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	Amborella - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Amborella trichopoda is a rare shrub found only in New Caledonia.
		Amborella produces small flowers 4-8 mm across in loose clusters, each flower with several spirally-arranged tepals.
		Amborella is dioecious: each flower produces both stamens and carpels, but only one sex develops fully and fertile in the flowers of an individual plant, the structures of the other sex remaining undeveloped.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amborella (235 words)

	Seeds of Greatness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Amborella trichopoda is a woody shrub with evergreen leaves and tiny flowers (smaller than a pencil eraser), living in the island’s open tropical forest.
		One of amborella’s most unusual characteristics is that, unlike almost all other angiosperms, it lacks vessels, the ducts that carry water and nutrients through a plant.
		Amborella, an obscure evergreen shrub that grows only on the tropical island of New Caledonia, represents the earliest lineage among the flowering plants, say Sarah Mathews and Michael Donoghue (below), pictured in the Harvard University Herbaria with dried specimens of amborella and water lilies, the second oldest lineage they identified.
	www.harvard-magazine.com /on-line/0300115.html (921 words)

	Amborella (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It is of interest because genetic studies place it at or near the base of the flowering plants.
		That is, it was the first or nearly the first of the extant flowers to diverge from the others, and so gives us some ideas about what the ancestral angiosperms were like.
		Amborella produces moderate sized flowers, with both stamens and carpels.
	1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/a/am/amborella.html (117 words)

	Feild, Taylor* and N. Michele Holbrook. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Amborella and ITA members share a suite of ecophysiological and morphological traits related to their occurrence in wet forest understory habitats.
		In particular, Amborella and ITA members exhibit a variety of growth forms ranging from shrubs to woody vines and a number of physiological traits associated with adaptation to shade.
		However, further work on the ecophysiology, phylogenetic relationships, and fossil history of these lineages is necessary to clarify how faithfully the modern representatives of the Amborella and ITA lineages reflect the ecological roles and environmental conditions surrounding the origin of the angiosperms.
	www.botany2001.org /section3/abstracts/71.shtml (230 words)

	Amborella -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Amborella trichopoda is a rare (A low woody perennial plant usually having several major branches) shrub found only in (An island east of Australia and north of New Zealand) New Caledonia.
		The (The period of time during which you are absent from work or duty) leaves are alternately arranged, (A plant having foliage that persists and remains green throughout the year) evergreen, simple, with a serrated margin, and about 8-10 cm long.
		Amborella produces small (A plant cultivated for its blooms or blossoms) flowers 4-8 mm across in loose clusters, each flower with several spirally-arranged (An undifferentiated part of a perianth that cannot be distinguished as a sepal or a petal (as in lillies and tulips)) tepals.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/am/amborella.htm (383 words)

	Amborella_web
		Amborella trichopodais considered to be one of the most primitive flowering plants surviving today (references).
		Amborella has separate male and female individuals, and the female plants in the wild produce large numbers of single-seeded red fruit (more).
		About this time Amborella became a strong focus of interest among botanists; they had reason to believe that it should be ranked among the ancestors of modern flowering plants.
	www.ucalgary.ca /~laidlaw/amborella/amborella_web.html (449 words)

	Oldest Known Flowering Plants Identified By Genes
		As a result of analyzing the genes from all flowering plants suspected of being among the world’s oldest, Donoghue and research associate Sarah Mathews concluded that Amborella and water lilies are the first two branches on the family tree of flowering plants.
		Amborella is not the first one but, rather, a representative of the first branch from that unknown ancestor.
		Amborella, water lilies, and the star anise have folded carpels, but they do not fuse shut.
	www.news.harvard.edu /gazette/1999/12.16/angiosperms.html (872 words)

	Analysis of the Amborella trichopoda Chloroplast Genome Sequence Suggests That Amborella Is Not a Basal Angiosperm -- ...
		Analysis of the Amborella trichopoda Chloroplast Genome Sequence Suggests That Amborella Is Not a Basal Angiosperm -- Goremykin et al.
		The chloroplast genes and ycfs encoded on the cpDNA of Amborella
		subsets of Amborella and Calycanthus plastomes (90,352 and 90,157
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/20/9/1499 (3703 words)

	McPherson: Basal Angiosperm Relationships
		The genes PHY A and PHY C are believed to have duplicated after the angiosperms split from the other seed plants but prior to the radiation of the living angiosperms (Mathews and Donoghue, 1999).
		Amborella is a weedy, woody, vessel-less, angiosperm with unisexual flowers borne on separate plants (dioecious).
		The character states of Amborella are relevant, but not conclusive evidence concerning the character states at the basal node of crown angiosperms.
	www.biology.ualberta.ca /courses.hp/biol606/OldLecs/Lecture2K.07.McPherson.html (1208 words)

	Endress, Peter K.* and Anton Igersheim. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In 1999 the monotypic genus Amborella was identified as the earliest branching extant angiosperm, based on multiple gene analyses by several research groups.
		The ventral slit is not postgenitally fused but closed by secretion; however, the inner surfaces are contiguous and form a narrow slit.
		For an evolutionary evaluation it will be important to compare the floral structure of Amborella with that of other extant early-branching angiosperm lineages that recently have been identified.
	www.botany.org /bsa/portland/section13/abstracts/86.shtml (238 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Amborella atp1: A eudicot-like atp1 gene of identical sequence was isolated by three independent groups, each working from a different preparation of Amborella DNA (refs.
		Note that, as discussed in part in the main text, this same logic leads one to conclude that in all five cases the donor genome was the mitochondrial genome and not the nuclear genome.
		Third, that genomic and cDNA sequences for both Sanguinaria rps11 and Amborella atp1 differ only by mitochondrial-specific RNA editing firmly establishes that both of these genes are located in the mitochondrial genome (expression of the other three genes was not assayed).
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v424/n6945/extref/nature01743-s8.doc (629 words)

	Rednova NEWS \| Dark and disturbed: a new image of early angiosperm ecology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Here Amborella, Austrobaileyales, Chloranthaceae, and Nymphaeales are referred to as "basal" lineages, as contrasted with the much larger clade nested among them that includes all remaining angiosperms (called "core angiosperms").
		Amborella, Austrobaileyales, and Chloranthaceae are largely restricted to tropical and subtropical habitats, predominantly nonseasonal montane cloud forests, with high rainfall (3000 to 10,000 mm yr^sup -1^) and mist (Todzia 1988; Feild et al.
		Furthermore, the hypothesis that aquatic herbs were ancestral must deal with the observation that Amborella and other basal angiosperms (except Nymphaeales) develop normal secondary vascular tissue, as in other seed plants, which would have to reoriginate in essentially the ancestral form, lacking any of the anomalies usually associated with secondary woodiness.
	www.rednova.com /modules/news/tools.php?tool=print&id=48538 (8322 words)

	Amborella trichopoda
		Amborella trichopoda is a small, evergreen, doecious shrub that occurs only in the moist, shaded understory of montane forests on the South Pacific island of New Caledonia.
		Developmental evolution of endosperm in basal angiosperms: evidence from Amborella (Amborellaceae), Nuphar (Nymphaeaceae), and Illicium (Illiciaceae).
		The population structure and floral biology of Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae).
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Amborella_trichopoda&contgroup=Angiosperms (448 words)

	Amborella
		Because Amborella trichopoda has one attribute that makes it perhaps the most interesting plant of all.
		While research is progressing, paleobotanists, evolutionary plant biologists, and other specialists still do not know which nonflowering plant sprouted the very first floweror why, or when.
		It is a small shrub with tiny greenish-yellow flowers and red fruit.
	whatcom.wsu.edu /ag/homehort/plant/amborella.html (590 words)

	Genes Reveal New Clues About The First Flower
		A flurry of recent analyses of flowering-plant genes by other research teams had led scientists to believe that Amborella, which grows wild only on the remote island of New Caledonia in the southwest Pacific Ocean, was the winner of the title "oldest flowering plant," with water lilies coming in second.
		If both plants are equally close genetically to the very first flowering plant, as his team's research indicates, then that ancestral plant has an equal chance of having possessed or lacked vessels and of having either bisexual or heterosexual flowers.
		Crepet agrees, stating "With both Nymphaea (water lilies) and Amborella at the base of the latest angiosperm tree, a wider range of characters might be expected in archetypal angiosperms (flowering plants).
	www.comdig.org /send_article.php?id_article=3526 (471 words)

	Scientific American: The Origin of Flowering Plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Indeed, 125 years ago Darwin himself proclaimed their sudden appearance in the fossil record an "abominable mystery." Subsequent efforts to sort out floral emergence and diversification based on fossil evidence and comparisons of anatomy among living plants led to little consensus among researchers.
		Todd J. Barkman of Pennsylvania State University and his colleagues studied molecular sequence data from genes in all three of the genomic compartments found in plant cells--the nucleus, the mitochondria and the plastid--in order to generate a phylogeny>, or family tree.
		For instance, whereas the model placing Amborella alone on the first branch suggests that the ancestor of the flowering plants had unisexual flowers and no vessels for nutrient transport, this Amborella + Nymphaeales model indicates that the ancestor may have had unisexual or bisexual flowers and vessels.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=00078178-F4BB-1C67-B882809EC588ED9F (319 words)

	Amborella trichopoda
		Acorus Amborella Asparagus Cucumis Eschscholzia Illicium Liriodendron Mesembryanthemum Nuphar Persea Ribes Saruma Vaccinium Welwitschia Yucca Zamia
		It is a critical exemplar; recent studies have indicated that it is the sister to all other flowering plants (Qiu et al., 1999, 2000; P. Soltis et al., 1999, 2000; Parkinson et al., 1999; Mathews and Donoghue, 1999; Zanis et al., in press) (Fig.
		Amborella has unisexual flowers with an indeterminate number of spirally arranged parts; the perianth consists of tepals.
	fgp.bio.psu.edu /cgi-bin/fgpmine/www/taxa/taxon.cgi?id=11 (345 words)

	Posluszny, Usher* and P. Barry Tomlinson. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Amborella, a monotypic genus native to New Caledonia, has received much attention recently because of its proposed status as the basalmost clade of the angiosperms.
		An opportunity to look at early floral development arose recently when the second author was able to collect young flowering shoots from male and female plants of Amborella trichopoda at the National Tropical Botanical Garden in Kauai, Hawaii.
		Although difficult to dissect, the initial stages in floral development clearly show a cup-like depression in the floral meristem and the initiation of primordia on the inner wall of the upgrowth in a tight spiral pattern.
	www.botany2002.org /section2/abstracts/6.shtml (306 words)

	Science -- Brown 285 (5430): 990
		When a computer program shuffled the DNA sequences into a rough time order based on their mutations, it came up with a surprise: A rare tropical shrub called Amborella appeared at the bottom, or root.
		Found only on New Caledonia, an island in the South Pacific, Amborella, a diminutive plant with creamy flowers and red fruit, had gone unnoticed by most botanists, says Pamela Soltis.
		Amborella, he says, "is a tiny remnant of a lineage that goes back millions of years."
	ucjeps.berkeley.edu /DeepGreen/ScienceMagazine.html (1164 words)

	Genes Reveal New Clues About The First Flower (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		First appearing on Earth during the age of the dinosaurs more than 140 million years ago, flowering plants, known as angiosperms, have been called one of evolution's greatest success stories and an important foundation of human society.
		The team's approach was to analyze separately the DNA from each of the three cellular compartments with each of the three different types of analysis methods, predicting that concurring results would be a strong indication of a correct picture of evolutionary history.
		"One mitochondrial gene, atpA, was placing Amborella much higher up the evolutionary tree than we expected based on other studies," says Barkman, who then discovered the atpA gene contained a pattern of "noisy" segments.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2000/12/001220080613.htm (1522 words)

	From the Cover: Independent and combined analyses of sequences from all three genomic compartments converge on the root ...
		Analyses of the phytochrome dataset (11) by using NJ suggested that for PHYA, Amborella is the basal-most extant angiosperm,
		angiosperm lineage is composed of Amborella + Nymphaeales (Figs.
		The existence of multiple loci for atpA in Amborella is surprising, although it has been reported in Oenothera (52).
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/97/24/13166 (4708 words)

	Developmental Evolution of the Sexual Process in Ancient Flowering Plant Lineages -- Friedman and Williams 16 ...
		Amborella, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales constitute a set of lineages that are more ancient (in terms of time of origin) than monocots, eumagnoliids, or eudicots.
		Amborella is incorrect (and that it is phylogenetically nested
		Goremykin, V.V., Hirsch-Ernst, K.I., Wölfl, S., and Hellwig, F.K. Analysis of the Amborella trichopoda chloroplast genome sequence suggests that Amborella is not a basal angiosperm.
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/16/suppl_1/S119 (6359 words)

	Abstract 4853 from Intl. Bot. Congress 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Duplicate gene rooting of the angiosperm tree based on simultaneous analysis of phytochrome (PHY) A and C unambiguously places the root at Amborella.
		They are PHYB of Amborella, Illicium,, and Austorobaileya, PHYB of other angiosperms, and all PHYE.
		PHYB occur in all angiosperms, PHYE are not known from Amborella, Nyphaeales, monocots, nor Piperales.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/ibc99/ibc/abstracts/listen/abstracts/4853.html (164 words)

	Science News: Lowering lilies on the tree of life - Brief Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Amborella, a white-flowering shrub, grows wild only on the island of New Caledonia in the South Pacific (SN: 8/07/99, p.
		Amborella is not alone, argues Todd J. Barkman of Pennsylvania State University in State College.
		For example, if Amborella alone represents the first branch, they'd bet that the ancestral plants segregated sex organs onto different flowers just as Amborella species do today.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_22_158/ai_67972180 (531 words)

	Amborella
		Current thinking places the base of the angiosperms with plants that have moderate sized flowers with a moderate number of parts.
		Amborella has now been implicated in most studies as the most primitve living angiosperm!
		So, the most primitive angiosperm has moderate sized, perfect flowers, where the parts are spirally arranged and have a moderate number of parts.
	www.inhs.uiuc.edu /~karyla/angio/amborella.html (224 words)

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