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	Amazon Rainforest - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Amazonian rainforests comprise the largest and most species rich tract of tropical rainforest that exists.
		Not only are environmentalists concerned about the loss of biodiversity which will result from the forest's destruction, they are also concerned about the release of the carbon contained within the trees, which increases global warming.
		At a conference in July 2004, scientists warned that the rainforest will no longer be able to absorb the millions of tons of greenhouse gases annually, as it usually does, because of the increased pace of rainforest destruction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amazon_rain_forest (808 words)

	Conservation Biology, Peres & Zimmerman
		However, this is a matter of urgency as nowhere else is forest loss occurring faster in absolute terms, and this has been recently aggravated by a combination of El Niño events and selective logging, which catalyzes forest flammability by opening the canopy and increasing the amount of fuel in the understory (Holdsworth and Uhl 1997).
		Although most groups of native Amazonians are far less assertive than the Kayapó, the bottom line is that legally recognized Indian reserves span tens of millions of hectares of intact Amazonian forests which place them at the forefront of conservation issues in the neotropics.
		While retaining forest cover by strengthening traditional land tenure may be the most viable option near the frontier, enormous opportunities are still available for the conservation of complete species assemblages in more remote parts of the region.
	www.geocities.com /pinkaiti/conbio.html (2890 words)

	Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
		Simulations of conversions of Amazonian forest to pasture, using the Météo-France EMERAUDE GCM, indicate reduced volumetric soil moisture in the "arc of deforestation" where clearing activity is concentrated along the southern boundary of the Amazon forest.
		Forest edges, which affect an increasingly large portion of the forest with the advance of deforestation, would be especially susceptible to the effects of reduced rainfall.
		If the forest's contribution to dry-season rainfall were to decrease, the result would be to increase the probability of droughts that are more severe than those experienced in the centuries or millennia over which the present forest became established.
	www.pnl.gov /aisu/pubs/eemw/papers/ipccreports/workinggroup2/529.htm (2179 words)

	E/CN. 17/1995/34 Indicators for Sustainability of Amazonian Forests
		Forest management must reconcile the imperative of its economic valuation, which is to the benefit of national societies, with proper environmental protection.
		The harmonization of the forest policies of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty member countries should be encouraged, to define a concerted strategy which permits the establishment of principles for creating a basis of medium- and long-term commitments with the collaboration of the international community.
		The identification of criteria and indicators for the sustainability of the Amazonian forests is an important step in the process of formulating sustainable proposals for use, compatible with economic and social development, and based on environmental criteria in which the Countries Party of the Amazon CooPeration.
	www.un.org /esa/documents/ecosoc/cn17/1995/ecn171995-34.htm (1708 words)

	USGCRP Seminar: Origin, Incidence, and Implications of Amazon Fires (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Both deforestation and forest impoverishment through logging and ground fire greatly increase the incidence of fire in Amazonia, because these land-use activities replace the tall, dense, naturally-resistant virgin forests with agricultural lands and degraded forests that are highly flammable.
		If virgin forests lose this fire-break function, then large Amazonian landscapes will burn periodically, killing fire-sensitive plants and animals, reducing the amount of biomass stored in these forests by 10Ð80%, and reducing the amount of water pumped into the atmosphereÑmoisture that is necessary to maintain the water and rainfall cycles.
		These forests are at the "edge" of the rainfall regime that is necessary for them to be forests, and to resist fire, and are very sensitive to slight reductions in rainfall.
	www.usgcrp.gov /usgcrp/seminars/980324DD.html (1831 words)

	Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragment Project (BDFFP)
		Scientists censused the flora and fauna of a series of 12 forest plots of 1, 10 and 100 hectares before they were isolated from the surrounding forest by clearcutting, and subsequently monitored physical and ecological changes in the reserves after isolation.
		As scientists observed changes in the isolated forest reserves, it became apparent that a number of factors, other than the size of the forest isolate, were important in determining the ecological stability of the forest reserves.
		Another group is studying the interactions between isolated forest ecosystems and the vegetation around the forest reserves as pasture gives way to scrubby, second-growth vegetation.
	www.mnh.si.edu /biodiversity/bdffp.htm (621 words)

	1996 template (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Amazonian forests are being cleared at an alarming pace, leading to widespread forest fragmentation.
		A series of forest fragments ranging from 1 ha to 100 ha in area were carved out as the surrounding forest was felled and burned to create cattle pastures.
		Forest fragmentation leads to a dramatic rise in rates of tree death and damage, apparently caused by microclimatic changes and elevated wind turbulence near forest edges.
	www.ctfs.si.edu /inside1998/lawrence1998.htm (584 words)

	Laboratory of Forest Ecology - Expedition
		The Amazonian Forest is an immense "Green sea", characterized by un inestimable wealth of forms of life: from hundred-year old trees which can reach 60 meters of height, to tiny species of animals which lives underground, often unknowned or unclassified too, but formerly in danger of extinction.
		The object of research was the study of the stands structure at different age, the way of regeneration after natural fires, forest's functionality in terms of CO2, water vapour exchange with the atmosphere and solar energy use efficiency and partioning into different parts of the ecosystems.
		The last two expeditions studied the taiga on the east bank of the river, which is a conifer forest made up of cedars, siberian firs,spruce spotted with broadleaved stands mostly represented by birches and poplars.
	gaia.agraria.unitus.it /spediz/esped.html (760 words)

	Combatting Amazon Forest Fires
		Forest fires have ravished the Amazon during the 1990s.
		The most fundamental step that needs to be taken in not just the Amazon, but all forests worldwide, is a new rural development model which restricts access to the majority of forests and creates a situation of land scarcity, resulting in higher land prices and increased investment in forest resources.
		Unfortunately this type of reform is difficult in regions where subsistence farmers create most of the damage because it does not solve their land problems or poverty.
	www.mongabay.com /10fires.htm (158 words)

	Selected species and strategies to enhance income generation from Amazonian forests
		An unforeseen consequence of this new view was the increased repression of forest peoples so that their timber could be extracted for the national and international markets and the improvement of the national balance of payments equation.
		The list of Amazonian cultivars that have already found their way around the world is respectable, but it is merely a tiny fraction of what has already been domesticated by the Amerindians and used by them and peasants throughout the region.
		Likewise, cacao is susceptible to witches' broom and monilia pod rot.
	www.fao.org /docrep/v0784e/v0784e04.htm (4308 words)

	BDT [projeto dinâmica biológica de fragmentos florestais, bdff] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Klein, B. The effects of forest fragmen- tation on dung and carrion beetle (Scarabaeinae) commu- nities in Central Amazonia.
		Forest structure and the abundance and diversity of Neotropical small mammals.
		Population dynamics of Euglossine bees in Amazonian forest fragments.
	www.bdt.fat.org.br /bdff/publication (1843 words)

	Publications
		Islands in an ever-changing sea: The ecological and socioeconomic dynamics of Amazonian rainforest fragments.
		Use of Amazonian forest fragments by understory insectivorous birds.
		Forest fragmentation and seasonal patterns of hummingbird abundance in Amazonian Brazil.
	www.bioweb.uncc.edu /bierregaard/publicat.htm (780 words)

	Amazon Ecology Program
		The forest also releases enough water to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration and to the ocean via river outflow to influence world climate and ocean circulation systems; and in doing so it also sustains the regional climate on which it depends.
		In three decades, 15% of the Amazon forest was clear-cut and 4 or 5% was degraded through timber harvest or fire.
		Eighty percent of the forest is still standing, and forest-dependent economies have proven themselves to be competitive with forest-replacing economies.
	www.whrc.org /southamerica (542 words)

	Carbon pollution wreaking havoc with Amazonian forest
		The CO2 is causing some tree species to grow faster and dominate in the forest and this in turn is forcing other species into decline -- a long-term change which is bad news for biodiversity and the fight against global warming.
		"In particular, increases in forest carbon storage may be slowed by the tendency of canopy and emergent trees to produce wood of reduced density as their size and growth rate increases, and by the decline of densely-wooded subcanopy trees."
		Carbon that is taken out of the atmosphere and stored in forests is a contribution to fighting climate change (the carbon is released, however, when the tree dies and rots).
	www.terradaily.com /2004/040310180055.f2sm7e5w.html (634 words)

	CILT - Visualizing the Amazonian Rain Forest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Amazonian Rain Forest, which is the world's largest rain forest, has been recognized as a crucial ecology for the earth.
		This World would include some mature rain forest showing the rain forest canopy and some of the animal life it supports, as well as an area of regrowth, in order to illustrate the complex sequencing of ecologies that occur in the production of a mature rain forest.
		The activities will be designed to link them and thereby lead students from a local focus on life in the rain forest to a more synoptic view that assesses change in the rain forest as a whole.
	www.cilt.org /themes/rainForest.html (922 words)

	Primate Research in Yasuni National Park, Ecuador (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Forest type and characteristics: The forest is evergreen lowland wet forest, with a canopy mostly 15-30 m tall, with some emergent trees reaching 40 and rarely 50 m.
		Even floodplain forests are mostly dominated by the same species that dominate upland forests, though the two forest types become progressively more different as the duration and frequency of flooding increases.
		Furthermore, flooded forest is studied and compared with upland forest on level terrain and slopes to deduce how tolerant species are to different stress factors, such as flooding and water logging of the soil.
	www.nyu.edu /projects/difiore/Yasuni/other.html (7752 words)

	FS CryptoCorner: Amazonian 'Virgin Forest' Reveals New Species (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Luis Albjua said 12 species there, including the anteater, the giant armadillo and two species of otter, were endangered and without efforts to preserve their natural environment, they would disappear.
		Scientists recorded 186 species of birds, representing 27 percent of those found in the Amazon, 27 species of amphibians and 31 of reptiles, Albuja said, with 131 species of fish also observed, many of which are migratory.
		The habitat enriches the "diversity in fauna," with dense vegetation that prevents light from penetrating the forest canopy, Albuja said.
	www.100megsfree4.com /farshores/cspecies.htm (198 words)

	Biodiversity -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		New species are regularly discovered (on average about three new species of birds each year) and many, though discovered, are not yet classified (an estimate gives that about 40% of freshwater fishes from South America are not classified yet).
		Most of the diversity is found in tropical forests.
		Biodiversity has contributed in many ways to the development of human culture, and, in turn, human communities have played a major role in shaping the diversity of nature at the genetic, species, and ecological levels.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/bi/biodiversity.htm (3469 words)

	Biomass Decline in Amazonian Forest Fragments
		The floor of a dense, closed forest is often dominated by the trunks of large trees.
		100 m from the nearest forest edge, while interior plots are >100 m from the edge [sample sizes for 1-ha plots: small trees at edge (n = 8) and interior (n = 5); lianas at edge (n = 31) and interior (n = 19)].
		that biomass collapse in forest fragments is a real--and worrisome--phenomenon.
	cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/images/biomass_decline_in_amazonian_for.htm (1688 words)

	Beef exports fuel loss of Amazonian Forest
		A CIFOR report issued in April this year says much of the recent increase in the loss of Brazil's Amazonian forests is due to the high international demand for Brazilian beef.
		It predicted that in the 12 months to the middle of 2003 the loss of Amazonian forest in Brazil would be similar to the 2.5 million hectares lost during the previous reporting period.
		The total area of forest lost in the Amazon rose from 41.5 million hectares in 1990 to 58.7 million hectares in 2000.
	www.cifor.cgiar.org /docs/_pf/1/_ref/publications/newsonline/36/beef_exports.htm (747 words)

	amazon rain forest; view from space
		Some types of changes in the Amazonian rain forest are easy to see, even from space.
		Some of these people view the rainforest as an enemy to be destroyed, some see it as free goods to be disposed of in any way possible that makes lots of money, and some see it as home.
		Analysis of satellite imagery allows the overall impact of people on the rain forest to be clearly seen; it allows measurement and evaluation to help decide what is happening, how fast it is happening, and where it is happening.
	www.cotf.edu /ete/modules/troppois/tpamazon.html (513 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Deforestation - the outright cutting and burning of mature forest - was responsible, on average, for only 16% of the total burned area, while 73% percent of the burning is on land that is already deforested and supports pastures, secondary fallow forests, and other types of non-forest vegetation.
		If virgin forests lose this fire break function, then large Amazonian landscapes will burn periodically, killing fire-sensitive plants and animals, reducing the amount of biomass stored in these forests by 10% to 80%, and reducing the amount of water pumped into the atmosphere - moisture that is necessary to maintain the water and rainfall cycles.
		Each year, an area of Amazonian forest is logged that is similarin size to the area that is deforested (Source: IMAZON).
	grid2.cr.usgs.gov /globalfire/brazfire/Brazil.html (1345 words)

	Biomass Collapse in Amazonian Forest Fragments
		Rain forest fragments in central Amazonia were found to experience a dramatic loss of above-ground tree biomass that is not
		of fragmented rain forest are being fundamentally altered.
		The 319 trees used to derive the equation ranged from 5 to 120 cm DBH and were destructively sampled to determine AGBM.
	cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/images/biomass_collapse_in_amazonian_fo.htm (1311 words)

	1996 template (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Surrounded by kilometers of pristine rain forest, Yasuní National Park is one of the largest areas of protected tropical forest in South America.
		Recently, a 50-ha Forest Dynamics Plot was established in Yasuní as a collaborative effort between Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE), the Center for Tropical Forest Science of STRI, DIVA Project, and the University of Aarhus in Denmark.
		The purpose of the Yasuní Forest Dynamics Plot is to study how western Amazonian forests maintain their high species diversity (250-307 species of trees >= 10 cm dbh/ha) and how populations of tree species change temporally.
	www.ctfs.si.edu /inside1995/valencia1995.htm (517 words)

	BRA/98/009 - Management of the Amazonian Rain Forest - Energy & Environment
		IBAMA and UNDP work in partnership educating local communities to reduce unsustainable wood exploitation, and implement sustainable economic growth that improves the quality of life of the population living in Amazonia.
		In particular, this exploitation has reduced the diversity of the tropical rainforest, with dramatic consequences for the whole ecosystem of certain areas and it is estimated that only less than one percent of wood production comes from areas where sustainable exploitation is practiced.
		At the end of this project, it is hoped that the percentage of wood production of sustainable origin will grow from the current 1% to a value between 5 and 10%.
	www.br.undp.org /energy_env/bra98009a.htm (334 words)

	One-sixth of Brazil's Amazonian forest destroyed since 1970s
		About one-sixth of Brazil's Amazon forests have been destroyed since the 1970s, equivalent to the size of France and Portugal combined, Brazil's environment minister said Thursday.
		Environment minister Marina Silva said the farming of soy crops and cattle rearing were the main culprits.
		Silva, presenting the findings of a study carried out using satellite images, said the huge loss of forests, equivalent to 653,000 square kilometers (a quarter of a million square miles) was "intolerable."
	www.terradaily.com /2004/040408200245.5v8n2h1c.html (487 words)

	P2.3 Use of the inertial dissipation method for calculating hourly variability of the turbulent fluxes over Amazonian ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The well-known Inertial Dissipation Method (IDM) to is used to calculate the turbulent fluxes of the heat and momentum above the Amazonian Forest.
		Assuming equilibrium between production and dissipation of turbulent energy and the validity of of similarity relationships of the Monin-Obukhov surface layer parameterization, the power spectra of one wind velocity component and temperature in the inertial subrange is sufficient to compute the fluxes.
		This study, was done using the turbulent data measured above the Amazon Forest canopy, on a micrometeorological tower built in the Rebio-Jaru Biological Reserve (10o 04' S; 61o 56' W), in northwestern state of Rondonia, Brazil, during LBA (Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia) 1999 wet season campaign.
	ams.confex.com /ams/annual2000/techprogram/paper_6692.htm (401 words)

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