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Topic: Ambiguous genitalia

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Intersex

History of intersex surgery

Intersex surgery

Pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias

Secondary sex characteristic

CAH

Virilization

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Hermaphrodite

Transgender

Sex

Medical analysis of circumcision

Hypospadias

Phallus

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	Ambiguous Genitalia - Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
		Ambiguous genitalia can be a traumatizing experience for parents if the condition is not corrected promptly.
		However, other children with ambiguous genitalia may actually be "assigned" a gender at birth based on external characteristics (i.e., vagina, penis), without anyone knowing that internal reproductive structures (i.e., fallopian tubes, prostate gland) contradicted the external characteristics.
		When a child is born with ambiguous genitalia, because there is an increased risk for tumors in the gonads, a biopsy (sample of tissue) of the gonad is usually performed.
	www.chop.edu /consumer/your_child/condition_section_index.jsp?id=-9051 (1276 words)

	Lifespan's A - Z Health Information Library - Health Illustrated Encyclopedia - Ambiguous genitalia
		Ambiguous genitalia is a birth defect where the outer genitals do not have the typical appearance of either a boy or a girl.
		Ambiguous genitalia may be discovered during the first well-baby examination.
		Sometimes, the ambiguity is such that a choice must be made whether to raise the child as male or female (regardless of the child's chromosomes).
	www.lifespan.org /adam/healthillustratedencyclopedia/1/003269.html (1172 words)

	- Northwestern Memorial Hospital - Chicago
		Ambiguous genitalia are those in which it is difficult to classify the infant as male or female.
		In a genetic male (one X and one Y chromosome), ambiguous genitalia typically include a small penis (less than 2-3 centimeters or 0.8-1.2 inches) that may appear to be an enlarged clitoris (the clitoris of a newborn female is normally somewhat enlarged at birth).
		Ambiguous genitalia is usually not life threatening (see Causes section for exceptions), but can create social upheaval for the child and the family.
	www.nmh.org /nmh/adam/adamencyclopedia/HIEArticles/003269.htm (0 words)

	Children's Health at Doernbecher - Child Health A-Z (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ambiguous genitalia can be a traumatizing experience for parents if the condition is not corrected promptly.
		However, other children with ambiguous genitalia may actually be "assigned" a gender at birth based on external characteristics (i.e., vagina, penis), not knowing that internal reproductive structures (i.e., fallopian tubes, prostate gland) were contradicting.
		When a child is born with ambiguous genitalia, because there is an increased risk for tumors in the gonads, a biopsy (sample of tissue) of the gonad is usually performed.
	www.ohsuhealth.com /dch/health/diabetes/amb_genitalia.asp (1269 words)

	OHSU Doernbecher - Genitourinary & Kidney Disorders (Site not responding. Last check: )
		When a child's gender is in question at birth, because genitals may not appear clearly male or female, the child is said to have ambiguous genitalia.
		Very few infants with ambiguous genitalia have genitals that are so ambiguous that a gender determination is not made at birth.
		Treatment for ambiguous genitalia depends of the type of the disorder, but will usually include corrective surgery to remove or create reproductive organs appropriate for the gender of the child.
	www.ohsudoernbecher.com /health/urology/ambiguous.asp (0 words)

	A patient's view of ambiguous genitalia
		A baby born with ambiguous genitalia or a teenager presenting at puberty is in the first instance a psychological not a surgical emergency.
		There is naturally a danger that children with ambiguous genitalia may suffer torment from their peers and that this may harm their self-confidence.
		A disturbing proportion of parents of children born with ambiguous genitalia also report massive pressure from some doctors to consent to genital surgery on the ground that it is the only moral and medical way forward.
	www.medhelp.org /www/ais/articles/PISA.HTM (0 words)

	OHSU Doernbecher - Genitourinary & Kidney Disorders (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Very few infants with ambiguous genitalia have genitals that are so ambiguous that a gender determination is not made at birth.
		There are a number of other syndromes in which ambiguous genitalia is one feature (characteristic) of the disorder, in addition to other features.
		Treatment for ambiguous genitalia depends of the type of the disorder, but will usually include corrective surgery to remove or create reproductive organs appropriate for the gender of the child.
	www.ohsuhealth.com /dch/health/urology/ambiguous.asp (1157 words)

	MayoClinic.com Health Library - Ambiguous genitalia
		Such is the case for newborns with ambiguous genitalia, the medical term for a rare condition in which a newborn's external genitals don't appear to be clearly either male or female.
		Ambiguous genitalia can be very upsetting to parents and other family members, both because of the uncertainty involved and because of the social stigma attached to not knowing a child's sex right away.
		However, for others born with ambiguous genitalia, the severity of the condition, complicated hormone levels and trouble adjusting to their assigned sex may make it difficult or impossible to conceive a child later in life.
	www.riversideonline.com /health_reference/Disease-Conditions/DS00668.cfm (1789 words)

	Ambiguous genitalia
		Ambiguous genitalia are those in which it is difficult to classify the infant as male or female.
		In a genetic male (one X and one Y chromosome), ambiguous genitalia typically include a small penis (less than 2-3 centimeters or 0.8-1.2 inches) that may appear to be an enlarged clitoris (the clitoris of a newborn female is normally somewhat enlarged at birth).
		Sometimes, the ambiguity is such that a choice must be made whether to raise the child as male or female (regardless of the child's chromosomes).
	www.adam.com /democontent/hie/ency/article/003269.htm (1318 words)

	Ambiguous genitalia - CNN.com
		Such is the case for newborns with ambiguous genitalia, the medical term for a rare condition in which a newborn's external genitals don't appear to be clearly either male or female.
		In ambiguous genitalia, the baby's genitalia may not be well-formed, or the baby may have general characteristics of both sexes.
		Ambiguous genitalia can be very upsetting to parents and other family members, both because of the uncertainty involved and because of the social stigma attached to not knowing a child's sex right away.
	www.cnn.com /HEALTH/library/DS/00668.html (1751 words)

	Birth defects - ambiguous genitalia - Better Health Channel.
		Ambiguous genitalia (also known as atypical genitalia) is a birth defect (or birth variation) of the sex organs that makes it unclear whether an affected newborn is a girl or boy.
		The causes of ambiguous genitalia include genetic variations, hormonal imbalances and malformations of the foetal tissues that are supposed to evolve into genitals.
		Mild forms of ambiguous genitalia may be characterised by a large (penis-like) clitoris in baby girls or undescended testicles in boys.
	www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au /bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Birth_defects_ambiguous_genitalia?OpenDocument (1126 words)

	Ambiguous Genitalia
		When a child's gender is in question at birth, because genitals may not appear clearly male or female, the child is said to have ambiguous genitalia.
		Very few infants with ambiguous genitalia have genitals that are so ambiguous that a gender determination is not made at birth.
		Treatment for ambiguous genitalia depends of the type of the disorder, but will usually include corrective surgery to remove or create reproductive organs appropriate for the gender of the child.
	www.healthsystem.virginia.edu /uvahealth/peds_urology/ambiggen.cfm (1168 words)

	eMedicine - Ambiguous Genitalia and Intersexuality : Article by Joel Hutcheson, MD
		CAH is the most common cause of ambiguous genitalia in the newborn.
		Overall, CAH is the most frequent cause of ambiguous genitalia in the newborn, constituting approximately 60% of all intersex cases.
		Therefore, the fetus is born with minimally virilized external genitalia (eg, pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias), although the fetus usually has a degree of phallic enlargement, reflecting the direct action of testosterone.
	www.emedicine.com /PED/topic1492.htm (6801 words)

	(c) UrologyHealth.org - Pediatric Conditions - Reconstruction & Trauma - Ambiguous Genitalia
		Among other girls, the underlying reason for the masculinization of their genitalia may be that mother had an excess of masculinizing hormones in early pregnancy that passed across the placenta.
		Irrespective of the underlying cause, the result on the genitalia of this excess of masculinizing hormones is a variable degree of enlargement of the clitoris and a tendency of the midline groove to close over so that the opening of the vagina becomes concealed.
		Ambiguity of the external genitalia can also arise in a baby whose chromosomes are those of a normal male, namely 46 XY, or comprise a more complex pattern that usually includes a Y chromosome.
	www.urologyhealth.org /pediatric/index.cfm?cat=10&topic=31 (5245 words)

	Ambiguous Genitalia - Patient UK
		It is essential in management and diagnosis of intersex disorders and ambiguous genitalia to understand normal sexual determination and differentiation.
		Ambiguous genitalia are caused by a variety of different conditions which vary greatly in incidence.
		The role of the testis in development of internal and external genitalia means that dysgenetic gonads produce combinations of abnormalities of internal and external genitalia.
	www.patient.co.uk /showdoc/40000421 (2103 words)

	Ambiguous genitalia
		Occasionally, newborn infants are born with external genitalia that are incompletely developed.
		At the University Hospital a team consisting of pediatricians, pediatric surgeons, pediatric endocrinologists, obstetricians, and reproductive endocrinologists is rapidly assembled to carefully evaluate the baby.
		"21-hydroxylase deficiency", resulting in abnormalities of sex hormone release causing ambiguous external genitalia, is the most common reason for maternal treatment during pregnancy to reduce the genital structural abnormalities.
	uuhsc.utah.edu /obgyn/rei/ISambiguousgen.html (221 words)

	- Bassett Healthcare
		Ambiguous genitalia are those in which it is difficult to classify the infant (by physical examination) as male or female.
		Typical ambiguous genitalia in genetic females include an enlarged clitoris that has the appearance of a small penis.
		Sometimes, the ambiguity is such that a choice must be made whether to raise the child as a male or female (regardless of the genetic pattern).
	www.bassett.org /pharmacy/ency/document.aspx?ID=003269 (0 words)

	Educational Information - Genetics \| GWUMC
		Ambiguous genitalia is the term used to describe an individuals genitalia which can not be determined by general appearance.
		The initial evaluation of ambiguous genitalia should include a detailed history and physical exam, assessment of adrenal steroid secretion, internal anatomic evaluation via ultrasound, peripheral blood karyotype to determine sex chromosomes, serum electrolytes and urinary excretion of sodium and potassium daily until salt-wasting CAH is ruled out.
		Al-Mutair, A, Iqbal, MA, Sakati, N and Ashwal, A. (2004) Cytogenetics and etiology of ambiguous genitalia in 120 pediatric patients.
	www.gwumc.edu /edu/obgyn/genetics/casestudies/casestudy26.htm (0 words)

	Ambiguous Genitalia - Page 1
		Ambiguous genitalia is a condition in which an infant’s genitals do not appear male or female.
		People with ambiguous genitalia are sometimes referred to as having an intersex condition, but sometimes this intersex condition will not become apparent until puberty.
		For many years, children with ambiguous genitalia were assigned to one gender (usually female) and had surgery in infancy or childhood to make the genitals appear like those of the assigned gender.
	obgyn.health.ivillage.com /geneticstructuraldisorders/ambiguousgenitalia.cfm (590 words)

	Ambiguous Genitalia and Intersexuality from Pediatrics / Urology
		Ambiguous Genitalia and Intersexuality from Pediatrics / Urology
		Overall, CAH is the most frequent cause of ambiguous genitalia in the newborn, constituting approximately 60% of all intersex cases.
		Therefore, the fetus is born with minimally virilized external genitalia (eg, pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias), although the fetus usually has a degree of phallic enlargement, reflecting the direct action of testosterone.
	author.emedicine.com /PED/topic1492.htm (7117 words)

	Doctors Advise Caution in Ambiguous Genitalia Surgery in Babies
		A new study suggests that, in cases of ambiguous genitalia, feminizing the child with clitoral surgery may lead to a lifetime of sexual problems.
		In her study, Minto identified 39 adults who had been born with ambiguous genitalia and who were living as females.
		There are several possible diagnoses for ambiguous genitalia, and the diagnosis is very important, he says.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/63/72064.htm (933 words)

	Pediatric Management of Ambiguous and Traumatized GenitaliaENITALIA
		Drawing on this research and theory of psychosexual development, pediatricians caring for infants with ambiguous genitalia inferred that genetic makeup and prenatal endocrinology could be ignored in the clinical assignment of sex.
		Research on children with ambiguous genitalia has shown that sexual identity is a function of social learning through differential responses of multiple individuals in the environment.
		Leaving an infant with ambiguous genitals requires counseling of the parents in management techniques and insuring they understand it is the sexual functioning of their post pubertal child that is being protected.
	www.hawaii.edu /PCSS/online_artcls/intersex/management.html (7846 words)

	Ambiguous genitalia (Symptom)... Fort Lauderdale, Florida (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Typical ambiguous genitalia in genetic females include an enlarged clitoris that has the appearance of a small penis.
		Turner´s syndrome (XO--female; usually does not cause ambiguous genitalia (usually looks female at birth), but may have webbed neck, swelling of the hands and feet and other characteristic physical findings at birth; may not be diagnosed until later in life when sexual maturation does not take place; infertile)
		Sometimes, the ambiguity is such that a choice must be made whether to raise the child as a male or female (regardless of the genetic pattern).
	www.browardhealth.org /15621.cfm (1352 words)

	Ambiguous Genitalia - Health Encyclopedia
		Typically, ambiguous genitalia in genetic females (babies with two X chromosomes) has the following features:
		In a genetic male (one X and one Y chromosome), ambiguous genitalia typically include the following features:
		Ambiguous genitalia is usually not life threatening (see Causes section for exceptions), but can create social?
	www.wnbc.com /encyclopedia/6864223/detail.html (1396 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Ambiguous genitalia
		Ambiguous genitalia is a birth defect where the outer genitals do not have the typical appearance of either a boy or a girl.
		Ambiguous genitalia is usually not life threatening (see Causes section for exceptions), but can create social problems for the child and the family.
		The genitalia are of one sex, but some physical characteristics of the other sex are present.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/003269.htm (1218 words)

	Ambiguous Genitalia
		Ambiguous genitalia are those in which it is difficult to classify the infant (by physical examination) as male or female.
		In very rare instances, the physical appearance may be fully developed as the opposite of the genetic sex (for example, a genetic male may have normal female appearance).
		In a genetic male, findings of ambiguous genitalia include a small penis, less than 2 to 3 centimeters (0.8 to 1.2 inches) that may appear to be an enlarged clitoris (the clitoris of a newborn female is normally somewhat enlarged at birth).
	w3.ouhsc.edu /surgery/Ambiguous_Genitalia.asp (641 words)

	Ambiguous Genitalia - Pediatric Urology Information
		By Philip E. Gleason, MD Of concern during the newborn physical exam are ambiguous genitalia.
		This is a situation when it may be difficult to tell exactly whether the genitalia are male or female.
		A geneticist will also often be involved to try to check the chromosomes for any abnormality that may contribute to the diagnosis and to aid in guiding the correct assignment of gender and any further management, treatment and follow-up needed.
	www.pediatricurologyinformation.com /ambiguousGenitalia/topic.html (0 words)

	Just Call me Chris/Topher?: The Trouble with "Ambiguous Genitalia"
		According to the Intersex Society of North America, "intersexed people are born with chromosomes, external genitalia, or internal reproductive system that are not considered 'standard' for either male or female" (2).
		Many people are kept in the dark as to their "ambiguous genitalia." The Intersex Society of North America has deemed this secrecy a "conspiracy of silence," and have begun to make moves towards revolutionizing the treatment of intersexed babies.
		If these children were aware of their sexual "ambiguity" and were allowed to make choices about medical intervention on their own, the Intersex Society of North America purports that their lives might not be so traumatic (4).
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /biology/b103/f01/web3/fallon.html (1136 words)

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