	www.amazighworld.org /history/index.php (407 words)

	Berber people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Berbers (also called Amazigh people or Imazighen, "free men", singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family.
		There are between 14 and 25 million speakers of Berber languages in North Africa (see population estimation), principally concentrated in Morocco and Algeria but with smaller communities as far east as Egypt and as far south as Burkina Faso.
		Their languages, the Amazigh languages / Berber languages, form a branch of the Afroasiatic linguistic family comprising many closely related varieties, including Tarifit, Taqbaylit and Tashelhiyt, with a total of roughly 14-25 million speakers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amazigh (3768 words)

	Mass Media and Amazigh (Berber) Identity
		The masculine singular noun and adjective is Amazigh and the feminine is Thmazight or Tamazight.
		As he was flying home, an Amazigh saw him and reminded him, "We haven't received any language yet." Gabriel apologized and explained that he had finished all the languages he had brought from heaven, but would try to look for one.
		Prior to the Internet, the Amazigh identity was an internal question, meaning that Imazighen in Morocco for instance did not know about their "brothers" in Algeria, Tunisia, or Mali.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~jar/RIL_10.html (4925 words)

	AMAZIGH SITES
		ACAA Association in America The Amazigh Cultural Association in America, Inc., is a non-profit organization registered in the state of New Jersey, organized and operated exclusively for cultural, educational, and scientific purposes to contribute to saving, promoting, and enriching the Amazigh language and culture.
		French-English-Tamazight lexicon and Amazigh fonts, in adapted Latin characters and in Tifinagh.
		Amazigh, window on the culture and people of North Africa.
	www.waac.info /library/listsites/amazigh.html (618 words)

	[No title]
		While the recent push among the Amazigh for identity and recognition is often painted as the culmination of a long struggle, Willis feels the phenomena has more recent roots.
		The French felt that Amazigh may be more "European" than other North Africans and the population was given more access to French education, with the learning informing them of their own identity.
		The Amazigh movement in Morocco seems to be more the concern of educated urbanites and expatriates than the actual population.
	www.magharebia.com /cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/features/2005/11/23/feature-01 (567 words)

	Essentially Amazigh: Urban Berbers and the Global Village (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Both Amazigh-net and Amazigh cultural associations are fundamentally discursive: they revolve around practices of talking and writing.
		The notions of identity produced in this context are intimately reflexive, in that the analysis and representation are done by the objects of analysis themselves.
		Yet a sociological rendering of these communities is beset with theoretical difficulties that complicate efforts to secure the linguistic and cultural rights of Berbers within the political states of North Africa.
	www.faculty.fairfield.edu /dcrawford/amazigh.html (203 words)

	Web Directory » Web Directory » Society » Ethnicity » African » Amazigh
		Amazigh Cultural Association in America - Organized and operated exclusively for cultural, educational, and scientific purposes to contribute to saving, promoting, and enriching the Amazigh (Berber) language and culture.
		The New Mass Media and the Shaping of Amazigh Identity - This chapter by Amar Almasude in the book "Revitalizing Indigenous Languages" describes how new technologies have not only enhanced communication but also strengthened cultural identity among the Amazigh people.
		Number Systems and Calendars of the Berber Populations of Grand Canary and Tenerife - Jose Barrios Garca describes some of the findings of his doctoral dissertation on the mathematical and astronomical practices of 14th- and 15th-century Guanches and Canarians.
	www.dcpages.com /DC_ODP/?c=Society/Ethnicity/African/Amazigh (388 words)

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